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Education, Interpretation and the Teaching of Black History at Colonial Williamsburg

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Education, Interpretation and the Teaching of Black History at Colonial Williamsburg W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1989 Presenting the past: Education, interpretation and the teaching of black history at Colonial Williamsburg Rex Marshall Ellis College of William & Mary - School of Education Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, American Studies Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Other Education Commons Recommended Citation Ellis, Rex Marshall, "Presenting the past: Education, interpretation and the teaching of black history at Colonial Williamsburg" (1989). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539618660. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25774/w4-f656-sj28 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advancedtechnology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. Order Number 8923055 Presenting the past: Education, interpretation and the teaching of black history at Colonial Williamsburg Ellis, Rex Marshall, Ed.D. The College of William and Mary, 1989 Copyright ©1990 by Ellis, Rex Marshall. All rights reserved. 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ReproducedReproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. PRESENTING THE PAST: EDUCATION, INTERPRETATION AND THE TEACHING OF BLACK HISTORY AT COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education The College of William and Mary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education By Rex Marshall Ellis May 1989 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PRESENTING THE PAST: EDUCATION, INTERPRETATION AND THE TEACHING OF BLACK HISTORY AT COLONIAL WILLIAMSBURG by Rex Marshall Ellis Approved April 1989 by Dennis O'Toole, Ph.D. Roger^Baldwin, Ph.D. Jfohn Thelin, Ph.D. Chairman of Doctoral Committee Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to Paulette, Aaron and Amber. They have all helped me in the completion of this document. During the six years I have attended William and Mary, I have grown immensely. For better or worse they have had to grow with me. Their support has been selfless and many times I have been in the same house with them but in another world. For their patience and love, I am thankful. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. GLOSSARY 8 CHAPTER I (1926-1946) 9 3. Chronology 10 4. The Dreamers 18 5. Education 21 6. The Beginning of Interpretation 2 4 7. The War Years 3 2 8. Black History 35 CHAPTER II (1946-1966) 4 2 9. Chronology 4 3 10. The Post War Years 59 11. Education 6 4 12. The Alexander Years 7 6 Consulting Firms 79 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13. Student Programs 87 School Visits 87 Democracy Workshop 90 International Assembly 92 The Student Burgess Program 95 14. The Forum Series 96 The Garden Symposium 96 A Prelude to Independence 97 The Seminar for Historic Administration 97 The Institute of Early American History & Culture 98 15. Special Educational Programs 100 Education and the Media 100 Special Programs 101 The Crafts Program 103 Day Time Activities 1C 4 Education and Consulting Firms 105 16. Interpretation 124 Crafts 127 Training 129 17. Blacks 141 The National Scene 141 Segregation in Williamsburg 144 Segregation at the Foundation 145 Black History at Colonial Williamsburg 153 CHAPTER III (1967-1987) 159 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 18. Chronology 160 19. New Directions 187 Desegregation and Education in Virginia 190 Williamsburg 192 20. Education 194 Research and Education 20 0. Humelsine and Education 204 Longsworth and Education 215 Teaching History at Colonial Williamsburg 218 Organizational Changes in Education 223 21. Interpretation 227 Organizational Changes 227 The First Decade 230 The Second Decade 231 The Company of Colonial Performers 233 The Department of Historical Interpretation 23 9 The Department of Historic Trades 242 22. Training 245 23. The Black Experience 253 Blacks in Williamsburg 25 8 Black History at Colonial Williamsburg 259 A New Beginning 272 The Slave Quarter at Carter's Grove 279 24. Postscript 281 25. Epilogue 289 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE My family and I moved to the town of Williamsburg in 1951. We have been citizens since then. For as long as I can remember, we have lived on the "Old Fort Road" in a house that my father built himself from the ground up. I knew it as Queen's Creek Road. When someone asked where you were from in those early days, you generally replied "East Williamsburg"; never "York County" or "off Penniman road", that connoted a lower class neighborhood that most of my contemporaries and I did not wish to align ourselves with; it was too country. I grew up in the vicinity of what many consider the world's foremost outdoor history museum--a fact that many of my friends and I never understood or appreciated. Ironically, I never knew or even suspected that the museum's significance had anything to do with me as an African American. To those of us who lived in the black community during the 'fifties and 'sixties, it was simply a place to work; it was our McDonalds or Pizza Hut; that place you worked during the summer or after school to earn extra money. The significance of it as a place to visit was never even talked about, except by a few well-meaning teachers, who were careful not to mention that it was the capital of a slave-holding colony. I remember once, during my elementary school years in the late 50's, v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. our class was marched to a nearby highway leading to the center of town to wave at Queen Elizabeth II, who was on her way to Williamsburg. I knew she was a special person, but it never dawned on me that she was coming to visit a special place. To us, Colonial Williamsburg was simply the place out-of-town visitors were trying to find as they blocked traffic. The "Restoration", as most people in town called it, was a hindrance, nothing more. Almost everyone I knew worked there at one time or another. My brother worked as a dishwasher, my father once laid bricks at Bassett Hall; my Uncle was a bell hop at the Williamsburg Inn and my next door neighbor was the housekeeping supervisor for the Motor House. Full-time, part-time, after school, on weekends, during the summer or following retirement, black people of the town flocked to Colonial Williamsburg to pursue the almighty dollar. No one I knew was getting rich there, but no one was refusing to work either. Once I even worked as a bus boy at the Motor House Cafeteria. Tleft' "after about three weeks— frustrated by the low wages that were offered and tired of cleaning up after "white folks". Even then I sensed that there was something different about Colonial Williamsburg. It always had a special aura about it. Whether you acknowledged it or not, it was there. It was as close as my best friends father, who was a chef in one of the restaurants until his retirement. It was in the faces of all who worked there. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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