DOCSLIB.ORG

Faster Loading of Websites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Faster Loading of Websites Faster Loading of Websites Strategies for optimizing loading of webpage components MIKAEL RYDMARK Master’s Thesis at CSC Supervisor: Olof Hagsand Examiner: Stefan Arnborg Abstract When loading a webpage on the Internet it is desirable that it loads as quickly as possible. This master thesis presents several strategies to try and improve the response time of a webpage by optimizing the loading of its component. The tests conducted in this master thesis showed that using compression will significantly improve the response time of a webpage and using caching for static components will greatly improve the response time for repeated visits of a webpage. Referat Snabbare Laddning av Webbsidor När en webbsida laddas på Internet är det önskvärt att det går så fort som möjligt att ladda sidan. Den här rapporten redovisar flera strategier för att försöka förbättra laddningstiden för en webbsida genom att opti- mera laddningen av en webbsidas komponenter. Testen som genomförts och redovisas i rapporten visade att man kan minska laddningstiden för en webbsida signifikant genom att tillämpa komprimering. Testen visade också att man genom att cacha statiska komponenter kan spara mycket tid för återkommande besök av webbsidan. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Problem Statement . 2 1.3 Purpose . 2 1.4 Method . 2 1.5 Limitations . 3 1.6 Thesis Outline . 3 2 Background 5 2.1 Previous work . 5 2.2 Quality of Service . 6 2.3 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol . 6 2.3.1 Overview . 6 2.3.2 Caching . 7 2.3.3 Persistent Connections . 9 2.3.4 Compression . 10 2.3.5 Cookies . 10 2.4 Webpage Components . 11 2.4.1 HTML . 11 2.4.2 Stylesheets . 11 2.4.3 Javascript . 11 2.4.4 Images & Flash . 12 2.5 Web Browsers . 12 2.5.1 Connections . 12 2.5.2 Script Downloading Behavior . 12 2.5.3 Heuristic Expiration in Firefox . 13 2.6 Response Time . 14 2.6.1 Webpage . 14 2.6.2 Components . 14 2.7 Performance Golden Rule . 15 2.8 Loading of a Webpage . 15 3 Strategies 17 3.1 Overview . 17 3.2 Reduce the number of HTTP requests . 18 3.2.1 Image maps . 19 3.2.2 CSS sprites . 19 3.2.3 Inline images . 20 3.2.4 Combining scripts and style sheets . 20 3.3 Optimize Caching . 20 3.3.1 Use a Cache-Control or Expires header . 20 3.3.2 Make Scripts and CSS external . 21 3.3.3 Use ETags with care . 21 3.4 Reduce the size of the HTTP response . 21 3.4.1 Gzip components . 21 3.4.2 Minify JavaScript, CSS & HTML . 21 3.4.3 Optimize images . 22 3.5 Reduce the time spent waiting . 23 3.5.1 Use a Content Delivery Network . 23 3.5.2 Avoid redirects . 24 3.5.3 Flush the document early . 24 3.5.4 Reduce the number of DNS lookups . 24 3.6 Other . 24 3.6.1 Use cookie free domains when serving static content . 24 3.6.2 Put style sheets at the top . 24 3.6.3 Put scripts at the bottom . 25 3.6.4 Remove duplicate scripts . 25 4 Design of Experiment 27 4.1 Strategies Tested . 27 4.2 Test Environment . 28 4.2.1 Experimental Setup . 28 4.2.2 Test Settings . 28 4.3 Websites . 29 5 Implementation 35 5.1 CSS Sprites . 35 5.2 Combining scripts and style sheets . 35 5.3 Use a Cache-Control or Expires header . 36 5.4 Gzip Components . 36 5.5 Minify JavaScript, CSS & HTML . 36 5.6 Use cookie free domains when serving static content . 36 6 Results 37 6.1 CSS Sprites . 38 6.2 Combining scripts and style sheets . 38 6.3 Use a Cache-Control or Expires header . 39 6.4 Gzip Components . 39 6.5 Minify JavaScript, CSS & HTML . 40 6.6 Use cookie free domains when serving static content . 40 7 Evaluation & Discussion 41 7.1 CSS Sprites . 41 7.2 Combining scripts and style sheets . 41 7.3 Use a Cache-Control or Expires header . 42 7.4 Gzip Components . 42 7.5 Minify JavaScript, CSS & HTML . 42 7.6 Use cookie free domains when serving static content . 42 8 Conclusion & Future Work 45 8.1 Recommendation . 46 8.2 Future Work . 46 Bibliography 47 Appendices 50 A Mathematical statistics 51 A.1 Formulas . 51 B Complete results 53 B.1 No strategies applied . 53 B.1.1 tre.se . 53 B.1.2 3.dk . 53 B.1.3 ncc.se . 54 B.1.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se . 55 B.1.5 vasakronan.se . 55 B.2 CSS Sprites . 56 B.2.1 tre.se . 56 B.2.2 3.dk . 56 B.2.3 ncc.se . 56 B.2.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se . 57 B.2.5 vasakronan.se . 57 B.3 Combining scripts and style sheets . 58 B.3.1 tre.se . 58 B.3.2 3.dk . 58 B.3.3 ncc.se . 58 B.3.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se . 59 B.3.5 vasakronan.se . 59 B.4 Use a Cache-Control or Expires header . 60 B.4.1 tre.se . 60 B.4.2 3.dk . 60 B.4.3 ncc.se . 60 B.4.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se . 61 B.4.5 vasakronan.se . 61 B.5 Gzip Components . 62 B.5.1 tre.se . 62 B.5.2 3.dk . 62 B.5.3 ncc.se . 62 B.5.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se . 63 B.5.5 vasakronan.se . 63 B.6 Minify JavaScript, CSS & HTML . 64 B.6.1 tre.se . 64 B.6.2 3.dk . 64 B.6.3 ncc.se . 64 B.6.4 svenskaturistforeningen.se ..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Need for Mobile Speed: a Historical Analysis of Mobile Web Performance
    Need for Mobile Speed: A Historical Analysis of Mobile Web Performance Javad Nejati Meng Luo Nick Nikiforakis Aruna Balasubramanian Stony Brook University Stony Brook University Stony Brook University Stony Brook University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—As more and more users rely on their mobile devices The problem, however, is that it is not clear which fac- for the majority of their computing needs, browser vendors are tors contribute to this improvement in performance. Mobile competing for the user’s attention on the mobile platform. As browsers are complex, and several factors affect page perfor- a result, mobile Web page performance has improved over the years. However, it is not clear if these improvements are a result mance. These factors include browser improvements, network of better browsers, optimized Web pages, new platforms, or im- conditions, the device capacity, and the page itself. It is critical proved network conditions. In this work, we conduct a historical to identify the factors that lead to the most improvement in study over 4 years with 8 popular mobile browsers, loading page performance, so that researchers and practitioners can over 250K Web pages, to isolate the effect of different factors determine not only where to focus their attention, but whether on page load improvements. Using a combination of record- and-replay proxies, historical data from the Internet archive, these performance benefits are available to all users who load and specifications about current and past network speeds, we pages on devices and networks with diverse capacities.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance Gains from Web Performance Optimization Case Including the Optimization of Webpage Resources in a Comprehensive Way
    Performance Gains from Web Performance Optimization Case Including the Optimization of Webpage Resources in a Comprehensive Way Juha Vihervaara1, Pekka Loula1 and Tommi Tuominen2 1Pori Campus, Tampere University of Technology, Pohjoisranta 11, 28100 Pori, Finland 2Foredata Oy, Kässäläntie 30, 38200 Sastamala, Finland Keywords: Website, Performance, Optimization. Abstract: Web performance optimization tries to minimize the time in which web pages are downloaded and displayed on the web browser. It also means that the sizes of website resources are usually minimized. By optimizing their websites, organizations can verify the quality of response times on their websites. This increases visitor loyalty and user satisfaction. A fast website is also important for search engine optimization. Minimized resources also cut the energy consumption of the Internet. In spite of the importance of optimization, there has not been so much research work to find out how much the comprehensive optimization of a website can reduce load times and the sizes of web resources. This study presents the results related to an optimization work where all the resources of the website were optimized. The results obtained were very significant. The download size of the front page was reduced by a total of about 80 percent and the downloading time about 60 percent. The server can now handle more than three times as much concurrent users as earlier. 1 INTRODUCTION In spite of the importance of WPO, there has not been so much research work to find out how much Web performance optimization (WPO), or website the comprehensive optimization of a website can optimization, tries to minimize the time in which reduce load times and the sizes of web resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Cdns Extend to Web Performance Optimization and End-To-End Cloud Services 2
    For: Application CDNs Extend To Web Performance Development & Delivery Optimization And End-To-End Cloud Professionals Services by Mark Grannan and Philipp Karcher, July 31, 2014 KEY TAKEAWAYS CDN Services Are Evolving To Tackle Mobile And Dynamic Complexity CDN providers are no longer focused on bit pushing services as those services have become largely commoditized. Vendors in the CDN and digital acceleration market are increasingly focused on web performance optimization techniques to meet dynamic content and mobile needs. Parallel Technology Buying Decisions Blur CDN Boundaries Buying CDN services is no longer simple. Web security, cloud storing and hosting adoption, enterprise app complexity, and web analytics needs all factor into CDN purchasing decisions due to the overlaps. Customers need to understand where the overlaps exist to make smart investments. Match Your Performance Needs Against The CDN Landscape’s Four Segments The four market segments include: traditional CDNs that sell bit pushing as a service and aggregate broader capabilities; telco CDNs that add Internet connectivity to the traditional CDN package; cloud platforms that offer basic CDN features to complement storage and compute; and startups that offer caching (primarily) as a feature and focus on newer web performance techniques. Forrester Research, Inc., 60 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA Tel: +1 617.613.6000 | Fax: +1 617.613.5000 | www.forrester.com FOR APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT & DELIVERY PROFESSIONALS JULY 31, 2014 CDNs Extend To Web Performance Optimization And End-To- End Cloud Services Market Overview: CDN And Digital Acceleration Services By Mark Grannan and Philipp Karcher with John R. Rymer, Mike Gualtieri, Andre Kindness, Michael Facemire, Stephen Powers, Rick Holland, and Steven Kesler WHY READ THIS REPOrt Content delivery networks (CDNs) have been around for over 20 years, yet intensifying digital performance requirements are forcing CDN providers to evolve.
    [Show full text]
  • Web Performance Load Tester 3.6 Manual
    Quick Start Guide Quick Start This guide will help you learn basic navigation of the Web Performance Load Tester interface as well as the steps to record, replay and analyze the performance of a your website. 1. Installation 2. Getting Help 3. Updating the Software 4. Navigating the User Interface 5. Record a testcase 6. Inspecting a testcase 7. Replay a testcase 8. Analyze the performance changes 9. Run a Load Test Installation Supported Platforms Web Performance Load Tester is supported and tested on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Vista. It should also work on most other modern Windows versions. note: Installation of the Load Engine is supported on Windows, Linux and Solaris. Installation of the Server Agent is supported on Win- dows and Linux. Installation Notes l For Linux stand-alone installations, do not install the application at the top level directory (at "/"). There is a known issue with the install application when this directory is used. l For any installation, ensure that the directory the application is being installed in is not a read-only directory to the users of the application. The application will not start properly when this occurs. l For stand-alone installations, do not install Web Performance Load Tester and Web Performance Load Engine in the same directory. Installation steps 1. Download the software from http://webperformanceinc.com/download 2. On Windows, run the installer and follow the wizard 3. On Linux/Unix with a GUI, run the installer and follow the wizard 4. On Linux/Unix from a console, run the installer with the "-i console" option.
    [Show full text]
  • Front-End Website Performance Optimisation Optimising the Front-End Performance of Swedbank’S Website
    IT 13 062 Examensarbete 15 hp September 2013 Front-end website performance optimisation Optimising the front-end performance of Swedbank’s website Tobias Ericsson Institutionen för informationsteknologi Department of Information Technology Abstract Front-end website performance optimisation Tobias Ericsson Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten The purpose of this study is to establish what techniques Swedbank can employ to improve the performance of their external website. Several optimisation techniques Besöksadress: for improving front-end performance are presented from user experience and server Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 load perspectives. The website is then evaluated based on the principles identified to Hus 4, Plan 0 determine if and how it can be improved, whereupon testing is employed to determine the benefits of implementing these techniques. The evaluation shows that Postadress: the Swedbank website can be improved in several ways; the most important being to Box 536 751 21 Uppsala employ text file compression, caching headers and to combine images together. The report concludes that Swedbank should implement at least these three techniques as Telefon: they are the most cost-effective from both a user experience and server load 018 – 471 30 03 perspective. Telefax: 018 – 471 30 00 Hemsida: http://www.teknat.uu.se/student Handledare: Henrik Wall Ämnesgranskare: Arnold Pears Examinator: Olle Eriksson IT 13 062 Tryckt av: Reprocentralen ITC 2 Abstract in Swedish Syftet med denna rapport är att fastställa vilka tekniker Swedbank kan använda sig av för att förbättra prestandan på sin externa webbsida. Flera optimeringsåtgärder för förbättring av front- end-prestanda ur användarupplevelse- samt serverbelastningsperspektiv presenteras. Webbsidan utvärderas sedan utefter de presenterade principerna.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Graphical Performance in a Motion- Based Web Game – Improving Design and Implementation of a Game Mea- Sured by Frame Rate
    Linköping University | Department of Computer Science Master thesis, 30 ECTS | Datateknik 2017 | LIU-IDA/LITH-EX-A--17/036--SE Optimization of graphical performance in a motion- based web game – Improving design and implementation of a game mea- sured by frame rate Oskar Therén Supervisor : Aseel Berglund Examiner : Henrik Eriksson Linköpings universitet SE–581 83 Linköping +46 13 28 10 00 , www.liu.se Upphovsrätt Detta dokument hålls tillgängligt på Internet – eller dess framtida ersättare – under 25 år från publiceringsdatum under förutsättning att inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. Tillgång till dokumentet innebär tillstånd för var och en att läsa, ladda ner, skriva ut enstaka kopior för enskilt bruk och att använda det oförändrat för ickekommersiell forskning och för undervisning. Överföring av upphovsrätten vid en senare tidpunkt kan inte upphäva detta tillstånd. All annan användning av dokumentet kräver upphovsmannens medgivande. För att garantera äktheten, säkerheten och tillgängligheten finns lösningar av teknisk och admin- istrativ art. Upphovsmannens ideella rätt innefattar rätt att bli nämnd som upphovsman i den omfattning som god sed kräver vid användning av dokumentet på ovan beskrivna sätt samt skydd mot att dokumentet ändras eller presenteras i sådan form eller i sådant sam- manhang som är kränkande för upphovsmannenslitterära eller konstnärliga anseende eller egenart. För ytterligare information om Linköping University Electronic Press se förlagets hemsida http://www.ep.liu.se/. Copyright The publishers will keep this document online on the Internet – or its possible replacement – for a period of 25 years starting from the date of publication barring exceptional circum- stances. The online availability of the document implies permanent permission for anyone to read, to download, or to print out single copies for his/hers own use and to use it unchanged for non-commercial research and educational purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Internet Content Delivery Systems
    An Analysis of Internet Content Delivery Systems Stefan Saroiu, Krishna P. Gummadi, Richard J. Dunn, Steven D. Gribble, and Henry M. Levy Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington {tzoompy,gummadi,rdunn,gribble,levy}@cs.washington.edu Abstract versity of Washington, a large university with over 60,000 students, faculty, and staff. For this paper, we analyze a In the span of only a few years, the Internet has expe- nine day trace that saw over 500 million transactions and rienced an astronomical increase in the use of specialized over 20 terabytes of HTTP data. From this data, we pro- content delivery systems, such as content delivery networks vide a detailed characterization and comparison of content and peer-to-peer file sharing systems. Therefore, an under- delivery systems, and in particular, the latest peer-to-peer standing of content delivery on the Internet now requires workloads. Our results quantify: (1) the extent to which a detailed understanding of how these systems are used in peer-to-peer traffic has overwhelmed web traffic as a lead- practice. ing consumer of Internet bandwidth, (2) the dramatic differ- This paper examines content delivery from the point of ences in the characteristics of objects being transferred as a view of four content delivery systems: HTTP web traffic, the result, (3) the impact of the two-way nature of peer-to-peer Akamai content delivery network, and Kazaa and Gnutella communication, and (4) the ways in which peer-to-peer sys- peer-to-peer file sharing traffic. We collected a trace of all tems are not scaling, despite their explicitly scalable design.
    [Show full text]
  • Speeding up Web Page Loads with Shandian
    Speeding up Web Page Loads with Shandian Xiao Sophia Wang and Arvind Krishnamurthy, University of Washington; David Wetherall, University of Washington and Google https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi16/technical-sessions/presentation/wang This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’16). March 16–18, 2016 • Santa Clara, CA, USA ISBN 978-1-931971-29-4 Open access to the Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI ’16) is sponsored by USENIX. Speeding up Web Page Loads with Shandian Xiao Sophia Wang∗, Arvind Krishnamurthy∗, and David Wetherall∗† Abstract pages use JavaScript libraries such as jQuery [21] or in- Web page loads are slow due to intrinsic inefficiencies clude large customized JavaScript code in order to sup- in the page load process. Our study shows that the in- port a high degree of user interactivity. The result is that a efficiencies are attributable not only to the contents and large portion of the code conveyed to a browser is never structure of the Web pages (e.g., three-fourths of the CSS used on a page or is only used when a user triggers an resources are not used during the initial page load) but action. The second inefficiency stems from how the dif- also the way that pages are loaded (e.g., 15% of page load ferent stages of the page load process are scheduled to times are spent waiting for parsing-blocking resources to ensure semantic correctness in the presence of concur- be loaded).
    [Show full text]
  • Why Web Performance Matters for Designers
    TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 WHY WEB PERFORMANCE MATTERS FOR DESIGNERS 7 WHY DESIGNERS STRUGGLE TO BUILD FAST WEBSITES 11 UNDERSTANDING KEY WEB PERFORMANCE METRICS 15 WHAT CAUSES POOR WEB PERFORMANCE? 24 HOW TO OPTIMIZE YOUR WEBSITE ASSETS 42 HOW TO MONITOR YOUR WEB PERFORMANCE 45 DESIGN WITH PERFORMANCE AS A PRIORITY Chapter 1 Why Web Performance MATTERS FOR DESIGNERS Speed is one of the most overlooked aspects when it comes to websites and web apps. Today, users expect a website to load in 2 seconds or less. In fact, a 1-second delay in page load time equals a 3% drop in revenue per visitor, 7% fewer conversions, and a 16% decrease in customer satisfaction. When it comes to web performance, every millisecond counts. A DESIGNER’S GUIDE TO WEB PERFORMANCE 1 Speed is the most important feature. If your application is slow, people won’t use it. Fred Wilson, Managing Partner @ Union Square Ventures So, why should designers care? Because 80%-90% of performance occurs on the front-end of websites, which is where designers operate. Only 10%-20% happens via back-end performance, which falls under the responsibility of developers and operations. In other words, all of the content a designer is responsible for creating and building - HTML, CSS, “JavaScript, images, etc. -- accounts for almost all of a page's load time. A DESIGNER’S GUIDE TO WEB PERFORMANCE 2 A faster website or web app will produce better business results and a better user experience. It will significantly increase visitors, conversions, average order size, and revenue both in the short and long-term.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Points Affecting Web Performance
    SOME POINTS AFFECTING WEB PERFORMANCE Christophe Deleuze Laboratoire de conception et d’intégration des systèmes (LCIS) 50, rue Barthélémy de Laffemas, BP54 26902 Valence Cedex 09 France Keywords: Web performance, HTTP, persistent connections, embedded objects, web content. Abstract: Despite continuously growing network and server capacity, web performance is still often bad. Changes in version 1.1 of the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) have brought solutions to some of the performance problems, but daily experience shows that problems remain. In this work, we examine some characteristics of a number of popular web pages and try to get insights about what could be made to enhance overall web performance. We find that most web pages have very large numbers of small objects, something HTTP doesn’t handle very well, and that style-sheets were expected to avoid. Moreover, half of the sites we examined do not support HTTP enhancements such as persistent connections and request pipelining. Finally, most sites embed objects from multiple (and often at lot of) different hosts. 1 INTRODUCTION server model, raising scalability issues. Much work has been done on trying to address such issues: they The Internet is now a production network, used for include various content replication and load balanc- daily business. The advent of the world wide web ing techniques such as caching proxies, content distri- and its user friendly browsing capabilities has been bution networks (CDNs), and server farms (Deleuze, the major step in making the Internet mainstream. 2004). All these systems require a large and costly Because of its success and the way the system and infrastructure and fail to solve all the problems.
    [Show full text]
  • Web Performance Optimization - How Is an Optimized Front-End Achieved?
    Web performance optimization - How is an optimized front-end achieved? LTH School of Engineering at Campus Helsingborg Department of Electrical and Information Technology Bachelor thesis: Robin Török Sebastian Johansson © Copyright Robin Török, Sebastian Johansson LTH School of Engineering Lund University Box 882 SE-251 08 Helsingborg Sweden LTH Ingenjörshögskolan vid Campus Helsingborg Lunds universitet Box 882 251 08 Helsingborg Printed in Sweden E-huset Biblioteksdirektionen Lunds universitet Lund 2014 Abstract The objective of this thesis was to gather information about how important web performance is and what to do to optimize web pages. This information will then be delivered as course materials to Edument AB. The course materials will be presentation materials that are going to be a part of their upcoming course about this topic. The presentation materials were divided into eight parts in order to achieve a natural distribution between the areas in the topic. Our ambition was to finally provide well-elaborated presentation materials, which will not only contain theoretic but also practical examples. This was done by splitting up the time into four working phases for each part of the presentation materials. During the first working phase a non-optimized example was tested in order for the bottleneck to be found and analysed. During the second working phase the example was optimized, focusing on the bottleneck and to finally eliminate it. The third was to test the optimized example and compare for further analysis. The last phase was to document the conclusion of the tests made. Keywords: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Caching, Http, Web performance Sammanfattning Examensarbetet gick ut på att få information om varför det är viktigt med webbprestanda samt hur man optimerar hemsidor för bästa prestanda.
    [Show full text]
  • Benchmarking Modern Web Browsers Jordan Nielson Carey Williamson Martin Arlitt Department of Computer Science University of Calgary
    1 Benchmarking Modern Web Browsers Jordan Nielson Carey Williamson Martin Arlitt Department of Computer Science University of Calgary Abstract— Many different Web browsers are available on the Explorer, Opera, and Safari), and testing them with a small Internet, free of charge. A browser performs several tasks, such set of realistic micro-benchmarks. as rendering Web pages on the screen and executing client-side The results show that no single Web browser is universally code often embedded in Web pages. Users typically choose a browser that gives them a satisfying browsing experience, which the best; in fact, there are noticable differences among the four is partly determined by the speed of the browser. This paper browsers across the range of tests considered. For example, presents benchmark performance test results for four popular the rendering speeds for Web pages can differ by a factor of browsers (Firefox, IE, Opera, and Safari) currently available on 2-3 across browsers, JavaScript string operator performance the Internet. The results indicate substantial differences among can differ by an order of magnitude, and some browsers show browsers across the range of tests considered, particularly in rendering speed and JavaScript string operation performance. asymmetric performance for GET requests and POST requests in AJAX. These results are of value to users for browser selection, as well as to developers for browser performance I. INTRODUCTION improvements, and to Web service providers, for offering satisfying user experiences. The first graphical Web browser, Mosaic [4], was released There are two main contributions in this paper. The first in 1993, making the World Wide Web accessible to everyone, contribution is a direct performance comparison of modern and helping to launch an information explosion that continues Web browsers, with sufficient drill-down to the component to this day.
    [Show full text]