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D·M·I University Microfilms International a Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road The U.S. foreign policy in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1988: From regional surrogate to direct military involvement. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Bahramzadeh, Mohammad Ali. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 21:49:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186474 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. D·M·I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9410674 The U.S. foreign policy in the Persian Gulf, 1968-1988: From regional surrogate to direct military involvement Bahramzadeh, Mohammad Ali, Ph.D. The University of Arizona, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Bahramzadeh, Mohammad Ali. All rights reserved. U·M·I 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 1 THE U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN THE PERSIAN GULF, 1968-1988: FROM REGIONAL SURROGATE TO DIRECT MILITARY INVOLVEMENT by Mohammad Ali Bahramzadeh Copyright. Mohammad Ali Bahramzadeh 1993 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 993 Northwest Indian Ocean Area SOVIET UNION CHINA INDIA 'ETHIOPIA 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Mohammad Ali Bahramzadeh --~~~~~~~~~~~~~---------- entitled The U.S. Foreign Policy in the Persian Gulf. 1968-1988: From Regional Surrogate to Direct Military Involvement and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Y-2l( -7~ Date - '1-c.?7-93' c. Wah Ike Date ~~~~ Edward N. Muller Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Disser~&7 Date Allen S. Whiting 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been s~tted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations fram this dissertation are allowable without special penmission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation fram or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: ~_QL>=-...:===::::::::-~-:;> 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to a number of individuals who assisted me during the course of writing this dissertation. I was fortunate to have sane of the most distinguished scholars in the field as members of my dissertation cannittee. Each of them deserve a special mention. I am irrmensely grateful to Professor A11en s. Whiting for inspiring in me a deep understanding of international politics. His inval uabl e suggestions and observations, both as a practi tioner and academician has considerably e.I1hanced the quality of this work. I am gre:atly privileged to have him not only as a mentor, but as the chairman of my cannittee. I am also indebted to Professor John C. Wahlke for his faith in me and guidance throughout my graduate work. My early methodological training under his supervision contributed greatly to the outcane of this research. I am ever grateful to him. I also wish to thank Professor Edward N. Muller for his invaluable advise and encouragement. My most heartfelt acknowledgement goes to my beloved wife Margaret and our son Kayvon. Margaret's encouragement, endless patience and utmost support during this long anotional and inte11ectual journey nade this work possible. I am forever grateful for her help in not only saving me fram being engulfed in the "greed of wa11 Street," but also in assisting me in every step of the way to finish this work. I truly could not have done it wi thout her. Our son's growth served as an inspiration and constant reminder of how quickly time passes. He too rendered encouragement in his own way by constantly asking, "Daddy, is your chapter done yet?" The love of my family sustained this work, and I therefore dedicate it to them. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES • 7 ABSTRACT 9 ClIAPl'm am INTRODUCTION •.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 ClJAP.l'm 'lWO THE DECOLOIZATION AND THE EMERGENCE OF U. S. 1JCMINANCE 22 The British Withdrawal . 22 U.S. Entry Into the Region 30 Nixon-Kissinger Doctrine 41 Conclusion 57 ClIAPl'm 'IHREE THE COLLAPSE OF THE REGIONAL SURROGATE AND ITS RAMIFICATIONS FOR AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 60 From the Nixon-Kissinger Doctrine to the carter Doctrine . 61 The Iranian Revolution, Changing Regional Security Climate and the carter Doctrine . .. ................. 68 The Fall of the Shah and Its Impact on the Security in the Persian Gulf . 72 conclusion 93 Cl:IAPI'ER FClJR PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION AND ITS IMPACT ON U. S. FOREIGN POLICY 97 Theory. 97 Definition of Foreign Policy Change .102 Operationalization and Measurement .103 validation .108 Analysis . .111 Conclusion .144 6 amPl'm FIVE EXPANSION OF THE U.S. ROLE IN THE POST-SHAH PERIOD . .147 Transition: carter to Reagan . 148 causes of the Iran-Iraq War .152 Iran-Iraq War and U.S. Involvement .156 Iraq's Regional Ambition: Crisis vs. Opportunity . .170 Reflagging of Kuwaiti Oil Tankers .176 Flow of the oil .180 Soviet Encroachment .183 Freedom of Navigation .186 Chronology of Events Involving US Forces in the Persian Gulf .191 amPl'm SIX CONCLUSIONS. 194 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . 205 7 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 U.S. Military Assistance to Iran: During the Nixon and Ford Administrations .. 46 Table 4.1 U.S.-Iran: Percentage of Trade, Military Sales and Bilateral Treaties. .110 Table 4.2A U.S. Imports fran the Persian Gulf .112 Table 4.2B U.S. Exports to the Persian Gulf . .113 Table 4.2C Number of Bilateral Treaties Between the U.S. and the Persian Gulf ............114 Table 4.2D Foreign Military Sales from the U.S. to Larger Persian Gulf States. .......115 Table 4.2E Foreign Military Sales fran the U.S. to Smaller Persian Gulf States .... .116 Table 4.3A Percentage of U. S. Imports From the Persian Gul f .119 Table 4.3B Percentage of U.S. Exports to the Persian Gulf .120 Table 4.3C Percentage of Bilateral Treaties from the U.S. to the Persian Gulf. ......121 Table 4.3D Percentage of Foreign Military Sales From the U.S. to the Persian Gulf.. ......122 Table 4.4A U.S. Imports from the Persian Gulf: Rate of Change . .. ....... .123 Table 4.4B U.S. Exports to the Persian Gulf: Rate of Change . ....124 Table 4.4C U.S. Bilateral Treaties to the Persian Gulf Rate of Change . .. ... .125 Table 4.4D U.S. Military Sales to the Persian Gulf Rate of Change . .126 Table 4.SA Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties, Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Bahrain ............128 8 Table 4.5B Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Iran .............129 Table 4.5C Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Iraq .............130 Table 4.5D Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Kuwait ............131 Table 4.5E Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Oman ••••••••••••• 132 Table 4.5F Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Qatar .............133 Table 4.5G Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - Saudi Arabia .........134 Table 4.5H Percentage Rate of Change in Treaties Imports, Exports and Military Sales with the U.S., 1969-1988 - United Arab Errdrate ......135 Table 4.6 U.S. and Iran: Comparison of Percentage of Imports, Exports, Treaties and Foreign Military Sales during Different U.S.
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