A DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM TERMINOLOGY

Second Edition This is my 14th book; it is the second to be published by CAB International; I hope there will be many more! I dedicate it to my grandchildren, Anna and Noah Beaver, Lauren and Max Blum and Poppy and Jack Taylor, in the hope that it will further encourage them in the pursuit of knowledge.

Allan Beaver A DICTIONARY OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM TERMINOLOGY

Second Edition

ALLAN BEAVER

International Centre for Tourism Research University of Bournemouth, UK

and

Leisure and Tourism Department Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, UK

CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International

CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org

© A. Beaver 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright owners.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beaver, Allan, 1934- A dictionary of travel and tourism terminology / Allan Beaver.--2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-020-0 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-85199-020-7 (alk. paper) 1. Travel--Dictionaries. 2. Tourism--Dictionaries. I. Title. G155.A1B38 2005 910.3--dc22 2005009233 ISBN-13: 978 0 85199 020 0 ISBN-10: 0 85199 020 7

Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents

About the Author vi Preface and Introduction vii Acknowledgements xii Appendix I: World Tourism Organization Global Code of Ethics for Tourism 367 Appendix II: Recommended Tourism Syllabus Content for Higher Education Courses Worldwide 380 Appendix III: EC Neutral CRS Rules 387

v About the Author

Professor Allan Beaver has run a travel business for over 40 years. He is a Visiting Professor at the University of Bournemouth and at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College. His professional qualifications are: Fellow of City and Guilds of London Institute, Master of Science, Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Transport, Fellow of the Tourism Society, Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Marketing, Fellow of the Institute of Logistics, Fellow of the Institute of Travel and Tourism and academic member of the Association D’Expertes Scientifiques du Tourisme. He is the author of many papers, articles and books in the tourism field, including three editions of the 1820-page three volume, Mind Your Own Travel Business and an annual industry survey and forecast, the 100-page 27th edition of which was published in December 2004. Repeatedly, his forecasts made each autumn have come within 1% of the outcome. Allan Beaver’s professional interests particularly include the marketing of travel and tourism and its terminology. He is a member of the Professional Body Board of the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM), Vice Chair of the CIM Travel Industry Group and writes its monthly meeting reports. He was appointed by the British Standards Institute as the senior UK expert in the field of tourism terminology, representing the UK on several international working groups. As this dictionary was going to press, he was in Berlin, leading the UK delegation to a meeting of CEN, the grouping of European Standards Institutes. He chaired the Travel Agents and Tour Operators Sectoral Committee of the UK government-appointed Travel and Tourism Events National Training Organization (TTENTO) and was Treasurer of that organization. He is a former Board member of the Association of British Travel Agents and was for many years a member of the Association’s Travel Agents Council. He was founding chairman of the ABTA’s Greater London region, which includes nearly a quarter of the Association’s agent members.

vi Preface and Introduction

What is Covered by this Dictionary

This dictionary provides definitions of terminology and ‘decodes’ acronyms and abbreviations for the world’s largest industry. All the Internet search engines sell their services, which result in high ranking following a user search, for those who have paid for preferment. In the travel and tourism field, this means that searches involving key words often result in commercial organizations appear- ing first, with the sought-after organization thousands of results behind. The comprehensive listing in this dictionary of Internet addresses makes it a crucial and invaluable research and reference source for statistics, many associations, trade bodies and other voluntary organizations. As this dictionary was going to press, registrations were taking place for the new ‘dot travel’ domain name to be launched in 2006; see www.tralliance.com/dottravel/main.htm. This dictionary contains many descriptive articles on travel and tourism concepts, which cover a wider range of topics in greater depth than other dictionaries in this field. Where comprehensive information is readily accessible from the Internet, web access points have been detailed. It expands on Allan Beaver’s work in the encyclopaedic volume 3 of his book, Mind Your Own Travel Business. This broke new ground by its all-encompassing nature. To indicate the coverage of the present book, it is first necessary to indicate the intended parameters. The UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education has, in recent years, benchmarked degree courses, identifying in general the characteristics of programmes in specific subjects and the learning outcomes to be expected. Unit 25 includes tourism, and part of that unit is detailed in Appendix II. Having specified that a typical honours graduate should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the stated areas, this dictionary has been designed to support the learning process in those subjects. Despite the wide-ranging nature and variety of tourism courses, the intention is that this dictionary should be appropriate to the needs of all those courses.

vii viii Preface and Introduction

It is important to state clearly that this book is mainly limited to tourism terminology used in the English-speaking world. Many non-English words are used by tourism practitioners in Britain, North America and Australasia, hence, not all the words explained are English. The accent in this dictionary is on the definitions themselves. But a particular exception has been made in the case of tourism information databases, for which access details are provided. Many tourism dictionaries include substantial list- ings of the organizations in the field with contact information. The entries in this dictionary aim only to provide information not available from organizations’ web sites. In this dictionary, having decoded an abbreviation or understood the meaning of a word, it is usually necessary to access the web site noted or go to an appropriate work of reference, for names, addresses and web sites etc. of the organizations or for more information. This dictionary does not cover words or phrases relating to cultural, destina- tion, location, physical, place or political geography. Most other tourism dictionaries include destination information and geography; each selection is different, according to the whims of the authors and publishers. For good measure, various descriptions of local food specialities and customs are also included. To cover, for example, 5000 areas, sites or attractions of touristic interest would require a 500-page book devoted to this aspect of terminology. The British GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification) in this field includes studies of both leisure and tourism but, at the advanced level, tourism and leisure are separate subjects. This dictionary does not cover leisure and sports terms. In many texts, attempts to cover the leisure field are severely detrimental to achieving complete coverage of tourism, simply because of lack of space. For example, in the Columbus Press World Travel Dictionary, the very first term is ‘A clamp, a diving term for a connecting device between an air hose and diving cylinder’. This type of term is not found here. In some areas, there is a very thin borderline between travel and tourism, and environmental studies. For example, while there is no doubt that acid rain has a profound ecological effect with a tourism impact, nevertheless, this is not a tourism term and has been omitted together with other material of a similar nature. There is no attempt to include definitions of words which, although they can be applied to tourism, are not specific to it. The book you are now reading is restricted to decoding and explaining words that are particular to tourism. Thus, most business terminology in general and marketing jargon in particular has been omitted. Another grey area faced by the author, when deciding what to include, concerns technical transportation terminology. Readers should not, for example, look in this book for an explanation of all of the parts of an aircraft engine, train or ship, although an attempt has been made to cover basic nomenclature. Furthermore, tourism is specific to people rather than goods; so no aspects of the carriage of goods are covered. Thus cargo terms and the associated insurance terms are excluded. The scope of this area may surprise readers. There are 470 closely printed pages in the second edition of The Marine Encyclopaedic Dictionary by Eric Sullivan, published by Lloyds of London Press Ltd in 1988. The three letter system for coding airports and cities and similar system for coding airlines has not been reiterated in this book, for coding and decoding Preface and Introduction ix

information is readily available in many computer systems and other reference manuals used in travel agencies worldwide. So far it has been explained what is excluded; so what is included? North American and European differences – It is a particular aim of this dic- tionary to identify differences, each side of the Atlantic, in the meanings of many of the words or phrases defined. The author is not aware of any other pub- lication that has covered the differences in industry and travel professionals’ usage, although many have covered the differences in everyday language, which are outside the scope of this dictionary. Operating language of the providers (the industry) of tourism services – The travel and tourism industry is very diverse, not merely limited to the providers of hospitality and transport by road, rail, air and sea. There are also a huge num- ber of ancillary services such as the provision of car rental, travel insurance, passports and visa services, health requirements, foreign currency and traveller’s cheques, the information services provided by national and local tourist boards and guiding services. There are organizations that package several of these ser- vices together and sell them either direct to consumers or via intermediaries, known as tour operators. Travel agents, the retailers of the industry, are in com- petition with newer intermediaries, communicating with consumers via the Internet, telephone, digital cable television, or a combination thereof. The Global Distribution Systems (GDS) and national travel computer reservation systems provide services to all of the organizations mentioned so far. Each of these afore- mentioned fields has an operating language. The words may have only a descrip- tive function or may set a specific standard. Tourism – The dictionary explains where and why the qualitative and quanti- tative definitions differ. The latter are used for measuring tourism while the for- mer are valuable because they are descriptive of the phenomenon of tourism. This dictionary is currently the only one which explains the evolutionary nature of tourism definitions. Attention is drawn to alternative definitions that are in textbooks. An explanation is given of why many have been superceded and rec- ommendations for the most appropriate definition are justified. Acronyms and abbreviations – This is a problem area for new entrants to tourism, be they students or people entering from other fields. Even the headlines in the trade press or titles of papers in tourism journals are a complete mystery without the ability to decode them. Many acronyms are of organizations. The worldwide nature of tourism means that the names of the trade bodies, official and regulatory bodies are from many countries. The major providers of hospitality and transport by road, rail, air and sea are all international and the letters that stand for their names are meaningless to the uninitiated. Each area of travel and tourism has its own set of acronyms; this book decodes 350 International Air Transport Association (IATA) acronyms not previously generally available until publication of the first edition of this dictionary. Alternatives – Often, various sources offer different definitions for the same word. This dictionary is, at present, the only one which covers the alternatives; when appropriate, it discusses their merits and suggests definitions for general adoption. Definitions recommended in previous editions of this dictionary have been widely quoted in tourism journals. x Preface and Introduction

IT terms – Technological change has caused a revolution in the way the tourism product is distributed to the travelling public. Many large dictionaries of technical and computer terminology have been published and it has not been the intention to compete with these works. Nevertheless, some technical com- puter terms are commonly used in the travel industry and for the convenience of users of this book, an explanation of the basic ones has been included. Control language – There are a large number of governmental, official and trade bodies which lay down laws, rules and regulations applicable to travel and tourism; this dictionary identifies these bodies and their functions and includes their associated terminology. Brand names – These are liberally strewn throughout the travel business like confetti, without any indication of the associated organization. For example, most airlines have clubs with a brand name and frequent flyer schemes, often with a different brand name. The airlines may be affiliated with alliances such as Star or OneWorld. This dictionary identifies the main organizations associated with these brand names. Accuracy of definitions – The travel and tourism industry is always changing rapidly, in response to consumer’s needs and technological advances, particu- larly in information technology. This dictionary aims to be correct at a date approximately 6 months before its publication date. However, some seminal papers and books on many aspects of tourism were published many years ago; to understand them, it is necessary to be able to ‘decode’ the acronyms, brand names and expressions that were current at those times. A selection of these obsolete terms has been included, identified as such. Web sites – Within the currency of this dictionary, ‘dot travel’ Internet addresses will become available. Many web sites are featured to enable users to access more information concerning many entries. Some may change to .travel.

Disclaimer: no responsibility is accepted by the author or publisher for any errors that may have inadvertently arisen. Users are particularly recom- mended to check with appropriate sources, information critical to their travel arrangements.

Definitions preceded by ‘The 2003 CEN/European Standard official definition is’ are indicative of wording which has been published by the British Standards Institute on behalf of CEN (BS EN ISO 18513:2003 Tourism services – Hotels and other types of tourism accommodation – Terminology and BS EN 13809:2003 Tourism services – Travel agencies and tour operators – Terminology). CEN is the European Grouping of National Standards Institutes, ‘Comité Européen de Normalisation’. CEN members are the national standards bodies in Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Committee 329 was established in 1996 and is concerned with travel and tourism; it agreed to set up two working groups to create and agree standard terminology and associated definitions. WG1 was responsible for the accommo- dation area; WG2 was asked to handle travel agents and tour operators. The Preface and Introduction xi

British Standards Institute (BSI), in common with other European standards institutes, set up a national ‘mirror’ group – SVS2 ‘Tourism Services’, and invited ABTA to join this. I was asked by ABTA to represent them in view of my particular expertise on travel and tourism terminology. BSI then accredited me as the Senior UK Expert in Travel and Tourism Terminology to represent them at WG2. Subsequently, WG2 adopted English as its working language and the members of WG2 elected me to be responsible for the definitive English versions of the definitions agreed. Tourism is inherently diverse; laws, customs and practices vary so widely in each country that agreeing internationally acceptable definitions was always likely to be difficult. This situation resulted in arguments which had not been previously experienced by the UK Expert; in order to salvage something from several years of meetings, definitions were accepted which were only ‘the lowest common denominator’. Part of the introduction to the BSI standard is repeated verbatim: Many difficulties have been encountered in the preparation of this standard. The following are some of them:

• There are concepts for which an English term does not exist. • There are concepts for which translation does not exist in one of the official languages. • There are services (or types of accommodation) that are specific to only one or a few countries. • There are terms for which more than one meaning is possible, depending on the context. • In many cases, the requirements are different, depending on the national legislation. In these cases the common minimum has been agreed as the definition for this European standard. As a result, many of the definitions agreed are rather broad and the standard represents the highest level of consensus which could be reached. In the spring of 2005, CEN 329 agreed the proposition of AENOR, the Spanish Standards Institute, to embark on an extensive programme of standards develop- ment in the tourism field. The author of this book was appointed to lead the UK delegation to Working Group 5, which is to develop a tourist guide qualification standard. The letters (WTO TM) after a definition indicate that the source is the series of World Tourism Organization Technical Manuals: Concepts, Definitions and Classifications for Tourism Statistics; Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics; Collection of Domestic Tourism Statistics and Collection and Compilation of Tourism Statistics. References to the WTO Thesaurus relate to the World Tourism Organisation and Secretariat of State for Tourism of France (2001), Thesaurus on Tourism and Leisure Activities.

Allan Beaver May 2005 Acknowledgements

Many of the definitions originate from the glossary of terms in the first, second and third editions of Mind Your Own Travel Business, first published in 1975. This dictionary sometimes proposes alternatives expressing disagreement with definitions published in other sources; in order to explain and justify the stance taken it has been necessary to quote the original work. For this purpose advan- tage is taken of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 which states that fair dealing for the purposes of criticism does not infringe copyright if accompa- nied by a sufficient acknowledgement. Nevertheless, the owners of the copy- rights concerned have generously given their encouragement and permission to quote from their work and the author records his thanks for this, which has assisted in the pursuit of knowledge and the development of tourism as an academic discipline. Unreserved appreciation of their permission is particularly expressed concerning: • David Relf, Head of Aviation at solicitors Sinclair Roche & Temperley, whose annual Aviation Handbook has been a rich source of decoding abbreviations in the aviation field. • John Patterson (formerly of IATA UK) who listed the meaning of many IATA acronyms and abbreviations not in the Sinclair Roche & Temperley list. • The American Society of Travel Agents (ASTA) for the access allowed to the members-only web site, enabling data to be mined from the online agents’ handbook. • The British Standards Institute which published on behalf of CEN, the European Grouping of National Standards Institutes, two standards: BS EN ISO 18513:2003 Tourism services and Hotels and other types of tourism accommodation – Terminology and BS EN 13809:2003 Tourism services – Travel agencies and tour operators – Terminology. • The International Air Transport Association concerning definitions in their Ticketing Handbook and Travel Agents Handbook (UK editions). xii Acknowledgements xiii

• Columbus Publishing Limited (World Travel Dictionary) concerning the alter- native definitions of a few tourism terms which appear in the comparative discussions of six or so expressions. • World Tourism Organization concerning some definitions in the 1995 techni- cal manuals Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics and Concepts, Definitions and Classifications for Tourism Statistics; also the WTO’s Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, Appendix I. • The Quality Assurance Agency in the UK relating to part of their Subject Benchmark Statement for Hospitality, Leisure, Tourism and Sport which appears in Appendix II. • Office of National Statistics relating to various statistics published in Business Monitor MQ6, Overseas Travel and Tourism. • AC Nielsen relating to various statistics published in their Holiday Booking Survey. • Extracts from several CABI publications, namely Electronic Information Distribution in Tourism and Hospitality by Peter O’Connor concerning HANK and HIRO and Tourism Information Technology by Pauline Sheldon concern- ing data that should be provided by a destination management system. • UK Travel and Leisure Industry Group Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Nicholson Graham LLP concerning part of the wording used in the explanation of the Warsaw Convention. This page intentionally left blank A

100 A1 In Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, governmental body concerned with the term indicates an ocean-going vessel interests of car owners. Roadside repair made of iron or steel. and recovery services are typical of the à la carte Restaurant menu from which direct benefits provided to members. the consumer can choose freely, paying AAA Worldwide Travel is the wholly- for individual items, contrasting with owned travel agency group. See table d’hôte which is a set menu with www.aaa.com limited choice for an inclusive price. AAAE American Association of Airport Alternatively, when used by tour opera- Executives. See www.aaae.org tors, refers to an independent inclusive AAAVT Asociación Argentina de tour (IIT), arranged to the customer’s Agencias de Viajes y Turismo. See choice; also called ‘tailor-made’ arrange- www.aaavyt.org.ar ments in the UK, contrasting with a AAB Air Authority Board. package tour, where set flights and a AAC1 Aeronautical Advisory Council. hotel are bundled together. See alterna- AAC2 Association of ATOL Companies in tive meal choices of table d’hôte and set the UK, formerly the Association of meal. Airline Consolidators. See www. A to Z Travel Agents System Name of aac-uk.org Digital Computer System Limited UK’s AACC Airport Associations Co-ordinat- travel agents’ computerized data and ing Council in the UK is the interna- accounting system introduced in August tional organization through which other 1984; now believed to be obsolete. national and international bodies in this A/D Aerodrome. sphere cooperate, world membership A/G Air/Ground (communication station). currently including over 95 national air- A1 First class. In Lloyd’s Register of Ship- port associations and over 350 airports ping, the term applies to vessels built to and airport authorities. trade in sheltered waters such as rivers. AACO Arab Air Carriers Organization. a1 is a navigational term, the second See www.aaco.org polaris correction; while a2 is the third AAdvantage Brand name of American polaris correction. Airlines’ frequent flyer programme, the A1 In connection with car rental, indi- largest worldwide, established in 1981. cates an automatic vehicle rather than Travel on AA’s services, or use of facil- one with gear levers. ities offered by scheme partners, earns A2 As a nautical term, it indicates aft. ‘miles’ which can be exchanged for free AA1 Aerolineas Argentinas. travel. While flying is the most common AA2 Always afloat. way of earning miles, over 40% of miles AA3 American Airlines. See AAdvantage. earned by AAdvantage members each AA4 Apparent altitude. year is done so through AAdvantage’s AA5 Automobile Association; based in thousands of partners. These include 35 the UK, it is the largest organization in airline partners, over 30 hotel compa- the world representing motorists, pro- nies and seven car rental companies, as viding roadside repair, recovery and well as a range of non-travel partner- other services. Worldwide, there are ships, such as retail and financial ser- many organizations that use these ini- vices. Members can redeem mileage for tials, a few of which are mentioned trips on other airlines as well as for above. See www.theaa.co.uk hotel stays, car rentals and holiday AAA The American Automobile Asso- packages. As well as bonus miles for ciation represents many US motorists qualifying flights, there are automatic and is regarded as the main non- upgrade privileges within the USA,

1 2 AAFRA

Canada and Mexico, preferred check-in the title is only ‘ordinary seaman’. The and boarding are provided. The awards guidelines stated have been found to can be used to buy membership of AA’s vary between cruise lines. Admiral’s Club. ABA1 American Bus Association. See The level of membership earned and www.buses.org benefits provided under the AAdvantage ABA2 Air charter Brokers Association (in scheme depend on the quantity of flying the UK). undertaken in the previous calendar ABA3 Australian Business Access Card. year: Gold 25,000 miles/30 segments; Obsolete; replaced in July 2000 with Platinum – 50,000 miles/60 segments; Short Business Electronic Travel Executive platinum – 100,000 miles. Authority. See ETAS. American Airlines is a member of the ABAC Association of British Aviation OneWorld alliance and the arrange- Consultants is a group of professional ments extend to those alliance partners, consultants in this sphere who are both for earning points and redeeming neither agents nor brokers. See them (Aer Lingus, British Airways, www.baac.org.uk Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, LanChile Abacas Was Mycrom Computers and Qantas). See www.aa.com and FFP Limited’s British travel agents’ comput- (frequent flyer programme). erized data accounting and ticketing AAFRA Association of African Airlines. system. See Andromeda. See www.yohannes.com/Africa/ Abacus GDS serving the Far East, based AFRAA.htm in Singapore. Although stated in some AAIB Air Accident Investigation Branch reference works as being associated with (of the British Civil Aviation Authority). Worldspan, switched to Sabre. See www.aaib.detr.gov.uk abaft At the back end or stern of a ship. AAL Above aerodrome level. abandonment Originally a maritime AALA Adventure Activity Licensing insurance term but now applied gener- Authority in the UK. Inspects UK activ- ally to aircraft, ships or coaches. ity centres and other activity providers Perhaps because of detention abroad or on behalf of the UK Government’s partial damage, an owner may be Department for Education and Skills allowed, under the terms of an insur- (DfES). See www.aala.org ance, to declare that there has been a AAMS All-American Marine Slip. constructive loss and therefore claim in AAPA Association of Asia Pacific Airlines. full. AAQUARIUS Was a Sabre CRS sub- The same term is used in the USA system. See Sabre. when an airline no longer wishes to AAR1 Aircraft accident report (aircraft operate on a route for which a licence accident record in some countries). has been granted. AAR2 Association of American Railroads. ABAV Asociacao Brasileira de Agencias See www.aar.org de Viagens. See www.abav.com.br AASA Airline Association of Southern abbonement European rail ticket allow- Africa. ing unlimited travel within a specified AASR Airport and airways surveillance area. radar. ABC1 The letters were the titles of AATTA1 Arab Association of Tourist and famous British airline, shipping and rail Travel Agents. guides which have now become part of AATTA2 African-American Travel and the worldwide OAG series. Tourism Association. ABC2 Advance Booking Charter – obsol- AAWG AIRPROX Analysis Working ete term. See Advance Booking Charter Group. (AIRPROX is the ICAO term for for details. air proximity which has now replaced ABCOC The Advance Booking Charter the term ‘airmiss’.) Operator’s Council in the UK (obsolete). AB Literally able-bodied. Usually applied abeam At an angle of 90° to the long in term ‘able (bodied) seaman’, indica- access of a ship or aircraft. The term is tive of a qualified seaman with at least 3 commonly used to mean an angle of 90° years’ experience at sea. After 9 months’ to the direction of travel, which because experience, but without qualifications, of cross winds etc., may be slightly ABTACHECK 3

different. Loosely speaking, a location and the general public and members opposite the mid-part of a plane or ship and travel principals. A controversial is abeam, while the term ‘abaft the objective, almost impossible to imple- beam’ means any area behind this. ment in view of the UK Competition able-bodied passenger Person designated Act, is to ‘discourage unfair competi- as such by airline check-in staff, who is tion, without interfering in any way allowed to sit in seats adjacent to an with initiative and enterprise based on emergency exit on an aircraft. fair trading’. ABTA is ruled by an 18- able-bodied seaman See AB. member Board elected by the members, ABn Aerodrome beacon. which, in turn, elects a president. As aboard On or in a form of transportation. well as being the public face of the abort To abandon an aircraft landing or Association, the president chairs the take-off because of a problem. Board. above board At sea, passenger accommo- There are 11 ABTA travel agent dation above the waterline, suggests US regions: Eastern, Greater London, web site www.hometravelagency.com Midland, North Eastern, North But throughout the English-speaking Western, Northern Ireland, Scotland, world, the wording indicates legitimacy Southern, South Wales, South Western and the meaning attributed is not used and Yorkshire and North Midlands, in the UK. each of which has a regional committee above the line promotional media Media and officers. Smaller agent members paying commission to advertising agen- with a turnover below £10 million also cies, such as newspapers, magazines, elect members to an 11-person Council radio, poster hoardings and television. of the Regions. The Regional See promotional media. Councillor automatically becomes the ABP1 Able-bodied passenger; a person Regional Chairman. The regional com- designated as such by airline check-in mittees have few general powers and staff, who is allowed to sit in seats adja- merely organize some activities and cent to an emergency exit on an aircraft. regional meetings, discussing national ABP2 Associated British Ports. See matters and recommending what they www.abports.co.uk believe ought to be done about them. ABPCO Association of British Profes- Propositions passed by regional meet- sional Conference Organizers. See ings are not binding upon the Council www.abpco.org of the Regions or the Board and have ABS American Bureau of Shipping. The no real authority other than indicating US organization through which ships a viewpoint. For more information see are certified with respect to interna- www.abt-travel.com tional maritime and safety regulations. ABTA Accounts Rules Members must See IMO and SOLAS. submit accounts within 6 months of the absence flag A small, blue, square-shaped end of their financial year. flag which shows that a boat’s owner is ABTA Appeal Board Under the not on board. On larger vessels, a pen- Association’s Articles, an independent nant may show that the captain is absent. Appeal Board exists to review decisions absorption When an air carrier’s revenue of the Association’s Councils. for its part of a joint fare is less than its ABTA Arbitration Scheme for the Travel own local fare for the same market. Industry Customers who have com- ABT The Association of Business plaints against ABTA tour operators and Travellers (in the USA). See www. travel agents may use an independent abt-travel.com arbitration scheme negotiated with the ABTA The Association of British Travel Chartered Institute of Arbitrators in the Agents was founded in 1950 to establish UK. an organization fully representative of ABTA Conciliation Service This free ser- travel agents and tour operators in the vice ended in spring 1991. UK; it aims to promote and develop the ABTACHECK Name of service enabling general interests of all members. Codes ABTA members to check the validity of of Conduct have been established credit cards, particularly when the card- between members themselves, members holder is not present, identifying 90% of 4 ABTA Membership Requirements

attempted fraudulent transactions. See financial failure of any member who is a www.abtacheck.com travel agent. The fund may also be used, ABTA Membership Requirements All the at the discretion of a committee of premises and general requirements for Travel Agents’ Council, to indemnify ABTA membership have now disap- tour operators who have sustained peared. Any person who has at least 2 losses. years’ practical experience can become ABTAC ABTA Travel Agents Certificate. an ABTA member running a travel A national examination at two levels agency business from any premises. covering much of the underpinning Only 18 months of such experience is knowledge expected by the Association necessary if ABTAC Level 1 and some of a travel clerk working in a leisure- other training has been completed and based UK travel agency, after 1 year’s this comes down to 1 year’s experience experience (Level 1) or 2 years’ experi- for those who have passed ABTAC Level ence (Level 2). But with the exception of 2 general section. A sound financial scheduled air reservations, fares and background is necessary and applicants ticketing, which are covered in NVQ must not have been bankrupt or run a (National Vocational Qualification) air business that failed to meet its liabili- units at two levels. The syllabus is care- ties. Parallel requirements exist for tour fully matched to relevant leisure travel operators. ABTA offers consumer pro- NVQ units. An ABTAC pass at merit or tection against financial loss when distinction level exempts a candidate effecting travel arrangements through from Unit 1 of the Level 2 or 3 (as members. All member agents and opera- appropriate) of the Travel Services NVQ. tors are required to provide a bond, But whereas these may be tested ‘on the guarantee or some other security for the job’ with copious evidential proof protection of the Association’s funds, required, ABTAC is tested by a formal when fulfilling this consumer guarantee. written examination. There is also a sep- See bond and BRF (Bond Replacement arate series of examinations at two lev- Fund). els covering business travel, operated by ABTA NTB Association of British Travel the Guild of Business Travel Agents Agents National Training Board, estab- (GBTA) in conjunction with City and lished in July 1982. Became Travel Guilds of London Institute (C&GLI). For Training Company in 1993; now known more information see City and Guilds of as TTC Training. Partial successor to London Institute entry also www. ATTITB, using title Government city-and-guilds.co.uk; ABTA-TTC Train- Approved because the Association’s ing entry also www.ttctraining.co.uk; scheme satisfied the government’s MA (Modern Apprenticeship) and NVQ. requirements. Became a wholly owned ABTA-TTC Training UK travel training subsidiary of ABTA in 1993. In 1999 organization formerly an ABTA sub- agreed a partnership with City and sidiary, sold to NTP Group in 2002. See Guilds of London Institute to be the TTC Training www.ttctraining.co.uk for awarding body for the travel courses courses and facilities offered. offered. Was sold by ABTA in 2002 to ABTB Association of Bank Travel NTP Group. See City and Guilds of Bureaux in the USA. London Institute. Also see ABTA-TTC ABTECH Was the ABTA Technology Training; Modern Apprenticeship, also Information Service providing members see www.ttctraining.co.uk and NVQ. with impartial advice. The ABTA ser- ABTA Stabiliser See Stabiliser. vice continues but ended under this ABTA Tour Operator Bonding See bond. name in 1999, becoming a commercial ABTA Travel Agents’ Fund Association organization. agent members can be required to con- ABTEL 210 Was the name of the ABTA tribute up to half their annual subscrip- Prestel database, managed on behalf of tion in any one year as a contribution to the trade body by Datasolve, which the Fund. Its primary purpose is to ended in 1984. indemnify, wholly or in part, members ABTOC Association of British Travel of the travelling public against losses Agents Tour Operators Certificate. The sustained by reason of the default or syllabus, at two levels, covers the under- accommodation bill 5

pinning knowledge to be expected of a and parties affected by the airport’s competent member of staff of a tour operations such as local authorities but operator after 1 year’s experience (Level in some countries may have statutory 1) or 2 years’ experience (Level 2). The powers. Most UK airports are obliged awarding body is City and Guilds of under the Civil Aviation Act to run such London Institute; for more information a committee. New committee guidelines see www.city-and-guilds.co.uk were issued by the UK Department of ABTOF Association of British Tour Transport in the wake of the Future of Operators to France. A UK organization Aviation White Paper in December of specialist operators formed in 1992. 2003. These Guidelines suggest See www.holidayfrance.org.uk Committees should publicise their work ABTOT Association of Bonded Travel more widely and in anticipation of this Organisers Trust; a UK trust fund which last year launched a new web site. This provides bonds as required by ATOL provides detailed information not only holders and others. See www.abtot.com about the new Guidelines but also on abyssalbenthic zone That part of the current airport issues at national and ocean that is deeper than 1000 m. The EU level. The Liaison Group of the arechibenthic zone relates to that part UK ACCs was formed in 1980; it between 200 and 1000 m deep. comprises the officers of the commit- AC1 Abbreviation for air conditioning, tees at the 22 largest UK airports. See particularly used when describing www.ukaccs.info accommodation or car rental. See air ACC4 As an air travel term, may mean conditioning. Area Control Centre. AC2 (or A/C) Aircraft. ACCED-I Association of Collegiate ACA Air Cargo Annual. Conference and Events Directors – ACAC Arab Civil Aviation Council (or International (in the US). See Commission). www.acced-i.org ACAP Aviation Consumer Action Project. access code An alpha-numeric string In the USA, a consumer pressure group which is recognized by a computer and in the field of air travel. See allows entry. The most sophisticated www.acap1971.org codes are bilateral, requiring responses ACARS Aircraft Addressing and Report- programmed into each computer. ing System. access time The time it takes for a com- ACAS1 ICAO meaning is Airborne puter terminal to connect to a distant Collision Avoidance System. system or to retrieve information, once ACAS2 Worldchoice UK travel agency an operator has issued an instruction consortium system for automatic col- calling for that data. In the travel indus- lection and onward payment of money try, there may be several interrelated due from member agents to travel prin- elements of access time, including that cipals. Consortium members can see taken to establish communication with a their accounts with individual pro- distant computer through the Internet, a viders of travel services on an NTL computerized reservation system (CRS) viewdata system, providing the oppor- type of interfacing device, through tunity to raise queries before amounts direct, permanently leased telephone owing are direct debited from agent’s lines or through ordinary dial-up tele- bank accounts. See agents’ payment phone lines and a viewdata gateway. systems. Also see ADSL. ACC1 As a shipping term, means accessibility See transport modelling. accepted or acceptance. accommodation See accommodation types. ACC2 In the cruising field, in North accommodation bill Although it could be America, means Accredited Cruise a list of the charges for a hotel stay, Counsellor, a travel agency employee depending on the context, it is more certified by the CLIA. likely to be a bill of exchange which a ACC3 Airport Consultative Committee – third party has signed, endorsing it that an official IATA term. Powers vary they accept responsibility if the desig- between countries. Usually an advisory nated payee does not meet the agreed body representing the interests of users payment. 6 accommodation categorization systems

accommodation categorization systems night porter and meals, as distinct from See accommodation grading systems. subjective features, such as cuisine and accommodation centre A place where atmosphere which call for a qualitative accommodation can be booked, similar assessment. Although the definition of to a tourist information centre. Not in these terms is a laudable objective, unfor- common use is the ISO (International tunately all the words are taken to have a Standards Organization) 1989 Inter- similar meaning in general worldwide professional Vocabulary of Tourism and travel industry usage. Apart from official Leisure definition, ‘A collective lodging country grading systems, the Michelin open during holiday periods for long or Guide is well known in Europe. In the short stays’, derived from the French UK, the AA and RAC guides are regarded foyer d’accueil. by travellers as the significant systems. accommodation classification See In March 2004, the Britain Review accommodation grading systems. Group achieved in-principle agreement accommodation grading systems by the five assessing bodies on common Schemes, either official or commercial, standards for ratings in Britain. The which identify the quality of accommo- Group is chaired by Alan Britten and is dation according to predetermined stan- made up of the three national tourist dards, so that visitors may know what to boards for Britain – VisitBritain, expect. The 2003 CEN/European VisitScotland and the Wales Tourist Standard official definition designates: Board – as well as the AA and RAC, ‘System providing an assessment of the with its recommendations endorsed by quality standards and provision of facil- the British Hospitality Association, ities and/or services of tourist accommo- Regional Development Agencies and dation typically within five categories, Tourist Boards, the Local Government often indicated by one to five symbols.’ Association and other government bod- The assessment system can be organized ies. Self-catering properties will be by organizations such as international, assessed under the new standards from national or regional authorities, tourist 2005, while serviced accommodation boards, trade associations, guide pub- (hotels, guest houses and B & Bs) assess- lishers, tour operators or owners of ments begin in 2006. At present, nearly accommodation themselves. half of all accommodation operators in Systems tend to be a mixture of judge- England participate in either the ment of three facets: statements of fact as VisitBritain, RAC or AA quality assess- to the nature of the services and buildings ment schemes, and a majority of local available; quantitative statements of the authorities have already adopted a numbers and sizes of each of these items policy of promoting quality-assessed and sometimes the prices to be charged; accommodation. The majority of the qualitative judgements, by which means major hotel groups have also committed alone the world’s best hotels stand out to joining the common standards from their counterparts. In some coun- scheme, which will mean that in excess tries operating official classification and of 80% of the group hotels will be grading systems, registration is not com- participating. For latest details and pulsory, so that a non-graded hotel is not assessment criteria see www. necessarily the worst. VisitBritain.com; travel industry access Burkart and Medlik in their book is via www.tourismtrade.org.uk Tourism defined the terms, suggesting accommodation ladder The gangway set that categorization is the separation of up for people to board or disembark accommodation into different types such from a ship, which usually has as hotels, motels, guest houses and pen- handrails as well as ‘ladder’ type steps. sions. Classification is the separation of Since these are difficult (if not impossi- accommodation according to physical ble) to negotiate for elderly or infirm features, such as the presence or other- passengers, their usage has declined. wise of bathrooms, showers and toilets. It See Jacob’s ladder. is felt that ‘grading’ ought to be a term accommodation layout Plan of accommo- reserved for verifiable objective features dation. In hotels etc., in most countries, of service, such as the availability of a prominent exhibition of such plans is Accredited Travel Professional 7

compulsory, showing exit routes in case accompanying (companion, partner, per- of fire or other emergency. son or spouse) A non-delegate; at con- accommodation rating See accommoda- ferences, conventions and events, there tion grading systems and hotels, unbi- is often a programme for non-delegates ased opinions of. while the formal sessions are in accommodation spaces The spaces acces- progress. sible by passengers on a vessel such as a account, travel See travel account. cruise ship, liner or ferry. SOLAS regu- accountable documents Providers of lations comprehensively list such areas travel services issue blank tickets and covering ballrooms, cabins, cinemas, other documents for use by themselves corridors, games rooms, shops and or their agents. Because, upon comple- theatres. tion, they will be valid for travel or accommodation types The 2003 CEN/ event entry, they are numbered, and European Standard official definition must be issued in sequence and designates accommodation as ‘The pro- accounted for. Travel agents’ sales vision of at least sleeping and sanitary returns to IATA, ARC or transport com- facilities’. However, this sets a mini- panies must return voided tickets. Lost mum standard; accommodation may tickets may be charged at average value. not always provide sanitary facilities; accounting systems for travel agents See moreover, a ‘day room’ or any meeting Travel agents’ computerized accounting room in a hotel may commonly be and ticketing systems in the UK. referred to as accommodation, although accreditation A formal appointment by a no sleeping facilities are provided. See transportation principal or group of all suite hotel, aparthotel, auberge, principals to sell their services; the asso- boarding house, boutique hotel, budget ciated conditions are covered in an hotel, bungalow, cabin, camper, camp- agency agreement. Only appointed site, canal barge, caravan, caravanette agents receive commission on sales. holiday home, caravan park, casa de accredited agent An agent who has re- huéspedes, casita, chalet, chalet hotel, ceived an appointment by a transpor- farm, folding caravan, guest house, tation principal or group of principals to health farm, health resort, holiday sell their services. IATA publishes the camps, holiday caravan, holiday centre, names of their accredited (appointed) holiday club, hotel, inn, lifestyle hotel, agents in the ‘Agency List’. Thus, the minshuku, mobile home, motel, motor- official IATA definition is ‘A Passenger home, pension, residence2, ryokan, Sales Agent whose name is on the rural house, spa hotel, static caravan, Agency List’. The Head Office, Branch touring camp, touring caravan, touring Office, and Satellite Ticket Printer loca- park, trailer tent, villa for holidays, tions appearing on the Agency List are YHA. known as ‘approved locations’, as dis- accommodation, unbiased opinions of tinct from the organization itself which See hotels, unbiased opinions of. may own many locations. (Note that accommodations In North America, the cargo and freight handling are outside use of the plural word can mean lodg- the scope of this dictionary; there is a ings of any type, even tents, while in parallel set of definitions in this field.) Britain, accommodation can mean a Accredited Travel Professional UK quali- room or rooms available for rental by fication under development by ABTA members of the public. (Association of British Travel Agents), accompanied car, baggage or motorcycle ITT (Institute of Travel and Tourism) etc. Where the item concerned is and People 1st (The Sector Skills meant to travel on the same transport Council for the hospitality, leisure, service as the passenger. In respect of air travel and tourism industry). A pilot travel, checked baggage is that part of a scheme is currently being run in passenger’s accompanied baggage which London. Three levels are: Bronze, for is handed to the carrier for transport and those who have attained an NVQ Level collection at the destination airport. 2 or equivalent qualification, such as Unchecked baggage is referred to as ABTAC Level 1 together with 2 years’ hand luggage or baggage. experience; Silver, for those who have 8 acculturation

attained an NVQ Level 3, or equivalent ACET Asociación Chilena de Empresas qualification, such as ABTAC Level 2 de Turismo. See www.achet.cl together with 4 years’ experience; and ACEx Aircraft Exchange (IATA). Gold, for those who have attained an Acey deucy Slang at sea for backgammon. NVQ level 3 or 4, or equivalent qualifi- ACH US Airlines Clearing House cation, together with 7 years’ experi- Incorporated. See also IATA Clearing ence. It is intended that ATP should House. not be a new qualification, but a recog- achieved average room sales See room nition of the qualifications and experi- rates. ence already possessed, providing it is ACI1 Airports Council International is kept up to date by an ATP programme the international trade body for airports; of CPD (continuous professional develop- it provides statistics on annual through- ment). put of cargo and passengers for over acculturation The process by which dif- 600 airports worldwide. See ferent cultures absorb customs. Despite www.airports.org widespread tourism, some cultural ACI2 Assist Card International, based in aspects have proved remarkably resist- Florida USA. ant to change. The phenomenon of ACLS Automatic carrier landing system. westernization is, perhaps, the most sig- ACM Agency Credit Memo, a BSP docu- nificant example. The WTO definition of ment. acculturation is: ‘Process of interaction ACN Aircraft classification number. between two societies or groups that ACOND International hotel code for results in some degree of cultural room with air conditioning. change. While it is recognised that the ACOS Autofile Coach Operators was a tourist may change slightly because of British coach operators’ reservation and interaction with the residents of a desti- accounting system, introduced in 1983 nation area, the area residents usually by Autofile Software Limited. experience greater pressure to adopt the acoustic coupler This small device has ways of the tourists’ [Source: World two rubber collars matching a tele- Tourism Organization and Secretariat of phone. The coupler changes sound into State for Tourism of France (2001), digital signals recognizable by a com- Thesaurus on Tourism and Leisure puter. Although valuable for mobile ter- Activities, p. 280]. The same phenome- minals, acoustic couplers have intrinsic non is described in some tourism text- disadvantages and, if at all possible, lap- books as adaptation, a term applicable tops should be connected direct to tele- to the behaviour of people in general phone lines, bypassing the ordinary when they have been subjected to a new speech instrument. See also adaptor. or changed environment. Thus terms acoustic sounding Used at sea to indicate host or tourist adaptation specify which depth of seabed, by using sound waves, group is changing as a result of the which travel in water five times faster culture of the other. Anthropological than in the air, 4900 ft per s. Called an studies sometimes use the word ‘pass- echo sounder because it records the ing’ when referring to the absorption of ‘echo’ from the seabed. tourist’s values and culture by an ACP Airline control protocol; early soft- indigenous population. See tourism area ware in the 1970s used by airline reser- life cycle. See also demonstration effect. vation systems. ACE Association for Conferences and ACP 80 The world’s most advanced cargo Events; an international coordinating inventory control and customs’ facilities body for the meetings industry with system operated by British Customs at over 1000 members in more than 50 London’s Heathrow and Gatwick air- countries. Members are both suppliers ports and at Manchester airport. to and organizers and users of confer- acquirer See merchant acquirer. ence, exhibition and travel incentive ACR Aircraft control radar. facilities. Publishes the ACE Yearbook – ACRA American Car Rental Association. a Who’s Who of the Meetings and Events ACRISS Association of Car Rental Infor- industry. See ACE web site for more mation System Standards. European information www.martex.co.uk/ace group set up in June 1989 to facilitate AD75 9

the use of computerized reservation sys- ACTOA Airline Charter Tour Operators tems. Initial objectives to standardize in the USA. car rental vouchers, CRS screen formats actual demand for tourism The distinc- and codes. See www.acriss.org tion has been made in some textbooks ACRS Accelerated Cost Recovery System. between the number of people actually ACSSP Air Carrier Standard Security travelling and the potential demand. Programme. There are no generally accepted defini- act of god See force majeure. tions so that usage of the wording ACT1 Actual time of arrival (whereas ‘actual demand for tourism’ may some- ETA is estimated time of arrival). times be taken to mean the total poten- ACT2 Association of Couriers in Tourism. tial demand. In this dictionary, the ACTA1 Association of Canadian Travel opinion preferred is that of Cooper et al. Agents. See www.acta.net in Tourism Principles and Practice (2nd ACTA2 Alliance of Canadian Travel edn) that ‘actual demand’ should always Associations, the members of which are mean the actual number of tourists Canadian travel associations throughout travelling. Canada. See www.edmc.net/butte/ actual flying time Duration of an air jour- acta.html ney regardless of time zone differences. ACTA3 Association of Cyprus Travel Travel literature now commonly only Agents. See www.pio.gov.cy refers to ‘flight durations’. Elapsed ACTE Association of Corporate Travel Flying Time, terminology with the same Executives. ACTE, covering Africa, the meaning, is now obsolescent. Asia Pacific region, Canada, Europe, the ACV Air cushion vehicle, commonly Middle East and the USA, has around known as a hovercraft. ACV forms of 2500 members. In February 2005 various types are the certificates of announced merger with the Institute of insurance cover offered by Lloyd’s on Travel Managers in Industry and hovercraft. Commerce in the UK and Ireland. As AD Airworthiness Directive. well as UK representation on the ACTE ad hoc One-off or individually arranged; Board, a UK Regional Advisory Council for example, an ad hoc charter of an has been formed. See www.acte.org Also aircraft, ship, train or coach is a single see list of 70 other business travel arrangement, contrasting with a series related entries which follows corporate charter. See charter. travel contracts, some of which lead to Ad valorem Literally translated from the further entries. Latin, ‘in proportion to the value’. Active Travel Group A Yorkshire UK- Customs duties on items imported by based consortium of travel agents, mem- travellers in excess of the duty-free ber of Worldchoice. allowances are often of this type while activities host American terminology for airport departure charges and taxes are Entertainment Organizer, known as an more usually fixed amounts. animateur in Europe. The World Tourism AD75 75% Agent’s Discount. IATA reso- Organization and Secretariat of State for lution 880 allows each appointed IATA Tourism of France (2001), Thesaurus on agency to be issued with up to two 75% Tourism and Leisure Activities states rebated tickets per calendar year by each ‘employee of a hotel, resort or cruise ship IATA airline. Normally only full-time who arranges, oversees and sometimes employees involved directly in the encourages guests or passengers to take promotion and sale of travel facilities part in optional entertainment activities’. who have been working for the IATA But the WTO is wrong to suggest that the agency for 12 months continuously are English word ‘animator’ is equivalent – eligible. Lists of staff eligible for this is a cartoon artist! reduced-rate transport are meant to be activity holiday See special interest holi- maintained in each country. Similarly, days. in the USA, ARC and IATAN are meant ACTO1 Association of Camping Touring to keep lists based on information sub- Operators Ltd in the UK. mitted by appointed agents. In the USA, ACTO2 Association of Caribbean Tour an ‘agent’ frequently refers to a person, Operators in the USA. so that an agent eligibility list lists 10 ADA room

‘people’ entitled to facilities rather than ADI Attitude/direction indicator. businesses. ADIZ Air defence identification zone. ADA room Accommodation (or other adjacent rooms (or seats) See adjoining types of room) which meets the specifi- rooms, next entry. cations of the US Americans with adjoining rooms (or seats) Hotel rooms Disabilities legislation. which are situated next to each other, ADAP The Airport Development Aid typically requested by a family with Program is organized by the US FAA to young children with whom they do not help communities develop their airports wish to share. In modern hotels, such by giving grants of up to 50% of the cost rooms are seldom inter-communicating. of land acquisition and construction and Adjoining seats are seats next to each up to two-thirds of the cost of airport other, on a mode of transport or at an planning. event. By definition, rooms on opposite adaptation See acculturation. sides of a corridor, or seats either side of adaptor A connector for travellers, an aisle, are NOT adjoining. enabling their equipment (shavers, ADM Agency Debit Memo, a BSP docu- hairdryers and laptop computers) to be ment. connected to telephone or electric sock- ADME Association of Destination ets in countries where systems vary Management Executives in the USA. from their own. The wide range of types Qualification is DCMP (Destination of sockets makes it crucial for travellers Management Certified Professional). See to take appropriate adaptors with them www.adme.org on a foreign journey, if equipment use is admeasurement The official size of a essential. ship. ADAVI Asociación de Agencias de Viajes Administrative Office Official IATA Dominicanas. definition is an office which is not an ADC1 Air data computer. Approved Location, but which is ADC2 IATA abbreviation for additional entered in the Agency List for collection, where, due to rerouting, up- administrative purposes. Term in grading or other itinerary alterations of general travel industry use, for exam- the traveller’s choice, a higher fare is due. ple, to indicate the head office of an add-on US term for optional items that ABTA member not actually function- can be bought with a tour or other travel ing as a travel agency or tour operating arrangements. For example, it may be as centre. little as travel insurance or can be the Admiral of the Open Sea Award In rail or air fare to get to the start point of America, a small silver statue of the main arrangement, such as a cruise. Christopher Columbus is presented add-on fare Add-on fares are used to con- annually to someone who is considered struct through international fares to and to have given outstanding service to the from points not otherwise published in shipping industry. Recipients are given airline tariff manuals. Also, an amount (and may use) the title Admiral of the to be added to a fare as signified by the Open Sea. preceding descriptive word, for exam- Admiral’s Club Was the name of UK ple, domestic add-on. When con- Sealink incentive scheme for regular structed, such fares are then treated for cross-channel travellers. all normal purposes in the same way as Admirals Club Name of American published fares, with a maximum per- Airlines Frequent Flyers’ Club. See mitted mileage being derived by the use airline clubs and FFP (frequent flyer of a mileage add-on for the domestic programme). sector, added to the international Admiralty Measured Mile Defined in mileage. Where the fares’ rules in the The Marine Encyclopaedic Dictionary tariffs for a particular journey allow for by Eric Sullivan (1988 Lloyd’s of constructing mileages to or from a point, London) as 6080 ft or 1853.184 m com- then the lowest combination principle pared to the nautical mile of 6076.1 ft. applies. See nautical mile. ADF Automatic direction finding equip- ADNS ARINC Data Network Services. ment. See ARINC. Advance Passenger Information System 11

ADO1 Agent’s Debit Order. A British scheduled air transport, adult fares are Airways form which replaced AXOs in charged upon passengers reaching their 1980, itself becoming obsolete upon the 12th birthday, children’s fares being introduction of BSP in autumn 1984. charged from 2 to 12 and infant’s fares ADO2 Agency Distribution Office of IATA. under 2. Reductions are often given to See Agency Programme Liaison Group. students and other young persons. Rates adoption rate Percentage of travellers or within countries and for other modes of travel bookers in a corporate entity fol- transport vary widely; for example, for lowing an agreed corporate travel policy domestic rail journeys in the UK, under or taking up use of a self-booking tool. 5 travel free while children aged 5 to 15 Note the misnomer that the term uses travel at half fares. For international rail the word ‘rate’, implying that it refers journeys from the UK, from 4 to 11 to speed of take-up, whereas it is a pro- inclusive travel at half fare, with youth portion. For example, a survey of NBTA fares available up to 25. members found that at the end 2003, adv Advanced (Boeing aircraft nomencla- over 90% of US companies with man- ture). aged travel programmes booked individ- Advance Booking Charter Any charter ual travel online. In respect of travel where governmental or other rules policy, ‘compliance’ is often used. Term require a minimum advance booking may also apply to travel situations in a period, in order to protect scheduled general sense of the meaning. A list of carriers. Prior to April 1973, many peo- 70 other business travel related entries ple travelled between Britain and follows corporate travel contracts, some America or Canada on Affinity Group of which lead to further entries. charters. Any organization, provided it ADP Automatic Data Processing. In the- was not formed specifically in order to ory the term applies to any processing arrange travel, could become involved undertaken by automated machinery, in the provision of charter flights for but in practice, this term is used to members. describe work done by punched card Charter flights in general were given a and similar equipment, so as to contrast bad name because of many disreputable with EDP (Electronic Data Processing) incidents and, from 1973, ABCs were (general technical terms). sanctioned by the CAA in the UK and ADR Advisory route (aviation term). the CAB in the USA. During the follow- ADRM Airport Development Reference ing years, relaxation of the regulations Manual. resulted in a complete range of alterna- ADS1 Agency Data Systems, the US mar- tive low transatlantic fares and there is ket leader. See Sabre for more informa- now little or no difference between ABC tion. rates and similar scheduled airlines’ ADS2 Automatic dependent surveillance rates offered on APEX or other low fares. (aviation term). Advance Passenger Information System ADS-B ADS broadcast. From October 2003, the US Government ADSL An Asynchronous Digital Sub- has required comprehensive data in scriber Line. Normal copper telephone advance of arrival in the US for air trav- wires can be transformed into high- ellers arriving from abroad. PNR speed digital lines, which are particu- (Passenger Name Record) details must larly valuable to the needs of the travel be sent soon after a flight’s departure. industry. Although much of this information is ADT1 Alaska Daylight Time or Atlantic provided by machine readable pass- Daylight Time. ports, other information such as home ADT2 Approved departure time (air residence and address while in the USA travel). is also required. From 26 October 2004, ADTF The Agency Distribution Task travellers from 21 countries to which Force of IATA was set up at the begin- the visa waiver programme applies are ning of 1984 by the IATA Traffic required to have machine readable pass- Committee to review the agency distrib- ports and have their fingerprints and ution system for air travel worldwide. photos taken on entry to the US. See adult fare In respect of international also CAPPS. 12 Advance Purchase Excursion Fare

Advance Purchase Excursion Fare the USA, however, IT numbers are still Originally, a low scheduled air fare for assigned to approved tours by a few travel in the discount or lowest class of airlines that still remunerate agents by cabin. Passengers must book and pur- commission. chase tickets a minimum period before advertising media See promotional travel, varying from some months to media. several days. Now, APEX type fares are AE Via Atlantic and Eastern Hemisphere. offered by many transport operators. See routing. advance timetable A transport services AEA Association of European Airlines. timetable for a future season, prepared See www.aea.be for planning convenience of both pas- AEADVE Asociación Empresarial Agen- sengers and the travel industry, often in cias de Viajes Españolas, the Spanish summary form, and always likely to Association of Travel Agents. change when the definitive timetable is AECMA Association Européen des published for the period concerned. Constructeurs de Matériel Aerospatial. Advanced Passenger Train See APT. AEF Aviation Environment Federation. Advantage Travel Centres (in the UK) See www.aef.org.uk Brand name under which NAITA AEO Association of Exhibition Organ- (National Association of Independent isers in the UK. See www.aeo.org Travel Agents) operates in the UK. See AERO Air Education and Recreation NAITA www.advantage4travel.com Organisation in the UK, aims to adventure Followed by words such as provide a general information and cruise, holiday or tourism, means trips advisory service in its sphere by with an element of excitement, discov- linking education and industry. See ery, discomfort and risk. The term is www.pilotweb.co.uk not specific, so that arrangements could aerodrome See airport; an aerodrome in be for backpacking through disease- the UK is often a small airport for light aircraft. ridden snake-infested equatorial forests Aerodrome Owners Association The or carefully guided visits causing the trade body of UK aerodromes, which least possible disturbance to natural represents their interests. habitats. aerofoil See airframe. Adventure Activity Licensing Authority Aeronautical Radio Inc See ARINC. See AALA and www.aala.org aeronautics The study of the engineering adventure tourism Recreational travel and science of flight, derived from which is hazardous, varying from the word aeronaut, the original, now extremely dangerous activities to obsolete, name for the first pilots and involvement in thrilling but relatively balloonists. safe pursuits. The World Tourism aeroplane Now airplane. See aircraft. Organization and Secretariat of State for AETA Used to be the Association of Tourism of France (2001), Thesaurus on European Travel Agents. See www. Tourism and Leisure Activities is felt to aeta.co.uk be wrong in suggesting that the term AETF Airline Economic Task Force (of only applies to ‘soft’ adventure activities IATA). such as rafting, hot-air ballooning, AETR European Agreement Concerning trekking, four-wheel driving, helicopter the Work of Crews of Vehicles engaged riding and mountain climbing. in Road Transport. The Agreement is in Adventure Travel Society (USA) See respect of the hours which commercial www.adventuretravel.com vehicle drivers are allowed to drive, and advertised tour Originally this was an IT applies to international journeys involv- (inclusive tour) meeting airline require- ing travel through or to Austria, ments, so that the operator could pro- Czechoslovakia, Norway, Common- duce a package using ITX fares which wealth of Independent States (formerly were lower than the normal rates. In USSR), Sweden and the states which Europe, this use is now obsolescent and were formerly Yugoslavia. the term usually only means a travel AEVT Asociación Ecuatoriana de Viajes y arrangement described in a brochure. In Turismo. See www.astanet.com agency agreement 13

AEW Airborne early warning. AFIS Aerodrome flight information AF1 Via Africa. See routing. system. AF2 Airframe. AFORR Association of Foreign Railway AFA Association of Flight Attendants in Representatives in the UK; now AIRC, the USA. See www.afanet.org Association of International Rail AFCAC African Civil Aviation Com- Companies. mission. The objectives of the Com- Afos See car ferry CRSs in the UK. mission are to promote coordination, AFRAA African Airlines Association. better utilization, and orderly develop- AFRC Australian Family Reunion Club. ment of African air transport. See Reunion Clubs. Membership is open to African states, Africa Travel and Tourism Association members of the Economic Commission For details of this UK-based organiza- of Africa and the Organization of tion see www.atta.co.uk African Unity. See www.afcac-cafac.org Africa Travel Association Formed to AFCS Automatic flight control system. promote travel to and within Africa by Affinity Charter Prior to April 1973, official national tourism organizations many people travelled across the together with travel service operators. Atlantic between America or Canada See www.africa-ata.org and Britain by virtue of their member- African Civil Aviation Commission See ship of a club, company, trade body, AFCAC. religious or similar organization. So AFS1 Aerodrome fire service. long as it was formed for a purpose AFS2 Aeronautical fixed service. other than merely to circumvent the law aft The rear of a vessel or aircraft. as it then was, and arrange cheap travel, AFTA1 Association of Finnish Travel the group was acceptable both by the Agents. See www.astanet.com British CAA and the American CAB. AFTA2 Australian Federation of Travel Widespread abuse finally led to inter- Agents. See www.afta.com.au national agreements permitting Advance afterbody The back half of a ship or air- Booking Charters (see separate entry), craft. on which any individual could make AFTN Aeronautical fixed telecommuni- reservations. Gradual relaxation of the cation network. rules allowed the introduction of other AGAS Association of Guide Booking forms of cheap transatlantic air travel, Agency Services in the UK. so that affinity charters now only age groups (for tourism data collection) operate on a genuine basis and are no The WTO recommends that travellers’ longer a major part of the transatlantic statistics should be collected for the age travel market. ranges 0–14; 15–24; 25–44; 45–64; 65 Affinity Group See Affinity Charter. The years plus. term now applies to any group of people Agency Administrator Official IATA with interests in common who get definition is the IATA official designated together for the purposes of travel. by the Director General of IATA from Affinity Group Fares Fares restricted to time to time as the holder of that office bona fide groups of members of a or his authorised representative. The corporation, club or legal entity. person who manages agency affairs for Individuals must have membership for IATA, often in partnership with agents, at least 6 months before the date on in a designated area. which group is to fly. Groups can only agency agreement A contract between a be formed by solicitation limited to per- travel agent and a principal, setting out sonal letters, circulars or telephone calls the terms and conditions under which addressed to members of the group business is transacted on behalf of or travel organization. Public soliciting is with the principal. The IATA Passenger prohibited. Such groups must not be Sales Agency Agreement operates gathered directly or indirectly by travel worldwide in various forms, except for agents or anyone else engaged in organ- the USA, under IATA Resolutions PAC1, izing or selling transportation services. PAC2 and PAC3 (22) 824. In EU and AFI Africa/Indian Ocean; an IATA region. EAA countries it is PAC2 (22) 814b. 14 agency appointment

After 2 years of hard bargaining hold an airline appointment. Three the Global Consultative Committee years’ retail agency experience and (GCC), which consists of eight airline other requirements are laid down. and eight agency representatives, rec- agency payment systems See agents’ pay- ommended a new contract because the ment systems. existing agreement was thought to be Agency Programme Official IATA defini- too one-sided in favour of the airlines. tion is the various IATA Resolutions, But on Friday 28 June 2002 the new rules and procedures adopted by airline deal, which needed unanimous members and approved by the regula- approval, was quashed by the airlines tory authorities to maintain overall at the IATA Passenger Agency standards and industry practices for the Conference in Miami and the meeting sale of international air transportation suspended. Agents worldwide were by Approved Agents. encouraged to call on their respective Agency Programme Joint Council (Liaison governments to review the antitrust Group) Currently, IATA Resolution immunity granted to IATA members to 814 has been implemented in all mem- control the distribution system; initiate ber states of the European Union and in an urgent study into the development 31 other countries, mainly in Europe of an alternative to the present IATA and Africa. Under this Resolution, an accreditation system; establish an APJC is set up to consider all aspects of industry task force to immediately the IATA Programme in the country con- implement a global alternative to the cerned. Membership of the Councils is IATA BSP system; actively support and limited to 18 representatives, with participate in legal class actions against agency representatives being not less airlines; and suspend until further than one-third nor more than one-half of notice all dialogue and consultations the 18 members. In the UK, under IATA within the IATA Agency Programme. Resolution 808, an Agency Programme At the time of writing nothing whatso- Liaison Group was set up in 1988, with ever has happened! nine airline and nine agency representa- agency appointment See appointment. tives. In 1990, following the adoption of Agency Board Official IATA definition is IATA resolution 814 in the UK this any of the three Agency Administration became the Agency Programme Joint Boards established for the three traffic Council. This APJC now has overall Conference Areas by the Passenger control, the UK AIP having been wound Agency Conference. down and its responsibilities having Agency Investigation Board See AIP1. been taken over by the IATA Agency Agency Investigation Panel See AIP1. Distribution Office in London. It is this Agency List Official IATA definition is office which now makes initial deci- the list more fully described in section sions as to whether IATA accreditation D of the Passenger Sales Agency standards have been met by applicants. Administration Rules containing the Of the nine UK agency seats ABTA have names and addresses of approved the majority, together with representa- agency locations and, where appropri- tion from the Guild of Business Travel ate, the addresses of their administrative Agents and the Scottish Passenger offices. In the USA, an equivalent list is Agents Association. The APLG concerns published by the ARC and by IATAN. itself with policy matters. It began by Agency Management System In the USA, establishing criteria to obtain and retain is a computer system which undertakes IATA passenger agency approval. the full administration of an agency, as It is the Agency Distribution Office in well as ticketing, while in Britain, the the UK that administers applications for term is more usually applied to ‘back IATA approval and has a review pro- office’ administrative and accounting gramme to ensure that standards are systems. maintained by existing approved agents, agency manager In general usage, the both in accordance with Resolution 814 manager of a travel agency. But in the and with APJC policies. USA and some other countries, it is the The APJC has established a points person designated as such to gain or system for the assessment of staff qualifi- agents’ payment systems 15

cations and has laid down approved syl- extra commission on all 1978 eligible labuses at two levels. In the UK IATA sales which were in excess of 110% of agents must have at least two qualifying 1977 sales. See commission. staff members who together achieve a agents’ accounting and ticketing systems minimum of 40 points. Successful com- See travel agents’ computerized pletion of a Level 1 air fares and ticket- accounting and ticketing systems in the ing course gains 10 points, while Level 2 UK. passes gain 20 points. Recent experience agents’ coupon Most transportation tick- in an IATA agency can gain up to 40 ets have many coupons with the top points. copy servicing as an audit or accounting The APJC has also laid down finan- coupon. The agents’ coupon of a ticket, cial criteria. UK agents are required to also known as the issuing office copy, is show a profit before tax and to have an the one an agent retains. Fraud is excess of current assets over current lia- avoided because the other coupons are bilities, at the end of a trading period, all carbon copies of the top one, unless otherwise a bond is required. Minimum agents resort to the practice of card- fully-paid share capital levels start at boarding, so called because a piece of £40,000 for agencies with £2 million or cardboard or thick paper through which less of IATA sales, rising to £200,000 if a carbon impression will not be created, sales are £10 million. Companies that is inserted between the coupons of an have been trading for 3 or more years air ticket before it is written out. This only need half these share capital levels. enables one or more of the coupons to Bonds, if required, vary from 16% of show different information. Provided forecast or actual IATA turnover for an the alternative data is entered through agency able to provide less than 3 years’ carbon paper of the same colour as the audited accounts; 12% thereafter. copy material with which the ticket agency representative See rep. coupons are impregnated, the falsifica- Agency Services Manager (of IATA) IATA tion is impossible to detect unless all official designated by the Agency the coupons are compared. See air Administrator to head the Agency tickets. Services office in a country or area, who agents’ legal status See legal status of a is responsible for agency accreditation. travel agent. agency tour A term sometimes used in agents’ payment systems The way in the USA to describe a fam trip. See which travel agents report sales of air- familiarization tour. line tickets and pay for them was the Agenda 21 See sustainable tourism. first to be automated. In the USA, the Agenda for Research on Tourism by Interactive Agent Reporting (IAR) sys- Integration of Statistics/Strategies for tem and associated direct debit arrange- Transport See ARTIST. ments are described under the ARC agent See travel agent. entry while the UK Bank Settlement agent bypass In the USA, when travel Plan is under BSP. Whereas in Britain providers deal directly with customers. the basic cycle is calendar monthly, In the UK this is known as booking with agents’ payments being debited direct. from their accounts on the 17th of the agent eligibility list See AD75 following month, in the USA, the basic agents’ discount Travel agents gain a dis- cycle is weekly. In the UK, there is an count varying according to the form of ABTA members’ scheme, ‘Single transportation or other arrangement. Payments System’ (SPS) operative for 50% hotel offers are common, while sales outside BSP; unfortunately, this coaches in the UK and buses in the USA has had limited success, even though often provide free travel to good agents. package holidays account for over 50% For details of the 75% reduction offered of the sales of British agents. One of the to IATA agents for international air main reasons for this is that the main travel see AD75. tour operators in the UK all have their agents’ IATA Incentive Scheme Was own direct debit systems such as terminated in the UK at the end of 1978. Thomson’s TABS, Airtours’ SPACE and In autumn 1979, agents received 4% Kuoni’s KAB. Worldchoice consortium 16 agents’ sales return

agents use their own member’s direct agricultural tourism As with many debit system ACAS. See direct debit descriptors preceding the word tourism, systems. it is not specific. May mean merely rural However, despite these difficulties, tourism or, at the other end of the spec- SPS is still developing towards becom- trum, tourism associated with working ing the standard UK agency payment farms. See farm tourism. system. There is no charge to travel agritourism See farm tourism. agents but a small charge to tour opera- agrotourism See farm tourism. tors, less than it would cost them to AGT Automated Guideway Transit, is a handle the transaction in-house. Part of system where public service vehicles, the costs of running a system such as currently usually rail or monorail, run SPS are covered by the interest earned unmanned to a fixed schedule along on the money in transit between agents reserved track. and operators. agt Travel industry abbreviation for agent. How does SPS work? Operators pro- AGTA1 Association of Gibraltar Travel duce weekly listings of deposits and Agents. amounts due on late bookings, together AGTA2 Association of Greek-Cypriot with money due for departures during Travel Agents in the UK. the next 42 days. This information is AGTE The Association of Group Travel available for viewing by agents on NTL’s Executives in the USA is a trade body viewdata system from Monday to for those who operate or promote group Wednesday. During this period agents travel. can amend the account, deleting incor- AH Artificial horizon. rect charges. After this, NTL reports to AH&MA The American Hotel and Motel operators any changes that have been Association is the largest US trade body made. Agents’ bank accounts are deb- covering the US hospitality industry. It ited on Friday morning and operators’ is a federation of state and regional accounts are credited with the money accommodation industry trade bodies paid on Monday morning. covering Mexico and Central and South In the USA agents can process ser- America as well as the USA and vice fees and other credit card payments Canada. See www.ahma.com AH&MA Educational Institute See through the ARC Travel Agency Service www.ei-ahma.org/ei/index.htm Fee Program (TASF). ASTA members AHTA Association of Hungarian Travel can get a better deal through ASTA’s Agents. Payment Processing Program via Chase AI Artificial Intelligence systems enable Merchant Services. intelligent activities of humans to be agents’ sales return See ASR. modelled and emulated. Work in this agio 17th-century term for the percentage field was undertaken by the Open commission charged when changing University in the development of the paper money into cash. No evidence can UK travel industry’s Computer Based be found for the assertion in several Learning scheme. tourism dictionaries that the word agio is AIA Aerospace industries of America. used to describe the commission charged AIAA1 Area of intense aerial activity. by a bank or bureau de change when AIAA2 Aerospace Industry Analysis exchanging one currency for another. Association (US based). AGL Above ground level. AIAA3 American Institute of Aeronautics AGNIS Azimuth guidance for nose-in and Astronauts. See www.aiaa.org stands. AIB1 Accidents Investigation Branch of Agreement on the international carriage the UK Department of Transport, Royal of passengers by road by means of Aircraft Establishment is the British occasional bus and coach services authority responsible for the investigation Also known as ASOR; replaced from of all air accidents occurring in Britain as 1 January 2003 by the EC Interbus well as those of British registered civil Agreement on the international occa- aircraft abroad. sional carriage of passengers by coach AIB2 In some countries means Agency and bus. See www.europa.eu.int/ Investigation Board. See AIP1. scadplus/leg/en/lvb/124264.htm AIC Aeronautical information circular. air fares 17

AIDS Aircraft Integrated Data System air conditioning When applied to accom- aims to store in a database all the infor- modation or a mode of transport, means mation about an aircraft. temperature control by means of a con- AIH Association Internationale de tinuous air flow. In a guest’s hotel room l’Hôtellerie; was known in English- or private vehicle, the temperature is speaking world as the International usually adjustable by the user. Even Hotel Association. Changed its name in when it is centrally controlled, the air 1990 to International Hotel and Restaur- supply to a room can usually be shut ant Association. See www.ih-ra.com off. In public transport or public rooms, AIIC Association Internationale des control is usually centrally operated. Interprètes de Conférence. The Inter- air credit North American term for a national Association of Conference reduction in the price of travel arrange- Interpreters based in France. ments including air travel for those aileron See airframe. who do not want this element. For AIM Accord International de Marchand- example, travellers joining a coach tour ises, the international agreement con- or cruise. cerning the carriage of goods by rail. air cushion vehicle A hovercraft. See AIMS1 Agency Information Management entry under this name. System. air draft The height of a ship above the AIMS2 IATA meaning is Airline Informa- International Load Line. Differences in tion Management Study. water salinity and the loading may AIOA Aviation Insurance Officers Associ- cause a vessel to ride higher out of the ation in the UK. See www.iua.co.uk water while decorative funnels and AIP1 Agency Investigation Panel (in some masts may be capable of lowering. countries called an Agency These are some of the factors which the Investigation Board). A group of senior Master of a vessel will take into account airline staff, set up by the IATA Agency when deciding whether his ship will be Administration Board of the Traffic able to sail under a bridge. See Plimsoll Conference concerned. Mainly under- line. takes investigation and consideration of Air Education and Recreation Organisa- applications for appointment of new tion See AERO. agents and reviews existing agents. In air fares Official IATA definitions are: A the UK, under IATA Resolution 808, an fare means the amount charged by the Agency Programme Liaison Group was carrier for the carriage of a passenger set up in 1988, with nine airline and his allowable free baggage and is and nine agency representatives. This the current fare which an IATA member, APLG was then replaced under IATA in the publication it normally uses to Resolution 814 with the Agency publish fares, holds out to the public, or Programme Joint Council, which now the appropriate segment of the public, has overall control, the UK AIP having as being applicable to the class of ser- been wound down and its responsibili- vice to be furnished. An adult fare is the ties having been taken over by the IATA fare for a person who has attained his Agency Distribution Office in London. 12th birthday and a children’s fare It is this office which now makes initial applies to a person who has attained his decisions as to whether IATA accredita- second but not his 12th birthday. An tion standards have been met by appli- infant fare applies to a person who has cants. See Agency Programme Joint not attained his second birthday. Council (Liaison Group). A constructed fare is a fare other than AIP2 An alternative IATA meaning is a specified fare. An economy fare, Aeronautical Information Publication. which is equivalent to a tourist fare, AIPC Association Internationale des means the fare established for an Palais des Congrès. economy- or tourist-class service, while AIR Meaning ascribed by IATA’s Informa- a first-class fare is that established for a tion and Marketing Services division is first-class service. Aviation Information Research. A joint fare is one which applies for Air Accident Investigation Branch (of carriage over the lines of two or more CAA). See www.aaib.detr.gov.uk carriers and which is published as a 18 Air, Freedoms of the

single amount. A local fare, which is the traders, mainly not in the travel industry, same as an ‘on-line fare’, means a fare offer Air Miles vouchers as a sales incen- which applies for carriage over the lines tive. From October 2000, the ‘currency’ of a single carrier. for British Airways Executive Club fre- A normal fare is the highest fare quent flyer programme was renamed BA established for a first, or economy-/ Miles. The vouchers are not only tourist-class service during the period of exchangeable for British Airways, applicability. A proportional fare means American Airlines and other airline’s a fare published for use only in combin- flights; they can be used to buy package ation with other fares for carriage from, holidays through Thomson Holidays, to or through a specified point. A pub- Kuoni and other operators, cruises, ferry lished fare is one for which the amount travel and Eurostar. Air Miles customers is specifically set forth in the carrier’s collect their vouchers by shopping with fares tariff. one of the 50 UK High Street and on-line A sectional fare means a fare for partners which include Shell, NatWest travel by one class of service which is and Tesco. By purchasing with a NatWest established and used by a scheduled air credit card, Air Miles may be obtained carrier(s), including any individual joint twice, when for example, buying petrol fares, for a section of a through route. A or shopping with Tesco. The scheme is special fare is one other than the normal vast in size: in 2004 over one million fare. A specified fare is one the amount travellers redeemed Air Miles. For of which is specifically set out in a further details see www.airmiles.co.uk carrier’s tariff. air miss Obsolete ICAO term which has A through fare means the total fare been replaced by ‘AIRPROX’, meaning from point of departure to point of an incident where two aircraft avoided destination. A tour basing fare means a mid-air collision. See AIRPROX. fare which may be used only for air Air Operators Certificate See AOC. transportation and part of an inclusive air passenger average weights For many tour. Combinations of fares means an calculations, it is assumed for US amount which is obtained by combining domestic journeys that travellers weigh two or more fares. 190 lb (86.2 kg) inclusive of their free See also under children’s fares and baggage allowance. For international various types of air fare, e.g. APEX, first-class travellers from the USA, the Eurobudget, Excursion, IPEX, PEX, equivalent figures are 215 lb (97.5 kg) Superpex etc. and under ‘airline class and for tourist class 200 lb (90.7 kg). and fare designators’ for comprehensive The Joint Aviation Authority which sets list of fare types and codes which desig- standards in 23 European countries, was nate them on air tickets. planning to increase passengers’ weight Air, Freedoms of the See Freedoms of the allowances from 77–84 kg. In May 2003, Air. a US Federal Aviation Authority survey air hostess Female airline cabin attendant of regional airline passengers found that (the male equivalent is a cabin steward). passenger weights averaged 88 kg. At Air League The Air League is a voluntary the time of going to press, no action had body in Britain which states as its main been taken to increase the official aim, ‘To inculcate among the young the figures, although airlines worldwide are realisation of the importance of success- understood to be working on higher ful endeavour in the air and to encour- norms than those stated above. age participation in air activities.’ See air pocket unpredictable area of low or www.airleague.co.uk high pressure, causing an aircraft in air mile same as the nautical mile of flight to rise or fall suddenly. See also 6076.1 ft or 1842.8055 m. See nautical explanation of clear air turbulence mile. under ‘turbulence’. Air Miles From launch in 1988 until air pressure See pressurization for air- October 2000 was the name of the British craft cabin pressure. Airways frequent flyer incentive scheme air rage Non-specific term for disorderly and also the brand name of British behaviour by air passengers, often as a Airways promotion scheme whereby result of excessive alcohol intake. air traffic in Europe and forecasts up to 2015 19

air safety See airline safety. system called Bank Settlement Plan air/sea interchange Agreement between (BSP). Sales are reported by travel shipping and air carriers allowing agents either electronically or by post acceptance of each others’ tickets and and agents are billed for the value of granting round trip rebate, if applicable, tickets, less any commission due, sold enabling a complete trip to be under- every month, payable by direct debit on taken utilizing both types of transport. the 17th of the following month. Most air/sea program North American equiva- air tickets are currently issued through lent of a fly cruise programme. See fly ticket printers, used in all major travel cruise. agencies and all airlines. ATB printers Air Services Agreement See ASA. (automated ticket and boarding pass) are air sickness Type of motion sickness loaded with individual cardlike particular to air travel. Modern aircraft coupons, one card being printed for usually fly above the weather, avoiding each sector of an air journey. TAT print- a bumpy journey. ers are loaded with Transitional air space See FIRs. Automated Tickets in the form of con- Air Tariff Publishing Company See tinuous stationery. Once printed, TAT ATPCo. and ATB coupons are almost impossible air taxi In Europe, the term applies to to alter; forging them by alteration any small aircraft available for private would require so much time and effort hire by organization or individuals. as to make it not worthwhile. Because of During the existence of the American this, ticket alteration problems usually CAB, the term applied to any aircraft only occur in respect of tickets issued carrying up to 19 passengers and operat- by smaller travel agencies who have a ing up to a 250 mile radius of its base. stock of international air tickets CAB rules were far less restrictive for air intended for manual handwritten issue. taxi services than for ordinary sched- These consist of a series of coupons uled or supplemental carriers. backed with a red self-carboning sub- air terminal A passenger or cargo handl- stance. There is an audit copy sent to ing building on an airport. Passenger BSP, an issuing office copy, either two or terminals provide check-in facilities for four travel coupons and a back cover of travellers and their baggage and baggage the ticket also serving as the passenger reclaim facilities for arrivals. copy. BSPs operate in many countries of air ticket revalidation Whenever there is the world; for USA agency reporting a change in the routing of air travel, arrangements see ARC1. For more infor- with or without a change in the fare, mation on air ticket types see ticket and tickets must be reissued. Changes to MPD2. reservations on air tickets are made by Air Traffic Conference Until 1 January means of a reservations alteration 1985, this was a part of the Air sticker. It is particularly important to Transport Association responsible for check that the new reservation does not self-regulation of American and contravene the applicable conditions of Canadian domestic airlines, which also the fare used, such as night timings, vetted and appointed travel agents. This validity, minimum stay or stopovers. latter function is now undertaken by the A line must be drawn through any ARC. entry in the flight/class, dates, time and Air Traffic Control The services that status boxes of the reservation being coordinate and control air traffic changed on all coupons of the ticket throughout the world. See Single before the completed sticker is placed European Sky. over the top. The ticket must be authen- Air Traffic Control Centre A location ticated by means of an entry identifying from which air traffic within a specified the issuing office. Where BSP is in oper- area is managed. See FIRs and MLS. ation, and stickers are printed in dupli- Air Traffic Controller A qualified person cate, the extra copy is fixed to the who directs and manages aircraft move- passenger coupon. ments. air tickets Air tickets sold in the UK by air traffic in Europe and forecasts up to travel agents are accounted for through a 2015 (See table on next page.) 20 Air Transport Action Group

Air traffic in Europe and forecasts up to 2015.

Domestic and international annual growth rate (%) Passengers (millions)

Country 1998 2015 1995–1998 1998–2015 UK 143.9 310.3 6.6 4.6 Germany 106.3 220.4 7.3 4.4 Spain 92.8 173.5 6.8 3.8 France 83.1 161.1 5.5 4.0 Italy 57.0 115.1 7.0 4.2 Holland 34.0 80.3 8.8 5.2 Switzerland 28.3 52.9 5.6 3.7 Turkey 27.8 65.9 14.5 5.1

ATAG suggests that in 2004 over 1.8bn passengers flew on the world’s airlines, expected to rise to 2.3bn passengers by 2010. Adapted from European Air Traffic Forecasts 1985–2015 Air Transport Action Group 2000 edition.

Air Transport Action Group See ATAG. the theory of aircraft design and flight Air Transport Association See ATA 2. theory www.farnborough-aircraft.com/ Air Transport Association of Canada See main.html Cranfield University in the ATAC. UK has developed AERADE, an Internet Air Transport Licence See ATL. gateway to aerospace information air transport of animals See animals by www.aerade.cranfield.ac.uk The General air. Aviation Awareness Council in the UK Air Transportation Stabilization Board (GAAC) is at www.gaac.co.uk A US $10bn fund set up following the Air Travel Organizer’s Licence See ATOL. 11 September 2001 terrorist outrages to Air Travel Reserve Fund See ATRF; now address problems faced by the US air- replaced by Air Travel Trust See ATT. line industry. air travel safety See airline safety. Air Travel and Aviation Internet sites Air Travel Trust See ATT. See air travel on the Internet. air turbulence See turbulence. Air Travel Card The general name for a air waybill The shipping document used credit card issued by an airline in con- in air freight transportation by carriers nection with the IATA Universal Air as evidence of a shipment. The docu- Travel Plan. See UATP for full descrip- ment contains shipping instructions, a tion of card types. description of the goods and the trans- air travel current forecasts See www. portation charges applicable. When boeing.com/commercial used internationally, an air waybill air travel deregulation See airline dereg- should be in the standard form denom- ulation in the EU and airline deregula- inated by the Warsaw Convention. tion in the USA. air web sites See air travel on the air travel on the Internet See www. Internet. aeroseek.com an aviation search engine; airbridge A mobile pier or telescopic Aeronet www.aeronet.co.uk; Air Inter- walkway connecting the airport runway national mag www.keymags.co.uk; end of a passenger terminal with an air- Airlines of the Web www.itn.net/ craft, facilitating passenger access; in airlines/; Aviation On-line www. North America, a jet loader or Jetway. aviation.com.br; AeroWorld Net See gate. www.aeroworldnet.com; Aviation Air-Britain Founded in 1948 Air-Britain Internet Resources www.airlines- is for people interested in the history online.com; Check-ins airline database of aviation. It has around 4000 direct www.checkin.com/air-db.html; Flight members and many more associated International mag www.flightinter with it through a network of indepen- national.com; for pilots and flying dent branches. It claims to be the lead- enthusiasts www.pilots.co.uk The ing organization of its kind in the world Farnborough site has information on and works closely with similar organiza- aircraft register 21

tions, museums and correspondents aircraft engine types See jet aircraft worldwide. See www.air-britain.com engine, piston aircraft engine, propjet, AIRC Association of International Rail turbine aircraft engine, turbofan jet, tur- Companies in the UK. bojet, turboprop and air web sites. aircraft Although in theory the term aircraft frame See airframe. applies to anything man-made used for aircraft grounding See grounding. flying, in practice, the term is restricted aircraft leasing Hire of an aircraft with to a heavier-than-air machine with an all services provided, for travel between on-board means of propulsion, airship specified points is a charter; whereas a being the term for one that is lighter lease implies ownership of the aircraft than air, and glider for a craft without for a specific period, during which the any means of propulsion. Helicopters, lessee is responsible for it. A dry lease although they have rotors instead of a involves only the provision of an air- fixed wing, are still referred to as air- craft. A wet lease is the term applied to craft. See also many immediately fol- the provision of both aircraft and crew lowing entries, SST, VSTOL and VTOL by the lessor. ILFC (International Lease and air web sites. & Finance Corporation), a wholly owned aircraft deliveries worldwide See GAMA subsidiary of America International web site for latest half year data. Group, is the international market aircraft design For theory see www. leader in the leasing and remarketing of farnborough-aircraft.com/main.html and advanced technology commercial jet air- for engineering drawings of Boeing craft. In July 2000 it owned a portfolio and McDonald Douglas aircraft see of more than 450 aircraft, 2% of the jets www.myboeingfleet.com and turbo prop aircraft in service, val- aircraft emissions Substances produced ued at US$19 billion. aircraft manufacture For latest informa- from aircraft engine exhausts. Carbon tion access the Internet sites of the main dioxide from aircraft is indistinguish- manufacturers. See www.airbus.com; able from that from other sources as are www.boeing.com; www.aero. other emissions. Aviation contributes bombardier.com; www.bae.co.uk; some 2.5% of emissions of CO from 2 www.dasa.com (Daimler Benz); fossil fuels and some 12% of all CO 2 www.embraer.com; www.faidor.com from transport worldwide. It also pro- (Fairchild Dornier); www.galaxyaero duces 2–3% of man-made nitrogen space.com; www.atraircraft.com; oxides. Nitrogen oxides emitted at www.cessna.textron.com; www.gulf cruise altitudes have two effects; one stream.com; www.dassault-aviation.fr cooling and one warming. There is aircraft noise New aircraft are around 20 uncertainty about these effects. They do dB (decibels) quieter than those of 30 not cancel as they are geographically years ago. Each reduction of 10 dB is distinct. There is equal or greater uncer- perceived by the human ear as a halving tainty over the effects of water vapour of the noise experienced. International emitted at cruise altitudes, through the aircraft noise certification standards are formation of condensation trails and cir- contained in Chapter 16 of the rus clouds, both of which could cause Convention on International Civil significant warming. Altogether, avia- Aviation, widely known as the Chicago tion is believed to be responsible for Convention. At the time of writing, dis- 3.5% of the total radiative forcing cussions were ongoing concerning fur- (causes of global warming) by all human ther reducing aircraft noise, by phasing activities. Improvements in aircraft out current chapter 3 aircraft. See ICAO engine technology have resulted in the for explanation of chapter 2/3 aircraft. virtual elimination of carbon monoxide, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association unburned hydrocarbons and smoke. See AOPA. Information sources are ATAG (Air aircraft piracy See hijacking. Transport Action Group), IATA, ICAO, aircraft pressurization See pressurization. IPCC and www.british-airways.com. See aircraft register www.aviation-register. also contrails, ICAO and air web sites com provides details of over 400,000 also radiative forcing. aircraft registered in over 50 countries. 22 aircraft sharing

The web site is run by the UK CAA, its tinually forces the wings of a plane Italian counterpart ENAC and French upwards. The many hinged surfaces on company Bureau Veritas. Information the wings have different names accord- includes aircraft types, engines, certifi- ing to their purpose. Ailerons cause an cation and airworthiness details aircraft to bank or turn when they are together with the operator’s name and operated. Those on the side towards address. which aircraft is turning will rise while aircraft sharing When two or more orga- the ailerons on the other side will turn nizations, usually tour operators, jointly down. charter an aircraft, or alternatively when Passengers looking out of an aero- a main charterer subcharters a share of plane’s window on to the wing’s upper the aircraft seats to other organizations. surface may see panels which come up aircraft slot See FIRs. during a landing. These are known as aircraft stacking At busy times, there are spoilers and they help to brake the air- insufficient runways for all arriving craft by blocking the air flow. This also aircraft to land at the world’s major reduces the normal aerodynamic effect airports. They are, therefore, required to of the wing shape that, so because of the fly in huge circles, each stacking level loss of lift, the aircraft descends quickly. being separated to ensure absolute Everyone who has flown is familiar with safety. the flaps that come out of both front and aircraft types See fixed wing aircraft, QC back edges of the wings of an aircraft. A aircraft, regular body aircraft, STOL, jet plane needs an efficient wing for VSTOL, VTOL, SST, wide body aircraft high speed cruising with little drag. But and GEM. this wing will not satisfactorily support aircrew All the airline staff on duty on the aircraft at low speeds when taking board an aircraft during a flight. off or landing. Flaps not only hinge AIRDES Automated interline revenue downwards, trapping the airflow; they data exchange system. also considerably increase the wings’ AIREP Air report form used for reporting surface area by extending outwards. position and weather conditions during Names such as blown, towler, split and a flight. zap are common types of flap on the Airfare Brand names of Thomson trailing edge. An additional extension to Holidays’ variety of minimum-rated some flaps is nominated as slotted. package tours. Of course, an ‘air fare’ Flaps on the leading wing edge are even is the price charged for an air ticket. more efficient at maintaining an air- airfield See airport. craft’s altitude at low speed pushing the airfoil North American usage for aerofoil. wing surface both further forward and See airframe. angled down. Common flaps in this situ- airframe The structure of an aircraft ation are variable camber flaps, which excluding the engines and accessories. are also known as slats, droops and The principal parts of an airframe are kreugers. the fuselage which is the body; wings; AIRIMP ATA (Air Transport Association) empennage, which is the assembly of and IATA Reservations Interline stabilizing and control surfaces at the Message Procedure, in the form of a tail; landing gear, and nacelles or pods code requesting or altering bookings. which house the engines. Also the name for the booklet incorpo- The tail fin acts like a giant sail pre- rating this information. venting yaw, the movement of the front airline An operator of aircraft, flying pas- of the aircraft from side to side. sengers and/or freight on a commercial Elevators are the movable edges of the basis. tailplane, which alter the altitude of an airline alliances An agreement between aircraft up or down. airlines for business cooperation aimed An aircraft flies because of the shape at increasing revenue and achieving cost of the wings – an aerofoil. The airflow savings. The extent of integration over them results in less air pressure on between alliances, varies from complete the top surface than at the bottom. It is marketing integration to little more than this difference in air pressure that con- sharing income on some routes. Some airline class and fare designators 23

alliances share equity in partner carriers the exemption is transPacific. The nine and may codeshare so that journeys member airlines are Aeromexico, Air using several alliance carriers appear to France/KLM, Alitalia, Continental travellers to be continuous, on one flight Airlines, Czech Airlines, Delta, and code. If US anti-trust immunity has Northwest Airlines. Negotiation for full been provided by the Department of membership of Aeroflot and China Transportation, the US airlines may Southern were at an advanced stage at discuss pricing with partner airlines time of going to press. Operates 14,320 designated in the immunity grant. daily flights to 658 destinations in 137 Otherwise, neither scheduling nor fares countries. See www.skyteam.com for may be discussed. For full information more information. concerning the three main alliances access the web sites following the Wings: Was the oldest airline pair summaries below: alliance, Northwest and KLM having Star Alliance: Established in May gained anti-trust immunity in the USA 1997 as the first global airline alliance. It in 1993; it disbanded 10 years later. is the biggest, handling around a quarter Qualiflyer: Following the collapse of of all world air traffic. Operates to 772 Swissair, this alliance disbanded in airports in 133 countries. Is a three tier February 2002. alliance with core founding members in full alliance, code-share partners in a airline automated reservation systems for second tier and feeder regional airlines travel agents See CRS. in a third tier. United Airlines together airline class and fare designators with Lufthansa, SAS and Air Canada Primary codes are combined with a sea- has had US anti-trust immunity since sonal, part of the week, part of the day, 2001. Negotiates purchasing agreements fare and passenger type and fare level on behalf of members. Plans that during identifier code in the order stated to pro- 2005 there will a dedicated Star area at vide a designator with a complete Terminal 1 Paris Charles de Gaulle air- description of the class and conditions port and at Miami International Airport applicable to a traveller. South Terminal, including check-in, Some typical prime codes are: baggage and gate. Member airlines are Air Canada, Air New Zealand, ANA, R – Supersonic (Concorde Class) Asiana Airlines, Austrian, bmi, LOT P – First Class Premium Polish Airlines, Lufthansa, SAS, F – First Class Singapore Airlines, Spanair, Thai A – First Class Discounted Airways, United Airlines, USair and J – Business Class Premium Varig. There are also regional members C – Club or Business Class such as Adria Airways and Croatia D, I or Z – Business Class Discounted Airlines. See www.star-alliance.com W – Economy/Coach Premium S or Y – Economy/Coach OneWorld: Founded in 2000. Code B, H, K, L, M, N, Q, T, V or X – sharing is not a formal part of this Economy/Coach Discounted alliance even though many of the mem- bers codeshare with partners, for which Some seasonal codes are: American Airlines/Finnair and H – Peak or high season of a fare with American/Iberia as well as British more than one seasonal level. Airways/Qantas have US anti-trust K – Second level of a fare with more approval. Member airlines are: Aer than two seasonal levels. Lingus, American Airlines, British J – Third level of a fare with more than Airways, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, three seasonal levels. Lan Chile and Qantas. See F – Fourth level of a fare with more than www.oneworldalliance.com four seasonal levels. Skyteam: Founded in 2000. US anti- T – Fifth level of a fare with more than trust exemption applies to Delta’s asso- five seasonal levels. ciation with Air France, Alitalia and Q – Sixth level of a fare with more than CSA Czech Airlines. With Korean Air six seasonal levels. 24 airline class and fare designators

Y – Seventh level of a fare with more GE – Group – Vocational Training Trips than seven seasonal levels. for Travel Agents L – Lowest level of a fare with more GI – Group – Incentive than one seasonal level. GM – Group – Military GN – Group – Non-affinity Part of the week codes are: GO – Group – Own Use W – Weekend GP – Group – School X – Weekday GS – Group – Ship’s Crew The only part of the day code is N GU – Group – Excursions meaning Night. GV – Group – Inclusive Tour GX – Group – Advance Purchase Fare Fare and passenger type codes associ- GY – Group – Youth Fare ated with the other letters describe the GZ – Group – Pex Fare actual fare type that the customer has IB – ATA Employee travelling on indus- paid, for example: try business ID – Air Industry Employee AB – Advance Purchase Fare (lower IE – Escort to accompany an level) Inadmissible passenger AD – Agent (followed by percentage dis- IF – Introductory Fare count) IG – Inaugural Guest AF – Area Fare IN – Infant Fare AP – Advance Purchase Fare IP – Instant Purchase Fare AS – Air/Surface IS – Late Booking Fare AT – Attendant travelling at a dis- IT – Inclusive Tour counted fare to accompany disabled MA – Military – Category A passenger MM – Military BB – Budget Fare MR – Military Recruit BD – Budget Discounted MU – Military Standby Fare BP – Bonus Programme (Frequent Flyer MY – Missionary Scheme) MZ – Military – Category Z BT – Bulk Inclusive Tour Operator OJ – Open Jaw Package (TOP) fare in Europe OR – Orphan/Orphan Escort CA – Cargo Attendant OW – One Way Single CB – Extra Seat for Cabin Baggage OX – Excursion One Way Fare CD – Senior Citizen PD – Family Fare – family members CF – Cabotage Fare PF – Family Fare – applicable to both CG – Tour Guide (Conductor) family head and family members CH – Child PG – Pilgrim CL – Clergy PH – Family Fare – Head of Family CT – Circle Trip PX – PEX Fare DA – Discover America RG – General Sales Agent DD – Discounted RP – Regular Passenger Fares DE – Discover Europe Pass RT – Round Trip or Return fare DL – Labour RW – Round the World DF – Government Fare SB – Seriously Disabled Passenger Fare DG – Government Officials SC – Ship’s Crew Member (Individual) DH – Reduced Fare when travelling to SD – Student Travel Agency Commissioner hearing SE – Special Event DM – Discount not covered by Industry SF – Bilaterally agreed First Class Regulations Entitlement DN – Discover North America Fare SH – Spouse Fare (husband or wife) DP – Diplomats and dependants SR – Special Euro Round Trip Fare DT – Teacher SS – Super Saver Fare EE – Excursion ST – Spouse Fare – accompanying EM – Emigrant spouse GA – Group – Affinity SX – Superpex Fare GC – Group – Common Interest SZ – Extra seating for stretcher airline deregulation in the EU 25

UD – National Travel Agent Association as for other industry applications. When Officials and delegates to joint the two character codes ran out, it was IATA/UFTAA meetings necessary to begin using three charac- UU – Standby Fare ters. For example, BA is British VU – Visit USA Airways, AA is American Airlines and ZS – Youth Fare for which student cer- QF is Qantas. These designators are dif- tificate required ferent from the two-letter codes used for ZZ – Youth Fare aircraft operating agencies, aeronautical authorities and services assigned by the Other codes used commonly in com- International Civil Aviation Organiza- bination with the above are figures fol- tion upon request by the State Registry lowed by % to indicate a percentage concerned. ICAO designators are pub- discount; figures followed by D, M or Y, lished in ICAO Document 8585. For indicating validity in days, months or accounting convenience IATA have allo- years, or figures on their own indicating cated all carriers a three-figure code that a fare is the highest (1), second number to be used by members on air highest fare level (2) etc. FTT means tickets and air waybills as a prefix to the Family Travel Together and GTT means serial numbers of the document. Group Travel Together, when used in an The airline industry began conver- air ticket endorsements box. sion from two-character to three-letter airline clubs Most major airlines offer airline designators by assigning three- frequent flyers’ membership of special letter designators to non-scheduled air- clubs. Benefits include use of first-class lines from 25 October 1987. It was or Club/Executive class lounges, depen- planned that the scheduled airlines con- dent on the airline, whether or not the vert to three-letter designators for all traveller is in possession of a first- or purposes on 26 October 1995, 2 years club-class ticket, express check-in and later than the end of October 1993 date baggage handling, reservation priority, originally agreed. For example, Aer discounts on car rental and accommoda- Lingus, currently EI, is planned to tion, emergency cheque cashing facili- become EIN. ties and a club magazine. Because there are insufficient two-let- Unless otherwise stated, airline clubs ter codes, since August 1981 combina- listed under their respective headings tions of figures and letters have been include all of the above benefits. See allocated, mainly to commuter airlines. Admirals Club, Al Fursan, Ambassador Over 160 companies now have these Club, Business Club, Cedar Jet, Chieftain alphanumeric codes. The numbers 1 Club, Clipper Club, Club Affaires, Club and 0 are not used to avoid confusion des 2000, Club Pacific, Courtesy Card with the letters I and 0. An example is Club, Crown Room Club, Diamond Club, Air National, whose planned three-letter Empress Club, Executive Club, Finnair designator is ANE, but which is cur- Club, Flight Deck, Flying Colonel, rently 6A. Frequent Traveller Card, Global Club, airline deregulation in the EU K.J. Button Golden Falcon Executive Club, Golden (1997) writing in Asia Pacific Air Wing, Ionosphere Club, Kanata Club, Transport: Challenges and Reforms, p. King David Club, Mabuhay Club, Maple 170 stated, ‘EU policy has changed dra- Leaf Club, Marco Polo Club, Morning matically in the last decade after a move Club, Navigator Club, President’s Club, from aviation markets being a series of Prestige Club, Red Card Club, Royal heavily regulated, discrete bilateral car- Viking Courtesy Card, Service Plus, Tara tels, dominated by nationally owned Circle, Top Traveller, Travel Club, V flag carriers to a structure.… which has Club, Winged Arrow Club, Worldclub. become a liberalised multinational civil airline codes By international agreement, aviation market’. The EU has aimed for for older airlines, two-character airline gradual evolution rather than the rapid designators are used in reservations, revolution which took place in the USA; timetables, ticketing, legal documents, however, the result is similar. tariffs, schedule publications and in air- The first stage from January 1988 was line inter-line communications as well general agreement to move towards a 26 airline deregulation in the USA

single aviation market within the EU. international air treaties. This continues The second stage from June 1990 to be undertaken by the US State removed ‘government-to-government Department. Before deregulation in the capacity-sharing arrangements, intro- late 1970s, agent’s share of US air duced in stages the principle of double travel was around 40%. Unexpectedly, disapproval of fares and prevented gov- this rapidly rose to about 80% of ernments discriminating against air- domestic sales and over 90% for inter- lines, provided that they conformed national business; by mid-2002, despite with technical and safety standards’. commission rates reduced to zero, Involvement of non-EU airlines was agents still handled 75% of the busi- made easier, with fifth freedom (see ness. This alteration in distribution Freedoms of the Air) rights facilitated. costs was one of the factors leading to The third stage was adopted in January commission reduction, fully described 1993, so that by 1997, the EU was in the ‘commission’ entry. See opening regarded as one domestic market, in paragraph of ARC entry for how deregu- which full cabotage rights applied. Fares lation led to the establishment of the became completely deregulated. Foreign ARC and IATAN. Also see DOT Internet ownership of EU airlines is now permit- site www.dot.gov ted in principle, although the national airline flight schedules Travel industry laws of some EU countries govern the staff access comprehensive flight infor- ownership of their flag carriers and mation through the major computer other airlines. The EU still has the right reservation systems, known as Global to ‘intervene’ in various circumstances, Distribution Systems (GDS), Galileo, for example, maintenance of competi- Sabre, Amadeus and Worldspan. Each of tion and avoidance of air fare price these holds flight availability for over wars. 700 airlines; but only for those airlines airline deregulation in the USA The with which that particular GDS has an Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 sched- agreement. All the Internet general uled the elimination of the Civil scheduled air flight booking systems Aeronautics Board from 1 January 1985. gain their inventory from one of the Originally, the Act transferred authority GDSs. OAG (Overseas Airways Guide) to grant anti-trust immunity for the US publishes a unique two-volume guide to travel industry’s collective agreements all flights worldwide. In August 2000 including travel agency programmes OAG relaunched its Internet portal, from the CAB to the US Justice OAG.com. The site provides web access Department. to the OAG ‘Flight Engine’, the most up- This was altered subsequently and to-date and comprehensive global flight together with the remaining economic schedules database in the world. The regulation of the US airline industry, site also supports OAG Mobile, which control of anti-trust immunity rules has offers wireless access to OAG travel now been vested in the Department of information, and OAG E-Notification, Transportation. Immunity disappeared providing details about the status of a altogether on 1 January 1989. The current flight. More than 800 airlines DOT now decides on policy matters are included in the OAG database, the and, through the Federal Aviation largest of its kind anywhere. See Administration, regulates safety. www.oag.com The DOT inherited the CAB’s author- airline hub See hub and spoke. ity to regulate charters, overbooking, airline liability See Warsaw Convention. baggage liability, smoking, computer airline losses/profits See airline. reservation bias and similar matters that Airline Passenger Service Commitment concern the public. The DOT also con- See explanation in ‘denied boarding trols international route and rate matters compensation’. An agreement between as well as the provision of essential air airlines to maintain minimum standards services to small communities, operat- relating to service and quality. ing the small communities service sub- airline plate In countries without Bank sidy programme. The DOT has not been Settlement Plan, individual tickets pro- given the power to directly negotiate duced by each airline are supplied to airline reservations systems 27

travel agents, which merely need vali- However, with the requirement to dating with the agent’s airline plate include departure and arrival times in before issuance. BSP tickets and docu- reservations messages requesting or sell- ments are, however, neutral, requiring a ing space, there is an increasing ten- different type of validator which in dency for airlines to obtain, and store in addition to the date and agency location their system, the basic schedules of all details also imprints air tickets with an other airlines worldwide. In order to be airline logo and identification. See BSP sold, a seat has to be available. Each sys- for further details of Bank Settlement tem maintains the exact numeric avail- Plan in the UK. ability of each inventory-controlled airline representative See rep. flight. airline reservations systems There are Additionally, as interline sales are a now two main types of airline reserva- vital feature of air transportation, each tions system. A ‘single host’ system is system maintains availability informa- owned and operated by one airline for tion for flights of other airlines, to pro- the purpose of providing automated vide for the immediate confirmation of reservations and other facilities to its space to the passenger. This availability own offices. Inventory records are main- information, which is incorporated in tained solely for the airline owning the displays, is dependent on the interline system. The schedules of other airlines, selling agreements concluded between on which reservations can be made, are the prime host airline and each of the stored and displayed according to the other hosted airlines. Availability may selling agreements concluded between be on the basis of ‘sell and report’ the system owner and each of the other (including first posting), ‘free sale’, airlines. ‘request and reply’ or a combination of Some single host systems are in effect types. simple extensions to a number of partic- For flights covered by a free sale or ipants. The inventory-controlled ser- request and reply agreement, no avail- vices of the participating airlines are ability information needs to be main- displayed. The display of non-partici- tained in the system of the prime host pating airline schedules is dependent on airline, as the sale is either free of the agreements the system owner has restriction, or has to be requested from with those airlines. Although the basic the other airline. For flights under a ‘sell functions of the system are used by all and report’ agreement, the system can participating airlines, the system is sell a seat only if its records show that designed for each to use as though it space is available. Keeping this avail- were its own. Each hosted airline has its ability information up-to-date becomes own compartment and can utilize the crucial and is achieved by the extensive basic functions of the system to meet its exchange of availability status messages own requirements. Each airline usually (AVS2). loads into its system the schedules to be As each prime host airline has differ- used for that airline. The schedules of ent selling agreements with its interline the prime host airline’s services are partners, the availability displays vary obtained from its own scheduling from one system to another. Availability departments. information may be maintained by host Generally, other airline schedule airlines up to 1 year in advance. The information is obtained from an airline Passenger Name Record (PNR) is an guide publisher on magnetic tape for integral part of the airline reservations automatic loading into the system of the function. It presents a record of each prime host airline. Not necessarily all passenger’s travel requirements, and the city pairs published in the guides contains information necessary to may be made available for display to enable reservations to be controlled. users of the system. Hosted airlines A PNR is created, filed/stored and select those to be displayed in accor- maintained for every passenger for dance with their marketing require- whom a reservation transaction has ments and the agreements they have been completed. The booking airline made with other airlines. must maintain a complete record. Every 28 airline safety

transaction or change to the itinerary is travel, airports and aircraft. Common recorded so that the PNR provides a Position (EC) N037/98 was adopted by complete historical record. Other air- the Council on 4 June 1998 and is likely lines involved in the itinerary need only to result in an EC Directive around the record information associated with the time of publication of this dictionary. passenger’s travel on the flights on The purpose of the Directive will be to which they are to take action. ensure that information is collected and All modern systems offer automated disseminated so that sufficient evidence fare display, fare determination and can be established to decide on mea- automatic fare calculation for compli- sures required to ensure the safety of the cated international itineraries. No exist- travelling public, as well as those on the ing system can automatically quote or ground. Operation and crew of aircraft calculate the fare for every itinerary; but outside the control of a member state in the author’s experience, it is only a will be inspected, when there is suspi- very complex itinerary which now cion that safety standards are not being necessitates manual fare calculation. observed, and grounded if necessary. These systems are capable of facilitat- In September 1994, the FAA began ing automated ticket issue, and can sup- assessing the ability of certain countries port provision of boarding passes with to oversee air safety; category 1 coun- the ticket. Alternatively an ‘e-ticket’ can tries are designated as those with civil be produced. This is a virtual ticket aviation authorities which comply with which only exists electronically, ICAO standards. Category 2 may indi- although, of course, the traveller will cate, for example, that the authority has probably be given the trip details in a not developed or implemented regula- printed form. All major systems can also tions in accordance with ICAO stan- make reservations for hotel accommoda- dards; it may lack the technical tion, car rental and, to some extent, expertise or resources to license or over- tours; some may include ground trans- see civil aviation; there may be concerns portation. Additionally, each system about flight operations or aircraft main- provides a comprehensive fares determi- tenance. A total of 28 ‘unsatisfactory’ nation system and a large amount of countries were listed in 2000, namely, supporting information such as fare Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, rules, weather, tourism, document Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican Republic, requirements, flight or travel restrictions Ecuador, El Salvador, Gambia, etc. Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Kiribati, Airlines have automated departure Malta, Nauru, Saba St Eustatius, control systems which use PNRs as their Nicaragua, St Kitts and Nevis, Pakistan, database. These systems include: per- Paraguay, Russia, Suriname, Swaziland, sonal name check-in, automated seat Turks and Caicos, Uruguay, Venezuela, assignment, automated issue of boarding Zaire and Zimbabwe. It should be passes and baggage tags, flight reconcili- stressed that the FAA assessments do ation and load control (weight and bal- not indicate whether particular carriers ance). See also CRS. are safe; they only identify the extent to airline safety This dictionary entry con- which there is a competent civil avia- centrates on ICAO, EU and FAA activi- tion authority in those countries, over- ties in the sphere, although all countries seeing air safety to the satisfaction of the have legislation in force on the subject. FAA. See also next entry and following In October 1995, ICAO members table. adopted a voluntary safety oversight airline safety scoring Overall accident programme. Unfortunately, it is only rates are falling; in 1999, 674 people instigated upon a request for help. The were killed in passenger air crashes, programme permits ICAO to identify much under the average for 1990 to deficiencies related to civil aviation 1998 of 1326. The information in the safety and offer advice and assistance to rest of this entry was provided by resolve them. FlightSafe Consultants Limited, a UK EU countries already have extensive company. Their web site www. safety legislation in place concerning air flightsafe.co.uk includes a database of airport 29

air accidents going back to 1988; at the figures for 1987 were available, there time of writing, this site covered the having been 780 accidents. 200 of these safety records of 477 airlines, with more caused 1600 deaths. This high number information available on subscription. of fatalities must be viewed in the con- The concept of airline safety scoring text of increasing traffic. For scheduled was first devised in 1997 by John services, passenger deaths per 100 mil- Trevett, now managing director of lion passenger km were 0.09 in 1978; FlightSafe. Ten safety factors are 0.08, 1983; 0.02, 1984; 0.09, 1985; 0.03, assessed, with a theoretical maximum of 1986; 0.06, 1987. For non-scheduled ten points achievable. Fleet age and flights, for accidents of aircraft greater composition are considered; Russian- than 9 tonnes maximum take-off weight, built planes have a worse safety record figures were 1978, 0.17; 1983, 0.00; than European- or American-built 1985, 0.33; 1986, 0.09 and 1987, 0.00. It planes, while the newer the technology, can be seen that there is no recognizable the less the chance of accident. Other trend. (Readers should note that the fig- factors include management structure; ures quoted from IATA sources do not safety regulations in the airline’s home include USSR.)’ country, air traffic control and airfield There are arrangements for the environments. By the time this dictio- reporting and investigation of ‘near nary is published, a definitive set of miss’ aviation incidents. See AIRPROX assessment guidelines will have been for UK statistics. agreed – check the web page for up-to- airline seats Vary in width and pitch date information, including the latest between seats depending on class of statistics. The table overleaf should only travel and journey length. The world’s be used as illustrative of the situation. largest airline seat is currently being After calculation of ‘accidents per flown by ANA on a Boeing 747 on the 100,000 flights’, these statistics are Tokyo/London route, 76 x 34 inches in adjusted, for example by counting an First Class. See pitch of seat and reclin- accident with fatalities as two and a ing seat. Fully reclining seats are often minor incident as a half, so as to arrive known by airline brand names, such as at a safety multiplier. This multiplier is Dormette, Skyrecliner (JAL), Sleeperette then applied to the marks-out-of-ten (Finnair), Sleeperseat (BA) and safety assessment to produce a final Slumberette (Swissair). total. Under the FlightSafe scoring sys- Airline Tariff Automated Collection tem, a rate of one accident per 100,000 Facility See Genesis. scores 0.8; 4 per 100,000 scores 0.6; 9 airliner A large passenger aircraft; the per 100,000 scores 0.4; 16 per 100,000 word is imprecise and not technical. scores 0.2 and 25 or more accidents per Airlines Reporting Corporation See 100,000 scores zero. It will be seen from ARC1. the table that many airlines have scored airlines statistics See CAA Data Unit. zero; this is because a multiplier of zero airpass Generic word for multi-sector air results in a zero total score regardless of tickets allowing random travel within a other considerations. It is suggested that specified area, usually for a limited where there has been a single accident number of stops. Often used as part of a early in the life of an airline, this skews brand name. the result; readers may feel that the airplane See aircraft. treatment by the scoring system of these AirPlus An airline credit card. See UATP airlines is somewhat harsh, as they must for further explanation. all have run fewer than 2000 return airport A modern term denoting a place flights. (See table on next page.) where aircraft land and take off. Are any long-term trends discernible? Dependent upon the size and destina- In a previous edition of this dictionary it tion of flights, facilities vary greatly, was stated, ‘In 1986 there were 830 acci- from the vast size international airport dents involving aircraft operated by with many passenger terminals, customs commercial air transport carriers. 150 of and immigration facilities and hangars these caused 900 fatalities. At the time for storage and maintenance of aircraft, of writing (June 1989), only preliminary down to the small local airport, which 30 airport art

may be little more than several small airport transfer See transfers. terminal buildings and re-fuelling airport–city rail links The problems of pumps. road traffic congestion in urban areas are The word aerodrome, the normal exacerbated by large airports; increas- term for these facilities at the beginning ingly, rail links are being seen as the of the 20th century, is now obsolescent. best solution for fast convenient access Airfield is a common term in the armed to airports. Over 70 such links are cur- services, often reduced to the usage rently in operation worldwide with ‘field’. Sometimes this word is used in around 150 planned or under construc- an attempt to denote an airport with few tion. The first link opened in 1935 facilities which may be little more than between London’s Victoria station and a landing strip. Gatwick airport. Some links are an inte- airport art Pejorative term descriptive of gral part of their national railway net- the poor quality of souvenirs available works, for example, Amsterdam, Berlin, for tourists’ purchase at airports. Birmingham (UK), Dusseldorf, Airport Associations Coordinating Council Frankfurt, London Gatwick and Paris See AACC. Charles de Gaulle. Others have their airport codes Airports worldwide have own dedicated rail tracks, such as the been given three letter codes so as to services to London Heathrow and from shorten reservation communications. Milan, Oslo and Stockholm. Some of The codes were originally assigned by these stations incorporate airline check- IATA in Montreal and the Canadians in desks, for example, Airport Express’s attempted to make most airport codes co- London Paddington station for incide with their initial or similar letters. Heathrow, London Victoria for Gatwick By the time they had concluded their and Hong Kong. The development of work, they were not left with appropri- New York’s Jamaica station as a virtual ate letters for their own airports. This is JFK tenth terminal makes this the largest why the three letter codes for Canadian facility of its type; AirTrain JFK began airports are so unusual, e.g. YYZ for operating in 2003. In autumn 2001 Toronto and YUL for Montreal. AirTrain services began operating Some codes, which have not been between Newark airport and New York assigned by IATA, are also in general City connecting with the airport’s free use. There is often a general city code internal monorail service. for a town where there are several air- Airports Council International See ACI1 ports, in addition to the individual and www.airports.org codes, e.g. LON for London, LGW for airports in America The top ten US air- Gatwick and LHR for Heathrow. ports in 2003 ranked by preliminary Airport Consultative Committee See passenger traffic figures in millions were: ACC3. Atlanta 79.1 Airport Operators Association See AOA3 Chicago O’Hare 69.4 and www.aoa.org.uk Los Angeles 55.0 airport passenger handling automation Dallas/Fort Worth 53.2 See SPT. Denver 37.5 airport runway lengths A large modern Phoenix 37.4 jet may require a runway several miles Las Vegas 36.3 long (more than 3000 m). Houston Bush 34.1 airport service charge See ASC1. Minneapolis/St Paul 33.2 airport tax See ASC1 (airport service Detroit 32.7 charge) and departure tax. airports worldwide outside USA The top airport terminal Part of an airport desig- ten airports worldwide, outside the USA nated to handle incoming and outgoing in 2003 ranked by preliminary passen- flights on particular routes, providing all ger traffic figures in millions were: necessary customs, immigration and London Heathrow 63.5 passenger facilities. Some airports have Tokyo Haneda 63.2 separate domestic and international ter- Frankfurt 48.4 minals. Others have terminals which are Paris 48.1 exclusively for the use of one airline. Amsterdam 40.0 AITO 31

Madrid 35.7 linking the three terminals, a $650m Bangkok 30.2 investment extended the track one mile London Gatwick 30.0 (1.6 km) to connect with a new Newark Hong Kong 26.8 airport station linking the airport with Tokyo Narita 26.5 regional services provided by New AIRPROX Air proximity; a ‘near miss’ Jersey Transit, including Manhattan; the aviation incident which might have station is also served by Amtrak’s North resulted in a collision. This ICAO term East corridor services from Washington, has now replaced ‘AIRMISS’. The UK DC, Philadelphia, New York and Boston. AIRPROX Board (UKAB)’s fifth report Also see airport–city rail links. states that during 2000, there were 99 AirTrain JFK New York’s Kennedy AIRPROX incidents involving commer- Airport AirTrain runs 60 feet above the cial air transport aircraft (CAT), the central reservation of the Van Wyck same number as in 1999 and just one Expressway from Jamaica station in more than in 1998. Of these 99 cases, New York’s south eastern borough of 85 were assessed as ‘no collision’, Queens. The $1.9 billion light-rail sys- eight as ‘safety compromised’ and six tem provides services between the air- as ‘collision risk existed’. Significantly, port’s nine terminal buildings and to a the risk-bearing rate for CAT incidents new subway station called Howard in 2000 fell to an all time low of 1.01 Beach, an interchange with Line A. cases per 100,000 flying hours – down Passengers can travel from the central 62% on the figure for 1999. See terminal area to midtown Manhattan in www.ukab.org.uk about 50 minutes using Howard Beach AIRS1 Aircrew incident reporting system. station and in as little as 30 minutes to AIRS2 Aviation Industry Report System (in the much expanded Jamaica station. Micronesia the equivalent is IATA ARP). The service is provided by 32 driver- airscrew Obsolete name for an aircraft less Bombardier trains powered by propeller; but note that ‘screw’ is still in linear induction motors. The service is usage meaning a ship’s propeller. part of the LIRR network. See LIRR airship A ‘lighter-than-air’ flying and http://www.airtrainjfk.com and machine; distinguished from an aircraft, airport–city rail links. which is heavier than air, and a balloon, airways See FIRs. which has no means of propulsion. Also airworthiness certificates Issued by gov- known as a blimp in the USA. Obso- ernmental aviation authorities to denote lescent name is dirigible. The demise of that an aircraft or component part per- airship travel was hastened by the R101 forms its function to the authorities’ sat- disaster in 1930. isfaction. airside That part of an airport not acces- AISC See Skal. sible to the general public. After a trav- aisle seat A seat with open space to one eller has passed through immigration side, in a means of transport, theatre or controls, customs and security checks, cinema etc. In wide-bodied jets, once they are designated as being airside. side seats have been allocated, cus- Conversely, public area before passing tomers often prefer not to be seated in customs etc. is known as landside. the centre part of five abreast seating airspace See FIRs. and therefore request aisle seats. airspeed Aircraft speed in nautical miles AIT Alliance Internationale de Tourisme per hour (knots). is a grouping of over 100 national auto- airstream A current of air, such as a jet- mobile associations founded in 1898. stream. See turbulence for fuller expla- See www.aitgva.ch nation. AITA Alliance for Independent Travel airstrip Sometimes called ‘landing strip’. Agents in the USA. See Alliance. Any cleared piece of ground long AITAL Asociación Internacional de enough to enable aircraft to land and Transporte Aereo Latinoamericano (Inter- take off. The term does not imply the national Association of Latin American provision of any facilities. Air Transport). See www.aital.com AirTrain Originally designed as New AITO The Association of Independent York’s Newark airport monorail system, Tour Operators is the UK trade body of 32 AIV

around 100 small tour operators, around European Community are some of many three-quarters of which are also tour rights enjoyed by all EC citizens. operating members of ABTA. The reason Nevertheless, under the laws of each EC for their existence is because ABTA is country, other EU member states’ citi- dominated by its travel agent and major zens are aliens. The WTO designates tour operator members, the latter also tourists as being away from their normal being able to exercise their voice place of residence, disregarding their through the Federation of Tour actual nationality. Operators. Membership is restricted to all or nothing assignment See transport those who either hold a valid Air Travel modelling. Organizer’s Licence or are tour operator All Purpose Ticket Issue System See members of ABTA. Its aims are commer- APTIS. cial cooperation between members and all suite hotel Simplistically, a hotel the joint solution of common problems. where all accommodation is in suites. See www.aito.co.uk Unfortunately, the meaning of suite AIV Accord International de Voyageurs, varies between countries both by law and the international agreement covering the custom. Increasingly, the term means an transport of passengers by rail. apartment hotel targeted at business AJENTS System which connects UK travellers or other corporate staff seek- domestic rail agents with ATOC’s Rail ing more space than usually provided in Journey Information System via an a hotel room, perhaps intending a long Internet connection, providing an infor- stay. Kitchen facilities of some type are mation, reservations, ticketing and part of the facilities. Typically, prices accounting service. Through an appro- are 25% lower than an equivalent dou- priate printer, credit card sized rail tick- ble room in a hotel; but there are seldom ets are produced, similar to those issued restaurants and room service. See suite, at rail stations in the UK. Some litera- junior suite and en suite. ture still describes an initial phase Allbook Name of British tour operators’ where connection was via X-TANT or reservation and accounting system Fastrak viewdata systems and ticket introduced in 1984, developed from a production was not automated. Scandinavian system used since 1978. Al Fursan Name of Saudi Arabian all-expense tour US terminology for Airlines’ airline club for frequent trav- inclusive tour. See inclusive tour. alleyway Passageway or narrow corridor ellers. See airline clubs. of ship. Alabama Bureau of Tourism and Travel Alliance The ARTAC travel agents con- See www.touralabama.org sortium in the UK changed its brand Alaska Tourism Office See www. name to Worldchoice but because it dced-state.ak.us/tourism started as the Alliance of Retail Travel Alaska Travel Industry Association See Agency Consortia, the Alliance name is www.alaskatia.org sometimes used. AITA (Alliance for alba International hotel code for a single- Independent Travel Agents in the USA) bedded room. is known as the Alliance, perhaps to Albuquerque Convention and Visitors distinguish it from the Association of Bureau See www.abqcvb.org International Travel Agents Inc. alcove A small area set off from a larger all-in Australian term for Inclusive Tour. room. In some European or American Mistakenly stated in several American self-catering studio suites, there may be publications as British terminology. a main living space and separate alcoves all-inclusive When applied to an accom- where the kitchen and bed may be modation tariff it usually means inclu- located. sion of all meals, limited drinks and ALEX Iceland’s agency CRS; an Amadeus other facilities; hence the addition of partner. these words to various accommodation alien Any person outside the country of types, as in ‘all-inclusive resort’, or ‘all- their nationality. The word ‘alien’ is inclusive hotel’. When applied to a becoming increasingly difficult to package holiday, for example a coach define. For example, freedom to travel tour, travel facilities and excursions may and work anywhere within the be included. It is crucial that travellers alternate restaurant 33

identify what is actually included allowance is either by weight or a num- before purchasing all-inclusive arrange- ber of pieces of defined dimensions ments. The 2003 CEN/European dependent upon the route. The standard Standard official definition is ‘Tariff in weight allowance is 20 kg (44 lb) for which the price includes accommoda- economy- and tourist-class passengers tion, meals and specified beverages as and 30 kg (66 lb) for first-class travellers. well as specified facilities’, conveniently Many airlines have introduced within avoiding actually specifying anything! Europe an alternative of allowing one all-inclusive car rental rates This appar- large piece of baggage, the dimensions ently clear statement offers rates which of which do not total more than 67 in. vary, according to the rental company plus a smaller case, the dimensions of and the country, including some or all which must not be more than 40 in. for of the following typical items: unlimited tourist-class passengers. On transat- mileage, collision damage insurance lantic flights, two pieces are allowed excess waiver, local taxes, airport fees, with a dimension limitation of 62 in. surcharges and taxes, theft insurance Domestic air travel baggage rules vary excess waiver, all insurance excesses, considerably between countries. public liability, property damage, full Rail companies in the UK allow sec- fire, theft and third party insurance with ond-class travellers 50 kg (110 lb) and cover varying between countries accord- first-class passengers 70 kg (154 lb) with ing to local laws, bail bonds where half these weights for children travelling needed, insurance cover for additional at half adult fares. Unless, however, bag- drivers, a full tank of petrol, return of gage is being sent in advance, these vehicle out of normal hours and one- rules are not normally applied. way rentals. See also car rental. allocation See allotment. Similarly, the European rail limit of 20 allocentric tourists Tourists who are con- kg or 44 lb per person is only applied tinually looking for new experiences where baggage is ‘registered through’. and destinations; they are adventurous The UK coach allowance of one case is by nature. also treated flexibly by coach drivers. allotment The provision by a travel aloft Above the superstructure in, at or industry principal of part of its services near the masthead of a ship. for onward sale to the eventual cus- ALPA Air Line Pilots Association in the tomer by another intermediary. For USA. example, a tour operator may be given Alpha 3 Name of Air France computer- an allotment of beds throughout a sea- ized reservation and administration sys- son at a hotel. The contractual arrange- tem. For details of travel agency ments will determine whether part or all terminal system in France see ESTEREL. of the allotment is returnable without alphabet See phonetic alphabet. penalty, rates and other conditions. The alphanumeric Featuring of both letters tour operator may, in turn, give an allot- and figures on a computer keyboard. ment of part of one or more package ALSSA The Air Line Stewards and holiday departures to a travel agency Stewardesses Association is a US trade group, who agrees to sell them. The union. But the British Airline Stewards term is general throughout the industry. and Stewardesses Association is a It may apply to anything from the pro- branch of the Transport and General vision of car hire, to seats on any mode Workers Union in the UK. of transport. It is fundamental that the ALTA Association of Local Transport granting of an allotment to a third party Airlines in the USA. guarantees that space or beds have been alterations to air tickets See revalidation reserved and will not be sold to anyone stickers. else until or unless the allotment is alternate distribution systems In the returned. USA implies a system which bypasses allowance of free baggage Baggage which travel agents. See intermediation. may be carried without payment of a alternate restaurant US usage is a cruise charge in addition to the fare. On inter- ship restaurant for which a supplemen- national IATA air journeys, the tary charge is payable. British usage is 34 alternative airport

that any cruise ship restaurant separate In 2004 handled 454.1m bookings, 7.6% from the main dining room may have up on 2003. For detailed information see this designation, whether or not there is www.global.amadeus.net an extra charge for its use. Amadeus Travel Agency Advisory Board alternative airport Any airport to which An independent international body set a flight may be diverted if a landing at up and funded by Amadeus to represent the original destination is no longer pos- agents’ interests concerning the system. sible. AMASS Airport Movement Area Safety alternative tourism See tourism, alterna- System, a Northrop Grumman system tive. aimed at warning of and preventing air- altimeter Instrument in aircraft which in- port runway incursions. It is a develop- dicates height (altitude). See also altitude. ment of the same company’s Airport ALTIS A guide to Internet resources in Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE). hospitality, leisure, sport and tourism. At the time of writing installation was See LTSN and www.brookes.ac.uk/ltsn proceeding at 34 US airports at a cost of altitude Height above mean sea level. See over US$90 million. contour. AMAV Asociación Mexicana de Agencias altostratus See clouds. de Viajes, the Mexican Travel Agents alumni rate US term for reduced price Association. offered to previous cruise travellers, AMAVE Asociación Mayoristas Agencias suggests US web site www.hometravel de Viajes Españolas; the Spanish equiva- agency.com Term is not yet in general lent of the Multiple Travel Agents use. Association in the UK. ALVA Association of Leading Visitor Attrac- Ambassador class Brand name given by tions in the UK. See www.alva.org.uk TWA to passenger area immediately a.m. From the Latin ante meridiem, adjacent to first class, where passengers meaning before noon. In most countries, paying full economy fares enjoy improved service and facilities. See the 24 h clock is used in the travel business class for full description. industry, in order to avoid errors; but in Ambassador Club Name of TWA’s North America it is not uncommon to Frequent Flyers’ Club. Some guests’ find the use of a.m. and p.m. in connec- privileges, office and conference facili- tion with travel timings. ties are available in addition to the stan- Amadeus This Global Distribution dard benefits noted under the general System (worldwide CRS) was created by entry Frequent Flyer Clubs. 12 European airlines: Air France, Air ambient resource The fundamental char- Inter, Adria Airways, Iberia, Icelandair, acter of an area which gives it tourism Linjeflyg, Lufthansa, Finnair, Yugo- potential, for example, attractive scenery slavenski Aerotransport, Braathens, or guaranteed sunshine. The difficulty SAFE and SAS. The organization’s cur- with terminology of this nature is in rent literature suggests only that it was limiting its scope. Some experts restrict created by Iberia, Air France, Lufthansa the application to purely physical and SAS (no longer a shareholder). characteristics, while others would Following development of infrastruc- include interesting culture or even low ture, systems and software, operations prices. began in 1992; several years later, amenity kit The complimentary items another CRS, System One, was taken provided for guests in a hotel room or over. The corporate HQ is in Madrid, for first- or business-class passengers on Spain; the product marketing and devel- a means of transport. opment office is in Nice, France, and the American Automobile Association See operations and data centre in Erding, AAA. Germany. American breakfast A full breakfast with Hosts 220,000 agency terminals in a choice of hot and cold foods; also 67,000 travel agency locations, through known as an ‘English breakfast’. which can be accessed over 490 airlines, American Bureau of Shipping See ABS. 51,000 hotels, 45 car rentals companies American Bus Association See and other providers of tourism services. www.buses.org Amtrak 35

American Hotel and Motel Association around 3% of US rail track, 730 miles, See AH&MA. most of which is the line between American Hotel and Motel Association Washington, DC and Boston. Amtrak has Educational Institute See www. also successfully tendered for contracts eiahma.org/ei/index.htm to run commuter services, such as American Institute of Aeronautics and Caltrain in California. The organization Astronauts See www.aiaa.org was set up in 1970 under the Rail American Plan (AP) Full pension or full Passenger Service Act and began operat- board – hotel accommodation inclusive ing the following year as a federally of full breakfast, lunch and dinner in the owned railroad. Amtrak was granted the stated rate for the room. Sometimes right of access to the tracks owned by called Full American Plan or Full the freight railroads at an incremental Pension Plan in North America. See also cost and with operating priority over MAP (Modified American Plan). freight trains. Amtrak was also granted a American Resort Development Association monopoly to provide intercity rail trans- See www.arda.org port over its route system. It was American service Type of restaurant ser- intended that after a few years’ initial vice where meals are ‘plated’ by cooking losses, it would become profitable, but staff and then served directly to cus- during the last 30 years, subsidies of tomers; more usually called plate ser- over US$27 billion have been needed. vice, as distinct from silver service Thus, in 1997, Congress set Amtrak the where waiting staff carry food in cov- objective of operational revenue cover- ered metal dishes to an adjacent serving ing operation costs by December 2002. table. The food is then, after heating, To oversee headway the 1997 Act cre- served individually to customers. See ated the Amtrak Reform Council (ARC); also English Service and Silver Service. it also provided 5 further years of fund- American Society of Travel Agents See ing, ended Amtrak’s rail passenger ASTA2. monopoly and permitted closure of AMFORHT Association Mondiale pour la lines making losses. Formation Hoteliere et Touristique (World Association for Hospitality The traffic reductions following 11 Education and Training). Founded in September 2001 terrorism served to 1969 at the same time as the WTO with exacerbate a worsening situation. As a the aims, ‘to define, develop, promote result in November 2001, the ARC and continuously adapt, tourism educa- decided that Amtrak would not achieve tion on a world-wide basis to the evolv- self-sufficiency by the end of 2002 and ing needs and focus on the tourism that Amtrak should draw up a plan for industry’. See www.amforht.org liquidation by 7 February 2002, while AMHA American Motor Hotel Asso- by the same date, the ARC would draw ciation. up a plan for a restructured and ratio- amidships Middle part of a ship. Halfway nalized national US passenger rail sys- between bow (front) and stern (back) of tem. The liquidation never happened! the ship. On 7 February the ARC submitted its AMP Airmail Panel; an IATA body restructuring plan to Congress. But read- formed in 1996, which reports to the ers should particularly note that, cru- CSC (Cargo Services Conference). cially, the original 1997 Act did not amsl Above mean sea level. require either the House or the Senate to AMTA Association of Multiple Travel act on the ARC’s plan! The scheme Agents in the UK. envisaged separating Amtrak’s functions AMTOS Aircraft maintenance task orien- into three units, each with separate tation system. Boards of Directors. The first unit would Amtrak The brand name under which be responsible for government pro- the National Railroad Passenger Cor- gramme administration and hold the poration operates 265 US intercity pas- statutory franchise to access freight senger trains daily, under contract with railroad rights of way at incremental individual railroads. Although operating costs and with operating priority. It over 22,000 route miles, it only owns would maintain and improve a national 36 Amtrak Reform Council

reservations system and ensure joint operate normally for the foreseeable ticketing. Insurance to train operators future. See www.amtrak.com and North and limitation of their liability would be American train services. continued. Amtrak Reform Council Following sub- The second unit would be responsi- mission of Action plan in February ble for train operations, handling mail 2002, work concluded. See and express business, passenger and www.amtrak.reform.council.gov and commuter operations and equipment Amtrak. and repair shops. The plan envisaged the amusement park In Britain, this may be eventual privatization of this unit. The little more than a few fairground attrac- third unit would be responsible for infra- tions but in the USA, the term implies structure; it would own and maintain something on a grander scale. See theme the North East corridor from Washington, parks. DC to Boston, Massachussets. analog (analogue) Data transmission The ARC plan would permit the method, which is the normal way that introduction of competition at the end speech goes along telephone lines. Most of a 2 to 5 year transition period, by the computers transmit data in digital format. train operating company offering exclu- In this mode, sometimes called binary, sive franchises through competitive bid- there is a series of on or off pulses, all ding. Franchises would be designed and symbols, alphanumeric characters or a bidding process established. Among other information, being broken down ideas floated in the ARC report are the into such a series. Analog is a descrip- creation of a passenger rail trust fund tive term that can be applied widely; but and infrastructure financing through the it is sufficient for travel industry use enactment of a Railroad Infrastructure merely to understand that continuously and Development Act for the 21st variable analog waves, for example on Century (known as RIDE-21). The US telephone lines, must be converted government responded to some of the before use by digital travel computers. ARC proposals in July 2003 with the For explanation of conversion see Bush Administration Rail Plan. This modem. sought federal/state rail partnerships to Anasazi Computerized hotel reservation develop passenger rail services. The system. plan supported proposals to divide the ANATO National Association of Travel railroad into three separate corporations and Tourist Agents in Colombia. See according to function. Amtrak is strongly www.alca-ftaa.oas.org against this. ANC Active noise control (systems). In mid-2004 Amtrak updated its 5 anchor Apparatus which attaches a year strategic plan for US railroads. water-borne vessel to the seabed, usu- This called for federal funding of capi- ally by its hooks. Classically of T shape tal projects of around $1.6bn annually and of heavy metal. Hence the term and continuance of the $570m annual ‘anchors away’, which is the layman’s support for operating purposes. In fur- misunderstanding of the term ‘anchors therance of the Bush proposals, Amtrak aweigh’, which means that a ship has has, together with the states involved taken the weight of the anchor, so that it evaluated the readiness for immediate no longer secures the ship. development of busy commuter rail anchorage port Means a port with no corridors; those meeting the study quay or berthing facilities for cruise criteria have been designated Tier I ships. But note particularly that the corridors. Amtrak’s ridership on key increasing size of cruise vessels means corridors grew from 17m in 1999 to that at some ports the large vessels can- 21m in 2004. not dock, but smaller ships may have a At the time of going to press, newspa- berth. See tender. per stories suggested that some services Andromeda Was the name of the UK would be reduced as a cost saving mea- AT&T ISTEL computer system for sure. However, Amtrak has assured cus- travel agents, combining a direct per- tomers that all trains will continue to manent connection from agency to AOA1 37

ISTEL’s central computer, Autobook, standard in its final part; language facil- the enhanced PC-based viewdata sys- ity is not inherent in defining the mean- tem and Mycrom Abacas back office ing of ‘animateur’. accounting and administration system. annexe Concerning a travel contract or ISTEL is now called AT&T Business booking conditions, a separate part, usu- (Travel Division). ally more detailed than the main anemometer An instrument which mea- clauses. In respect of accommodation, sures windspeed, various types of which extra rooms separate from the main part, are to be found at sea or in airports. often without many of the services pro- Anguilla Tourist Board See www. vided for guests in the main building. anguilla-vacation.com See also accommodation types. animals by air A special type of box, des- ANO Air Navigation Order. ignated in IATA regulations, must be ANSIX12 An EDI standard of the used when an animal is being carried by American National Standards Institute, air. One end of the box has to be virtu- used by the travel industry. ally open and covered with bars to Antarctic That part of the Southern enable the animal to breathe. There is a hemisphere around the South Pole; complicated formula for determining technically, that part south of the line of the size of box necessary. latitude 66° 33Ј S. For example, if it is a dog, the length Antarctic Traveller’s Code Ecotourism of the container required is calculated rules operated by cruise operators to the by adding together the length of the dog area with the aim of sustainable from nose to root of the tail, to the tourism, so that cruising does not affect height from the ground to elbow joint. the environment being visited. The container has to be twice as wide as Anti Trust Travel Agent Coalition US the width of the dog across the shoul- travel agents body mounting class action ders, and at least the height of the dog in a standing position. lawsuit against airlines opposing Special containers suitable for live- changes to zero commission. stock are available from British Airways Antigua and Barbuda Tourist Office See and other airlines. Largest normal size www.antigua-barbuda.com available is 36 ϫ 18 ϫ 26 inches. Travel antipodean day A day gained because clerks need to obtain special labels for the date goes backwards when crossing customers, clearly indicating that the the 180th parallel of longitude, travel- receptacle contains a live animal, its type ling in an easterly direction. See also and a sign showing the upright position. International Date Line. Because of anti-rabies rules and other ANTOR1 Association of National Tourist regulations, dogs and many other ani- Office Representatives in the UK. mals will not be allowed to enter Britain ANTOR in the UK has a membership of without undergoing a lengthy period of 85 countries. It was established in 1952 quarantine, unless they are certified as to represent the views of its members rabies free on a special type of animal and facilitate the development of travel passport. Clients should therefore be outbound from the UK. Objectives are to advised not to take their animals abroad coordinate and improve, through unless they are emigrating or intending mutual cooperation, the services that to leave the animal abroad. members offer to both the travel indus- animateur A leisure activities coordina- try and British public. ANTOR has two tor. The word is not used in the UK or, web sites: www.tourist-offices.org.uk generally, outside continental Europe. and www.antor.com The 2003 CEN/European Standard offi- ANTOR2 Assembly of National Tourist cial definition is: ‘A person responsible Office Representatives with similar for the planning and supervising of objectives in the USA. leisure and sports activity programmes ANVR Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging who encourages travellers to participate van Reisburo – the Dutch national and speaks the language understood by travel agency organization. See the majority of the travellers.’ The prob- www.touring.nl lem with this definition is that it sets a AOA1 Angle of attack (of an aircraft). 38 AOA2

AOA2 Aerodrome Owners’ Association Ap Approach (lighting at an aerodrome). is the British trade body of the smaller AP Via Atlantic and Pacific. See routing; airports. also American Plan. AOA3 Airport Operators Association is AP/DF Approach and direction-finding the trade association that represents the facility. interests of British airports and is the APALS Autonomous precision approach principal body with whom the UK gov- and landing system. ernment and regulatory authorities con- aparthotel In Europe, the term usually sult on airport matters. Membership means a hotel where all accommodation comprises 71 airports representing all of is self-catering apartments, with, at the the nation’s international hub and major minimum, a small kitchen area, toilet regional airports in addition to many and bath or shower and bedroom. This serving community, business and type of accommodation varies greatly in leisure aviation. See www.aoa.org.uk the hotel services provided and public AOC Air Operators’ Certificate from the rooms. In Europe, the terms apartment Civil Aviation Authority is required in hotel, apartment complex and residence the UK by any person or organization are similar establishments. Whereas in wishing to start an airline or air taxi ser- Europe an aparthotel may be very large, vice. The Flight Operations Inspectorate in America the term is usually used to investigates whether the applicant has describe a small hotel providing room or sufficient managerial and technical bed and breakfast only, which in Britain resources to carry out safe operations is a guest house or boarding house. In and, once an OAC is granted, continu- the USA, this type of accommodation, ously monitors the holder. particularly when it is meeting the AOCI The Airport Operators’ Council needs of commercial clients, is International based in the USA is an known as a hotel garni. The 2003 international trade body representing CEN/European Standard official defini- various governmental bodies responsi- tion misses a crucial point by not men- ble for airport operation. tioning self-catering or kitchen facilities AODB Airport and Obstacle Database, in the definition. created by IATA. apartment Self-catering accommodation AOG Aircraft on ground. providing sleeping and sitting facilities AONB Area of Outstanding Natural with a kitchenette in one large room is Beauty (in the UK). The Countryside usually known as a ‘studio apartment’, Commission, Countryside Council for to distinguish it from an apartment Wales and Department of the Environ- where the sleeping facilities are sepa- ment for Northern Ireland all have the rate. The 2003 CEN/European Standard right to declare such areas, which are on official definition of ‘apartment’ incor- a much smaller scale than national porates separation as part of the stan- parks. The 50 or so AONBs are con- dard. It then designates aparthotels, served and protected against most com- apartment hotels, apartment complexes mercial or private development. In and residences as establishments where Scotland, the equivalent designation is accommodation is provided in studios National Scenic Area. or apartments. AOPA Aircraft Owners and Pilots apartment complex See aparthotel. Association of the UK represents private apartment hotel See aparthotel. pilots and aircraft owners in Britain, APAVT The Portuguese Association of and has representatives on the interna- Travel Agents and Tourism. tional AOPA body, together with other APCO Association of Pleasure Craft national AOPAs. See www.aopa.co.uk Operators in the UK; founded in 1954, it AoReCa The International Union of is the trade association for operators of National Associations of Hotel, self-drive hire, passenger/restaurant and Restaurant and Cafe-Keepers is a group- hotel boats on Britain’s inland waterways. ing of various national and other trade See www.canals.com/orgs/apco.htm bodies in this field. APD Air Passenger Duty; a UK tax on AOTOS See Admiral of the Open Sea all air travellers flying from a British Award. airport. APT 39

APEX Advance Purchase Excursion agent is officially appointed, under the transport fare. terms of a specific written agreement, API1 Air position indicator (aviation term). major groupings such as IATA will not API2 Application Programming Interface; grant commission. Although an in- a file or group of computer files for accurate use of the word, it is common which a non-copyright interface is avail- in the UK to call appointments able, so that other software can interact ‘licences’. with it. This is particularly important in approval criteria for UK IATA agents See the travel industry so that APIs are Agency Programme Joint Council. available enabling reservation and other Approved Agent Official IATA definition data from GDSs to be used in travel is a Passenger Sales Agent whose name agents’ back office systems. is entered on the Agency List. The term APIS See Advance Passenger Information in general use in the travel industry System. applies to any travel agent approved by APJC See Agency Programme Joint a particular travel principal to sell that Council. principal’s services. APL A Programme Language, a computer Approved Location Official IATA defini- programming language designed for tion is the Head Office, Branch Office business planning. and Satellite Ticket Printer locations APLG Agency Programme Liaison appearing on the Agency List. Group. See Agency Programme Joint après ski Broadly, the leisure activities in Council. winter sports resorts. APMS Automated performance measur- APRO Airline Public Relations ing system (aviation term). Organisation is a British group of PR APN Advance Passenger Notice. managers of most airlines operating Apollo Originally was United Airlines’ inside and from the UK. See apro@ automated reservation and information onetel.net.uk system, operated by subsidiary, Covia, apron (or ramp) Hard surface area off the through which many US agents made airport runways, where aircraft are general industry and airline bookings; parked for loading, unloading, servicing now integrated with Galileo. The Apollo or any other handling. brand name is still used for Galileo, the APS1 Application Processing System of huge global CRS, in the USA, Mexico the US Airline Reporting Corporation and Japan. See Galileo. for accreditation. This now allows APP Approach control (aviation term). applications to be processed electroni- apparel Although the word means cloth- cally. See ARC1. ing in general English, in shipping, it APS2 Aircraft prepared for service (avia- applies to all of a vessel’s equipment, tion term). including such things as anchors and APSC1 Airline Passenger Service Commit- ropes. When chartering a ship, the ment, a May 2001 agreement drawn up wording is often extended to state by carriers, passengers’ representatives, ‘apparel, tackle and appurtenances’, European Civil Aviation Conference covering everything physical necessary (ECAC) and the European Commission, to enable the ship to function efficiently as a voluntary code that commits airlines and operate for the purpose for which it to provide a clearly defined minimum was chartered. standard of service and sales information application packages Computer pro- to air travellers. See Airline Passenger grammes tailored to handle the user’s Service Commitment in ‘denied board- particular requirement, for example, ing compensation’. preparation of an agent’s sales returns. APSC2 Atlantic Passenger Steamship (A general technical term.) Conference – a rate-making conference Application Processing System (of ARC) of shipping lines operating on the North See ARC1. Atlantic. Dissolved with the formation appointment The term means both the of the International Passenger Ship agreement entitling a travel agent to Association. represent a travel industry principal APT Advanced Passenger Train. The pro- and the process of approval. Unless an totype began trials in spring 1980, even- 40 APTG

tually coming into service several years Arab International hotel code for a twin- later and then being withdrawn because bedded room. Also name for an inhabi- of problems with the tilting mechanism. tant of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Other fast train services (see TGV and often generally applied to the inhabi- Bullet Train) operate on specially built tants of many Middle Eastern countries. tracks with only slight curves. British Arab Air Carriers Organization See Rail’s APT used ordinary rail track; www.aaco.org compensating against forces while trav- Arbiter Throughout the world, there are elling around a bend by tilting the train. airline/IATA agency programmes operat- The APT eventually went into regular ing under IATA resolutions 808 and 814, service on the London–Glasgow route in setting up organizations through which 1984 carrying 8000 passengers without disputes between agents and the air- mishap. On 12 December 1984, the APT lines/IATA may be settled. In the USA, broke the record from London to however, arguments between agents and Glasgow with a time of 3 h 52.75 min, the Airlines Reporting Corporation are including a 3 min signal wait, for the settled by a particular person, who 401 mile run, at an average speed of holds the appointment of Arbiter. over 103 mph. The APT was capable of arbitrary Alternative name for a propor- over 160 mph on specially prepared tional fare. See proportional fare. track. Further development work on the arbitration See ABTA Arbitration APT has ceased. Altogether BR is Scheme. believed to have invested £50 million ARC1 The Airlines Reporting Corporation on the APT project. Now, British Rail no became effective in the USA on 1 longer exists, having been split up into January 1985. Following the Airline 25 train-operating companies, Network Deregulation Act of 1978 and the Civil Rail and engineering companies etc. Aeronautic’s Board’s Competitive APTG Association of Professional Tourist Marketing Investigation, airlines lost Guides in the UK. See www.aptg.org.uk their anti-trust immunity. This meant APTIS ‘All Purpose Ticket Issue System’ that each individual airline now had to was the name of British Rail’s electronic set appointment standards, commission ticket issuing and accounting machine. levels and cover a huge variety of busi- The prototype was introduced to BR ness matters previously handled under stations in 1982 in the form of a unit the umbrella of their IATA membership. measuring 476 mm ϫ 182 mm. Now To achieve efficient handling of airline used by UK rail stations to sell tickets sales while avoiding anti-competitive for ATOC members (Association of Train activities, US domestic carriers formed Operating Companies). the ARC, while international carriers APU Auxiliary Power Unit; planes stand- formed the Passenger Network Services ing on the tarmac can become very Corporation, which became the parent uncomfortable for passengers for company of IATAN, the International lengthy periods without the engines Airlines Travel Agent Network. running, particularly in hot climates, An ARC-approved agency is open because there is insufficient power to and accessible to the general public for operate the air conditioning. the retail sale of air transportation. aquapark Leisure facility strongly ori- Agents must employ at least one ented towards water sports. Certified ARC Specialist (CAS). A man- aquaplaning Phenomenon where the agement ‘qualifier’ may be a person who tyres of a vehicle suffer from lack of the ARC feel is qualified to open an adhesion to the surface in wet condi- agency because of past relevant experi- tions, making it difficult to steer or ence. New agents have, since July 1999, brake. Particularly dangerous for aircraft been required to have a ticketing spe- attempting to land in tropical rain- cialist who has become a CAS via a storms. written examination, designed to vali- AQZ Area mean sea level barometric date the ticketing qualifier’s knowledge pressure zone. of the Industry Agents Handbook. ARA Agent Reporting Agreement (of the Agents exert their influence via an ARC ARC). Advisory Council. The system retained ARC2 41

some aspects of the Air Traffic McDonnell Douglas, now part of Boeing Conference travel agency programme, and Charles Schwab. Alternatively, such as a central administrative system, arrangements could be made with an accreditation, bonding, maintaining uni- ARC-accredited agency to use their form standards for agents and the Area authorization; the CTD undertakes all Settlement Plan by which agents pay for the travel services, using the ARC ticket issues. Initially the ARC did not agency number. This is known as ‘Rent allow travel agents to use standard a plate’, referring to the plates that used ticket stock in unattended ticketing to be used in air ticket validation machines. Under the ARC rules, agents imprinters. In January 1999, following a have the ability to operate in a dual successful Beta test, the ARC offered capacity, both under an ARC appoint- CTDs the opportunity to be authorized ment and outside this system on an in their own right under a Corporate individual basis with air carriers. The Travel Department Reporting Agreement ARC has coined a new term for those (CTDRA). There are around 50 accred- accredited by them, namely Industry ited CTDs. They are required to post Agents. financial performance bonds of between The ARC enables agents to vary US$50,000 and US$100,000. The appli- remittance dates with individual air- cation fee is from US$850 to US$1000 lines, which may help them keep money plus an extra US$150 per authorized in their accounts for a longer period of location and US$625 for each Satellite time than the normal 7-day cycle. It is to Ticket Printer. As with travel agencies, it be noted that the normal payment cycle is a requirement that a member of staff in the UK is calendar monthly on the be a Certified ARC Specialist (CAS). 17th of the month following ticket All ARC appointees, whether issuance. In the USA, to prevent mas- Industry Agents or CTDs have to follow sive withdrawal errors, agents nominate strict security provisions concerning a ‘maximum authorized amount’ that ARC Traffic Documents, for which the the ARC may withdraw from their appointee is absolutely liable. Those account. By mid 2000, ARC had who undertake security arrangements switched from manual reporting to an even more stringent than those required, electronic automatic reporting system, may obtain relief from liability for their Interactive Agent Reporting (IAR). ARC documents. In conclusion, it is Under this system a TAAD is a Travel stressed that US agents are not required Agent Automated Deduction, the equiv- to be appointed through ARC. They can alent of an ADM (Agency Debit Memo) sell airline tickets, earn commission or in the UK. Often, US travel agents obtain reduced-rate tickets dealing charge for their services in providing directly with individual airlines. It is, low commission or nett price air tickets. however, convenient to become auto- When passengers pay for their tickets matically appointed by over 100 airlines inclusive of the agent’s fee in a single automatically, using standard ticket credit card transaction, the agent can stock of the ARC ASP (Area Settlement submit a Travel Agency Service Fee Plan). Sales and reporting for these Document (TAF) under ARC’s Area airlines and Amtrak is much simpler Settlement Plan. At the end of 2001, an than dealing with each airline. For ESAC authorization code was intro- full information about ARC see duced, assigned by a carrier through a www.arccorp.com also see host CRS when a void, refund or exchange agency, Restricted Access Location, request is made on an electronic ticket. TravelSellers.com number and TSI. Passenger name transmittal files have ARC2 Automated Revenue Collection enabled agents to send details to a back- system was used by the Owners Abroad office file. group. It was a UK travel agency direct Until recently, corporate travel banking debit system whereby the departments (CTDs) in the USA could agent’s bank account was automatically only get ARC accreditation in two ways. debited, weekly, for the value of transac- They could operate as an agency open to tions with that operator due for pay- the public, a route that was followed by ment. Although the brand name is part 42 ARC3

of the First Choice UK tour operator replaced with the PAL section of BA group, there is now generic usage of the LINK, which itself became obsolete in ARC acronym. 2001. ARC3 Amtrak Reform Council. See Arctic That part of the northern hemi- Amtrak. sphere around the North Pole; techni- ARC Advisory Council See ARC1. cally, that part north of the line of ARC number The eight-digit code allo- latitude 66° 33Ј N. cated to ARC-appointed travel agents, ARDA American Resort Development the equivalent of IATA numbers in the Association. See www.arda.org rest of the world. Continental Airlines Area See the three geographical areas and Northwest Airlines require US delineated as IATA Traffic Conference domestic air booking locations that are Areas, listed under the headings TC-1, not ARC accredited, but using a GDS, TC-2 and TC-3. to obtain an RSP (Reservation Service Area Bank Settlement Plan See BSP. Provider) number from ARC. This Area of Bank Settlement Plan A country applies to all non-ARC users of a GDS or group of countries in which a BSP outside contractors and corporate operates. customers. In lieu of an RSP number, Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty See non-accredited international booking AONB. locations located outside the USA, Area Settlement Plan See ASP. Puerto Rico and USA Virgin Islands Argentina National Travel Agency must obtain a TIDS (Travel Industry Organization See AAAVT. Designator Service) number from Argentina Secretaria de Turismo See IATA. Applications via www. www.turismo.gov.ar arccorp.com/aguaform.htm (US$225 ARIES Was Agents Reservations and for 3 years) or www.iata.org/tids Information and Enquiries System, the (US$55). acronym for Global’s private Viewdata architectural bias (of CRS) Refers to the system in the UK. way airlines’ computer reservation ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. (also systems used to be designed so that the known as ADNS) is a non-profit making parent airlines’ flights were given pre- cedence. Bias was prohibited in the computer communications network USA, prior to deregulation. It is still pre- owned by American air carriers, which vented by the EC Neutral CRS Rules also offers facilities like other travel ser- (Appendix III). These are under review vice providers such as hotels and car and likely to change within the currency rental companies. of this dictionary. Arizona Office of Tourism See www. architecture Term used to describe the arizonaguide.com design of a computer system which ARMTA Association of Regional Mul- often limits software programs that can tiple Travel Agents in the UK. be implemented on the equipment. ARP Agents Reporting Plan (of IATA air archived files In general applies to files ticket sales) in the USA. 1 in a travel agency which are no longer ARR Arrival (aviation term). current, the customers having travelled ARR2 Average room rate. and the accounting concluded. The term arrival tax Payment required from trav- is also applied to computerized informa- ellers at their destination. Usually, but tion stored on a disk or tape separate not always, applied by a few countries from the computer system, so that it to international arrivals. may be accessed if specifically loaded. arrival time The 2003 CEN/European ARCHY Accounts and Reservations Standard official definition is ‘Time Computer Holiday System; was the when the contracted service of transport acronym for British Airways Tours ends.’ Thus, the words have been given Division private Viewdata system, pro- contractual significance which may viding full interactive communication become important if this standard ever with UK travel agents, enabling them to has the force of law. Most travellers, for make bookings direct from their office example, regard the landing time of an terminals. Now obsolete, having been aircraft as their arrival time; it may well ASC1 43

be up to an hour later that they finally ARTS Automatic Radar Terminal System pick up their luggage, thus concluding enabling air traffic controllers to monitor their contract. and organize aircraft under their control. ARS Automatic route setting. See Train Aruba Tourism Authority See Describer. www.aruba.com ARSR Air route surveillance radar. AS/PAC Asia Pacific, an IATA region. ARTA Association of Retail Travel ASA An Air Service Agreement is an Agents, a trade association of US travel agreement between two or more states, agents. See www.artaonline.com regulating the air services between ARTAC Alliance of Retail Travel Agency them. The Bermuda Agreement was Consortia but legally registered as made in 1946, relating to air services Alliance Travel Ltd. Operates under the between Britain and the USA. This brand name ‘Worldchoice’. In 2001, bilateral agreement was subsequently officially changed name to Worldchoice. renegotiated in 1977. The original has Grouping of most of the local and been used as a model for many other regional UK travel agents cooperative similar bilateral air agreements, hence associations, including Active, Consort, the term ‘Bermuda type agreement’ has Diamond, E.F.T.A., F.O.S.T.A., Gwynedd, become generic. L.T.A.C., Sun Island, Sun West, Sussex The most important clause in this and Unity. Alliance negotiates override type of agreement states that there shall commissions and other deals for mem- be a fair and equal opportunity for the bers. It is as large as UK multiple travel carriers of the two nations to operate on retailers, creating sufficient national any route included in the agreement. cooperative marketing effort to match Most international air operations are their buying power. In the 1990s, the controlled by bilateral Air Services Agreements made between the govern- Carlton group was owner of the ments concerned. Sometimes traffic AT Mays UK travel agency chain; rights are restricted. Thus, an airline fly- the Worldchoice brand name was ing from A to B to C and to D, may have acquired in return for a marketing deal no traffic rights to carry passengers only with ARTAC, giving the consortium travelling between B and C, but permis- combined with the chain even bigger sion to pick up or set down passengers buying power. When Thomas Cook travelling between these and the other acquired the Carlton agencies, arrange- points. ments were made so that Worldchoice A multilateral ASA is one between was aligned with Thomas Cook in three or more countries. When the gov- general and its holiday brand, JMC. ernments concerned have signed agree- See www.worldchoice.co.uk, ACAS, ments, they do not specify fares. These travel agency consortia in the UK and are left to the airlines to decide, subject consortium. to the ratification of governments. See Articles of Association A lengthy docu- also Bermuda, Traffic Rights, Freedoms ment detailing the activities a British of the Air, Five Freedoms of the Air and limited company may undertake and Chicago Convention. the rules by which that company is ASATA Association of Southern African governed. In the USA the term Articles Travel Agents. See www.asata.co.za of Incorporation is used. ASAV Asociación Salvadorena de artificial beach A beach that has been Agencias de Viajes. man-made, usually by the transport ASB Air service bulletin. of sand and shingle from another ASC1 Airport Service Charge. Charge on place. all passengers leaving on an interna- ARTIST Agenda for Research on Tourism tional journey from an airport under the by Integration of Statistics/Strategies for control of certain authorities, covering Transport. A project funded by the airport handling charges and air traffic European Commission under the control fees. In some cases this charge Transport RTD Programme of the 4th can only be paid within the country Research and Development Framework concerned; in Europe it is now nor- Programme. mally included in the total charge for 44 ASC2

the ticket, but shown in a separate box. ASM1 Available seat miles. An air term In 1999, in Europe, airlines began to arrived at by multiplying passenger separate these charges from fares, capacity (number of seats) by route dis- denoting them in a tax box on air tick- tances in miles. ets. The effect of this was to deny ASM2 Ad hoc schedules message from agents commission on a significant part IATA providing details of an air sched- of the ticket value. Court cases against ule change. airlines in Germany and Britain in ASMGCS Advanced surface movement 1999/2000 found in favour of agents, guidance and control system (aviation forcing commission payments on pas- term). senger service charges. Now that most ASO Agency Services Office (of IATA). airline commissions have ceased, the Asociacao Brasileira de Agencias de decision is merely history. See APD and Viagens See www.abav.com.br departure tax. ASOR Used to be the ‘Agreement on the ASC2 Airport Services Committee of international carriage of passengers by IATA. See IATA. road by means of occasional bus and ASC3 Association of Snowsport Coun- coach services’; replaced from 1 January tries. This organization was formed 2003 by the Interbus Agreement on the in 1999 by the tourist boards of nine international occasional carriage of pas- leading winter sports countries, sengers by coach and bus. See www. Andorra, Austria, Canada, France, europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/ Norway, Slovenia, Sweden and 124264.htm Switzerland and USA. See www. ASP Area Settlement Plan, the generic snowsportscountries.com term for schemes which enable travel ASC4 Aviation Security Charge; ASCs agents to use standard air ticket stock were introduced in the light of the and make one payment for each US airline terrorist attacks on accounting period, rather than dealing 11 September 2001, to cover the extra with a multiplicity of airlines. For a typ- costs of air travel security and insur- ical example see BSP. ance. ASPA Association of South Pacific ASCII American Standard Code of Airlines. Information Interchange. One of the ASR1 Airport surveillance radar. main computer standards defining every ASR2 Agent’s Sales Return, which is a character or figure in an 8-bit digital listing of all the tickets sold in a particu- coding system. lar period. Sales returns must be fur- ASDA Acceleration stop distance avail- nished to a travel industry principal by able (aviation term). an agent by a date specified in the ASDE Airport Surface Detection Equip- agency agreement, together with a remit- ment. See AMASS. tance for the value of the tickets less ASEAN Association of South East Asian agency commission. Nations. ASRP Aviation Safety Reporting ASFA Association of Special Fare Programme (aviation term). Agents. A grouping of international air ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System travel consolidators. (aviation term). ASG Air Safety Group. assistance during travel The 2003 ASI1 Air speed indicator (aviation term). CEN/European Standard official defini- ASI2 American Sightseeing International, tion is ‘information and support for an international trade body for local travellers during the contracted tour operators. portions of their travel, including a 24 ASIA Airlines Staff International Asso- h/365 day contact number’. It is sug- ciation based at Geneva Airport, gested that this is an example of the Switzerland. danger of making a group of words ASK Available seat kilometres. An air with an obvious meaning into a defini- term arrived at by multiplying passenger tion. It is, for example, self-evident that capacity (number of seats) by route travellers getting information from a distances in kilometres. See also RPK. tourist information centre after a flight ASTA Tour Operator Program 45

but before continuing their journey Association of Group Travel Executives onwards by public or private transport, See AGTE. are being assisted during travel. Association of Independent Tour Associated British Ports (ABP) See Operators See AITO. www.abports.co.uk Association of Leading Visitor Attractions Associated Travel Network See ATN 2. See ALVA and www.alva.org.uk Association for Conferences and Events Association of National Tourist Office See ACE. Representatives See ANTOR. Association Mondiale pour la Formation Association of Pleasure Craft Operators Hoteliere et Touristique See AMFORHT See APCO. also www.amforht.org Association of Professional Tourist Guides Association of African Airlines (AAFRA) (APTG) See www.aptg.org.uk See www.yohannes.com/Africa/ Association of Retail Travel Agents See AFRAA.htm ARTA. Association of American Railroads See Association of Snowsport Countries See www.aar.org ASC3. Association of ATOL Companies in the UK Association of Southern African Travel formerly the Association of Airline Agents See www.asata.co.za Consolidators. See www.aac-uk.org Association of Teachers and Trainers in Association of Bonded Travel Organisers Tourism See ATTT. Trust See ABTOT; www.abtot.com Association of Train Operating Companies Association of British Professional See ATOC. Conference Organizers (ABPCO) See Association of Travel Marketing www.abpco.org Executives See www.atme.org Association of British Tour Operators to Association of Travel Trades Clubs See France See ABTOF. See www. ATTC1. holidayfrance.org.uk Association of Women Travel Executives Association of British Travel Agents See A UK organization, affiliated to the ABTA. Women’s Travel Club of Great Britain. Association of British Travel Agents AWTE London organizes a mixture of Certificate See ABTAC. educational and social events for its Association of British Travel Agents Tour members, including seminars, workshops, Operators Certificate See ABTOC. evening meetings and monthly lunch Association of Business Travellers (in the meetings. See www.awte-london.co.uk USA) See www.abt-travel.com also see IFWTO – www.ifwto.org Association of Canadian Travel Agents ASTA Tour Operator Program Whereas (ACTA1) See www.acta.net ABTA rules including consumer protec- Association of Car Rental Information tion are mandatory on all members, System Standards See ACRISS. ASTA’s TOP is voluntary. ASTA’s tour Association of Collegiate Conference and operating members are encouraged to Events Directors-International (in the highlight their reliability and financial USA) See www.acced-i.org stability through adherence to standards Association of Cyprus Travel Agents set by ASTA and participation in a con- (ACTA3) See www.pio.gov.cy sumer protection plan. A TOP program Association of Destination Management member must be an Active or Allied Executives (in the USA) – Qualification is member of ASTA and have been in the DMCP (Destination Management Certified business of operating tours for at least Professional). See www.adme.org the previous 3 years. US$1 million Association of European Airlines (AEA) Errors and Omissions insurance must be See www.aea.be effected naming travel agents as addi- Association of European Community tional insured parties. Travel agent Travel Agents and Tour Operators See bookings must be accepted and commis- ECTAA. sion paid; TOP participating operators Association of Exhibition Organizers must ensure their promotional material (AEO) See www.aeo.org does not disparage agents. Operators Association of Flight Attendants (AFA) agree to comply with applicable federal See www.afanet.org and state travel regulations. They must 46 ASTA1

respond to Better Business Bureau and agency owners, but full-time employees other consumer protection agency com- of a retail travel agency either: (i) plaints within 30 days and cooperate accredited by ARC; or (ii) accredited by with ASTA’s consumer affairs depart- ARP; or (iii) endorsed by IATAN; or (iv) ment in resolving complaints. be an active member of the NTA. Allied Compliance with the ASTA Code of members are engaged in providing prod- Ethics and ASTA’s environmental code ucts, services or information, sold or is sought. used by agencies. Travel School mem- Under TOP, operators must partici- bers educate and train individuals for a pate in one of the following consumer career in the travel industry. Associate protection plans: USTOA US$1 million members are individuals employed by bond; NTA US$250,000 bond; National any organization in the previous cate- City Bank Travel Funds Protection Plan gories. Associate independent members (TFPP) or Federal Maritime Commission are independent outside sales represen- (FMC) financial indemnification. For tatives for one or more active member details of these see entries under their firms. There are also Senior members respective headings. For details of oper- who have retired and Honorary members. ation of an escrow account and of the Apart from the above, ASTA has TFPP see escrow account. For more requirements for membership concern- details concerning bonding, see ATOL, ing finance, turnover and obedience to a ABTA, ASTA, ATRF, BCC, BRF, FMC, code of ethics. For full information NTA1, TOP3, TPA (obsolete), USTOA about ASTA and its activities see and the Internet sites associated with www.astanet.com; see also ASTA Tour those entries. Operator Program and Bond. ASTA1 Airport surface traffic automation. ASTAPAC ASTA’s Political Action ASTA2 The American Society of Travel Committee. Agents is a US trade organization with astern Shipping term for travelling back- its headquarters in New York, founded wards. Also applied generally to the rear in 1931. It represents travel agents and part of the vessel as distinct from for- other travel industry businesses ward pronounced ‘forrard’. throughout the world. With more than ASTOR Airborne stand-off radar. 26,000 members it is the largest organi- ASTRA Advanced System Training zation of its kind. NACTA is a wholly Aircraft made their first flights in 1986. owned subsidiary (see NACTA). Classes Hawk training jet planes have been fit- of membership are Active, International, ted with computers enabling them to Individual, Allied, Travel School, Asso- simulate the flying characteristics of any ciate, Associate Independent, Senior aircraft for which software has been and Honorary. developed. Active members must be located in ASVA Association of Scottish Visitors the USA, Puerto Rico, the US Virgin Attractions.See www.asva.co.uk Islands, Guam, Northern Mariana or AT Via Atlantic. See routing. American Samoa. They must operate ATA 1 Africa Travel Association. See with the intention of making a profit www.africa-ata.org from the travel agency business and ATA 2 The Air Transport Association of conduct the majority of their business in America is the United States’ scheduled an agency/principal relationship with airlines trade body, originally formed in suppliers. They must not be owned or 1936. For more information see controlled by a major supplier. They www.air-transport.org must also be accredited by the ARC, or ATA 3 The Czech Association of Travel ARP, or endorsed by IATAN or hold Agents. Errors and Omissions insurance of at ATAAB See Amadeus Travel Agency least US$1 million. Advisory Board. International members must be IATA ATAB Air Travel Advisory Bureau in the appointees not located in the USA and UK. See www.atab.co.uk be operated with the intention of mak- ATAC The Air Transport Association of ing a profit from the travel agency busi- Canada is that country’s airlines trade ness. Individual members must not be body. See www.atac.com Athens Convention 47

ATACF Airline Tariff Automated Typical early introduction was in the Collection Facility. See Genesis. USA, where a US$15 million invest- ATAG Air Transport Action Group, a UK ment by CSX Transportation in the lobbying organization. See early 1990s resulted in centralization www.atag.org of 33 dispatch (control) centres for- ATAS Advanced training avionics suite merly located all over America. When system (aviation term). express rail services between Kuala ATB and ATB2 An automated ticket and Lumpur and its airport were intro- boarding pass. Boarding information, duced in 2002, the 160 km per h trains seat assignment and baggage data, until used the Siemens Swiss ZSL90 system the 1980s, were entered on a boarding used by several Swiss narrow-gauge pass as passengers checked in at the air- railways introduced in 1996; however, port. IATA resolution 722c and recom- this system is not suitable for complex mended practice 1722c now govern the networks. ATC’s success has resulted specification and use of a combined in driverless trains (see driverless computer produced ticket and boarding trains). pass. Automated tickets and boarding In the UK, an important aspect of passes are produced in multi-coupon ATC is now called ATP (automatic train form by specialized air ticket printers, protection). This is the system that the which became the norm in large UK UK government has targeted to be fitted travel agencies by the mid-1990s, as on all British trains by 2008; mean- multi-layered carbon copy tickets were while, a less sophisticated system, phased out. However, these continue to TPWS is being installed (see TPWS). be used by many medium- and small- ATP is much more than ensuring that sized travel agencies. ATB2 tickets train drivers obey signal instructions. incorporate a magnetic strip enabling Transmitting information to a computer coupons to be passed through electronic control unit on board a train enables readers, facilitating speedy check-in heavier traffic to be carried on a line, procedures. with shorter distances between trains. IATA set a deadline of 1 April 1996, (Technically this is ‘running with mini- by which time all airlines must issue mum headways’.) See also AGT. ATB2s instead of other types of ticket. ATC Tour Order Was the standard form At the time of writing, 11 years later, the covering the sale of advertised air tours changeover is still not complete. that had been authorised by the Air However, IATA has now set an end 2007 Traffic Conference in the USA. deadline for all paper tickets to finish. ATCC Air Traffic Control Centre. Whereas the original ATB was of one ATCO The Association of Transport Co- type, there is an Off Premises ordinating Officers in the UK. Automated Ticket/Boarding Pass ATD Actual time of departure. (OPATB2) for agency use. See also auto- ATE 1 Automatic testing equipment (avia- mated ticket, bar code, bull’s-eye, com- tion term). puter airline ticket, e-ticketing, OCR, ATE 2 Australian Tourism Exchange. The OPTAT, OPATB2, TAT, teletype airline annual Australian Tourist Commission ticket and ticket (main entry). trade fair. ATC 1 Additional technical conditions ATF Aviation Trust Fund, raised from US (aviation term). Federal taxes on air transport. ATC 2 Air Traffic Conference (USA). ATHE Association for Tourism Higher ATC 3 Air Traffic Control. See also FIRs Education in the UK, renamed from the and MLS. National Liaison Group in November ATC 4 Air Travel Card. See UATP. 2000. Also see LTSN and ATTT. ATC 5 Australian Tourist Commission. Athens Convention International agree- See www.atc.net.au ment which limits liability of shipping ATC 6 Automatic Train Control. Com- companies in respect of loss or damage bined signalling and automatic control to luggage and injury or death of passen- systems which automatically stop a gers when travelling on international train, if the driver fails to obey signals services by sea. Originally adopted in requiring a train to slow down or stop. 1974, the Convention harmonized the 48 ATIDS

two earlier Brussels Conventions of damage to baggage, liability is limited to 1961 and 1967. There have been two 2250 SDR (US$2925) per passenger. For major revisions, the 1990 and 2002 vehicles, including associated baggage, Protocols. The carrier is made liable for the liability limit is 12,700 SDR (about damage suffered as a result of the death US$16,250). or personal injury of a passenger and the This entry is only a summary of the loss of or damage to luggage, if the inci- ‘Athens Convention relating to the dent which caused the damage was due Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage to the fault or neglect of the carrier, its by Sea, 2002’. Readers using this in- servants or agents. formation should check that the new Usually, in agreements of this nature, liability limits have been activated. fault or neglect of the carrier, servants or ATIDS Airport surface identification agents is presumed always, unless the system. contrary can be specifically proved by ATII Association of Travel Insurance the carrier, where a loss of or damage to Intermediaries in the UK. cabin baggage arises from shipwreck, ATIPAC Air Travel Insolvency Protection collision, stranding, explosion, fire or Advisory Committee which replaced the defect of the ship. In respect of loss of or UK CAA’s Air Travel Trust Committee damage to other luggage, the fault or with the new group. See ATOL and ATT. neglect is presumed irrespective of the ATIS1 Automatic terminal information nature of the incident. service (or system). Cabin luggage is defined as not only ATIS2 The European EDI standard for the articles actually in a passenger’s cabin, tourism industry. See Electronic Data but also those in his or her possession, Interchange. custody or control. Cabin luggage ATITA The Air Transport Industry includes possessions in or on a Training Association is a voluntary body vehicle. which advises air companies and air- In the case of damage to luggage ports, undertaking some aspects of the which is not apparent at the time of former role of the ATTITB. delivery, or when a loss is involved, a ATK Available tonne kilometres. An air claim in writing must be submitted cargo term arrived at by multiplying within 15 days. Other occurrences cargo capacity by the distance involved. should have been reported by the cus- See also RTK. tomer at the time. ATL 1 Air Transport Licence. Required by The maximum liability limits of car- British registered aircraft before they riers were originally set in terms of gold can operate scheduled services. Under francs. These have now been replaced section 22 of the Civil Aviation Act by Special Drawing Rights (SDR); see 1971, authority can be granted for the entry under this heading for an explana- operation of seven classes of flights. 1: tion of SDR. The 2002 Protocol substan- scheduled services; 2: carriage of charter tially raised liability limits. In the case categories other than ITCs and sole-use; of death or personal injury to a passen- 3: ITCs; 4: carriage, on the same aircraft, ger, liability is limited to 250,000 SDR of ITCs and other categories other than (about US$325,000). However, there is sole-use; 5: substitute charter flights, no liability if the carrier can prove the apart from exempted operation for other cause resulted from an act of war, an airlines using UK registered aircraft; 6: unforseeable circumstance outside of charter flights for the carriage of cargo the carrier’s control etc. When losses for and attendants; 7: sole-use charter which a carrier is liable exceed the flights apart from exempted operations. limit, then negligence on the part of the Usually, this is for sole-use flights to and carrier may raise the limit to 400,000 from London Heathrow or traffic to and SDR (US$524,000). However, states may from oil rigs. (ITC means Inclusive Tour opt out of these limits and set lower Charter.) ones, a matter outside the scope of this The full specifications for each of the dictionary. But, they may not opt for dif- seven classes of licence are published in ferent levels in respect of damage to the CAA Official Record, Series 1. ATLs baggage or vehicles. For loss of or are not required for ambulance, test or ATOC1 49

training flights or official government ATN 1 Aeronautical Telecommunication charters. Network. ATL 2 Arranged total loss (aviation and ATN 2 (Obsolete) Associated Travel maritime insurance term). Network in the UK. ATN originated in Atlantic Exellence Alliance Obsolete the USA in the 1980s as a grouping of airline alliance. Originally formed in travel agents which recruited interna- June 1996, bringing together Austrian tional associates. When the ATN consor- Airlines, Delta, Sabena and Swissair tium in the USA was bought in 1989 by and ended in October 1999, although the United States Travel Service (USTS), the code-sharing arrangements contin- the name disappeared in America and ued until August 2000. See airline the British ATN was established as a alliances. separate grouping. By April 1991 there Atlantis Name of TAP Air Portugal in- were 13 members with an annual sales flight magazine. turnover of around £150 million, with atlas A book of maps. The Mercator Atlas 32 business travel locations and around of Europe is believed by Dr Peter Barber, 120 ordinary agency sites between them. Deputy Map Librarian of the British The largest companies involved were Library, to be the first to have been Woodcock Travel, based in Sheffield, described as an atlas, so-named after the Sibbald Travel in Scotland and John Titan forced by Zeus to support the sky Hilary Travel in East Anglia. Woodcock on his shoulders. It was assembled by Travel failed in the 1990s, while the Gerard Mercator, the Flemish geogra- other two companies were taken over. pher, for his patron, Werner von ATO Automatic train operation. See AGT. Gymnich, who made a tour of Europe in ATOA Was the Air Transport Operators 1570 with the son of William V, the Association which merged into the Duke of Cleves. The Crown Prince of GAMTA; this, together with the BAUA Cleves was the cousin of Anne of Cleves. formed the BBGA – British Business This famous atlas includes the only copy and General Aviation Association. See of Mercator’s wall map of 1554 and one www.bbga.aero of only four existing copies of his wall ATOC1 Association of Train Operating map of the British Isles of 1564. It was Companies in the UK. During the 1990s Mercator’s projection that has enabled British Rail was privatized and split up navigators to plot a course on maps in into 25 operating companies, Railtrack straight lines. See map projection. to manage the rail network and other Although the Mercator Atlas was companies. ATOC functions as a trade probably the first to be called as such, in body for the operating companies but the same year, 1570, Abraham Ortelius also has commercial and some statutory published his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum responsibilities. It appoints travel agents in Antwerp, an atlas in all but name. to sell UK rail travel, requiring that at Ortelius knew Mercator – there is evi- least two members become rail experts, dence that they had met many years passing their ‘Quality of Service’ valida- before at the Frankfurt Book Fair. tion. Bonds are also required of them. Atlas Name of Air France in-flight maga- There are currently 1200 rail-appointed zine. agents in the UK. Agency commision ATLB Air Transport Licensing Board was cut from 9% to 7% in 2003. (obsolete). The principle has been established ATM 1 Air Traffic Management. concerning IATA appointments in the ATM 2 Available ton miles – a US term UK and ARC and IATAN in the USA that indicating air cargo capacity, arrived at these are not dependent on the turnover by multiplying the cargo capacity by the that will be produced. However, ATOC distance involved. More usual in Europe expect applicants to provide a marketing is Available Tonne Kilometres. plan showing that they will produce ATMA Asia Travel Marketing Asso- new rail business. Agents must effect ciation. See www.asiatravel.org reservations and undertake ticketing ATME Association of Travel Marketing through one of two computer systems. Executives in the USA. See Both provide a fully integrated informa- www.atme.org tion, reservation, ticketing and account- 50 ATOC2

ing system. Elgar, which is also the present. It has been pointed out that in Eurostar system, is the alternative for 1996 there were 22.2m VFR (Visiting agents with Galileo or Sabre GDS, ticket- Friends and Relatives) and holiday trav- ing being through an ATB type printer. ellers, 96% of whom were covered by AJENTS connects to ATOC’s Rail the ATOL rules. By 2003, numbers had Journey Information System via the risen to 39.7m but only 69% were ATOL Internet and prints credit card sized tick- protected. It is hoped to have new regu- ets through a dot matrix printer. See lations in place by 2006. Following www.rail.co.uk/atoc/public/index.htm extensive consultation, amended legisla- for comprehensive index of the exten- tion was being considered by the UK sive ATOC site; www.nationalrail.co.uk Parliament at the time of going to press. for a comprehensive guide to all UK All tour operators selling flights and national rail services; trains (this main air holidays must hold a licence from entry details many further references); the CAA. Before it gets a licence each also rail fares in the UK; rail reserva- operator is examined to ensure it is tions in the UK and rail season tickets in properly managed and financially the UK. sound, and it must lodge a bond, which ATOC2 The Association of Timeshare is a financial guarantee provided by a Owners Committees. See timeshare. bank or insurance company. If it fails, ATOL Air Travel Organizer’s Licence in the CAA then uses the money to pay for the UK, granted by the CAA (Civil people abroad to continue their holidays Aviation Authority). It gives comprehen- and to travel home as planned, and to sive protection from losing money or make refunds to those who have paid being stranded abroad to people in the but not travelled. If the bond is not UK who buy air holidays and flights enough, any shortfall is met by the Air from tour operators, consolidators and Travel Trust Fund, which is managed by travel agents. It is by far the largest the CAA and backs up the individual travel protection scheme in the UK, and bonds. the only one for flights and air holidays Over the past 17 years, ATOL has sold by tour operators. From 8 October managed over 300 tour operator failures, 2003, a loophole in the regulations was rescuing almost 190,000 people from closed, so that firms selling package hol- being stranded and giving refunds to idays on the basis of split contracts were more than a million others at a total cost unable to do so without holding ATOLs. of £160 million. In the year to March ‘Split contract’ sales are arrangements 2003, 3,900 people were rescued or under which a holiday company sells a refunded, at a cost of £1.3 million. flight (which may be ATOL protected) There is no equivalent scheme cover- and accommodation, or other travel ing sales made directly by airlines. Most products such as car hire, under sepa- passengers carried on charter airlines rate contracts which may be protected buy their tickets through tour operators by other means, or even not all. This and are protected by ATOL. Passengers sometimes caused financial loss if, for carried on scheduled airlines are not example, the provider of the flight failed protected by ATOL unless they buy the and the customer then either could not seat, perhaps as part of a package, from find a replacement flight, or had to pay a an ATOL holder. higher price to secure a flight that The ATOL regulations were intro- enabled them to use the accommoda- duced in the UK in 1972. Number of tion. In March 2004 the CAA made revo- licensees rose in 1992 to 603, following lutionary proposals recommending that the introduction of the EC inspired the scope of ATOLs be widened to Package Holiday legislation; there are include all UK-originating scheduled currently 1862 holders. It is required by flights booked direct and paid for in UK law that all promoters of group advance of departure. The proposals arrangements by air operating in and would probably mean a contribution by from Britain obtain such a licence from each traveller to a protection fund; tour the CAA, satisfying them as to their operators might opt for similar pay- financial stability and providing a bond. ments instead of being bonded as at Other types of ATOL are for travel ATOL 51

agents and air travel consolidators. require a licence. The CAA has devel- Licence numbers must be quoted in all oped a new streamlined processes for literature and advertisements. firms selling fewer than 500 seats each It has already been pointed out that year. ATOLs can now be issued to small licensees must offer a bond, guarantee- firms on the basis of protection offered ing payment of the sum required in the by third parties. Guidance about this is event of their failure; this bond is exe- available on the ATOL web site cuted in favour of the Air Travel Trust www.atol.org.uk or by telephoning Fund, which authorizes the CAA to 020 7453 6361. administer use of the bond if necessary. A travel organizer, which acts only as In 2000, the CAA replaced its Air Travel an agent of an airline or other licensed Trust Committee with a new group, travel organizer in making available the Air Travel Insolvency Protection accommodation to a passenger on an Advisory Committee (ATIPAC). How- aircraft, does not itself need an ATOL. ever, the Air Travel Trust Fund (ATTF) But a travel organizer which acts as a continues. Originally created following principal in making available accommo- the Clarksons Group collapse in the dation, for example, chartering the 1970s as the Air Travel Reserve Fund, it whole or part of an aircraft and selling was established by a levy on holiday- the seats to passengers, does need a makers. The aim was to provide a per- licence. manent second line of defence, should Whether a travel organizer acts as a an ATOL holder’s bond be insufficient principal or agent depends on the con- to cover repayments. Then in the early tractual relationship between the pas- 1990s, following the collapse of the senger, the airline and the travel International Leisure Group, a payout of organizer. If the travel organizer buys £10 million necessitated borrowing accommodation from an airline or from money; currently (31 March 2004) the another licensed travel organizer and ATTF is £9.7 million in deficit, guaran- makes it available for example by re- teed by the UK government up to £21 selling it to a passenger, then a licence is million. needed. If, on the other hand, tickets for Originally, licence numbers were fol- scheduled air services are sold on a lowed by a letter indicating the type of commission basis as agent for an airline activity for which a licence had been or another licensed travel organizer, a granted. Now, however, licences autho- licence is not normally required by an rize the holder to engage in all licens- IATA-appointed ticket stock-holding able activities for group air travel, agent. This is providing the tickets or an whether on part charter, scheduled or airline document are issued and given charter air services. to the customer at the time they pay, in The three types of licensable activi- whole or in part as a deposit. Sub- ties under ATOL regulations are the pro- agents, non-appointed agents and other vision of seats: on advance booking agents not holding stocks of blank air charter flights, for the carriage by air of tickets are not able to comply with this passengers on inclusive tours, for other requirement and may need an ATOL. forms of air travel. Operators of aircraft Special arrangements for members of are not required to hold an ATOL ABTA have been negotiated with the because they already hold an Air CAA, which are outside the scope of Transport Licence, nor are agents of air- this book. lines. Travel agents who act as retail At the time of writing in April 2005, agents of airlines in selling inclusive the non-refundable initial application tour and common interest travel fee in the UK for an ATOL for over 500 arrangements based on specified indi- passengers was £730 plus a further £730 vidual or group fares on scheduled ser- to be paid on the grant of the licence vice such as ITX and GIT did not and 10.99p for each one-way passenger originally require a licence. However, seat authorized. Annual renewal fee was now all travel organizers who make £250 plus £495 renewal grant charge. In available holidays by air in or from the addition a passenger charge of 10.99p UK, even on scheduled services, do applies. If organizations expect to carry 52 atomisation

more passengers than originally applied reservation and accounting system for, the licence variation fee is £48 plus introduced in 1982. It is the UK market £55 on granting of the application and leader. the usual 10.99p fee per passenger. ATP 1 Accredited Travel Professional in ATOLs are only granted if the holder the UK. See entry under this heading. has entered into an agreement whereby ATP 2 Advanced turboprop. See jet air- a sum of money, will, in the event of the craft engine. organizer’s failure, become available to a ATP 3 Automatic train protection. See trustee for the purpose of repatriating ATC 6 (Automatic train control). any stranded passengers and reimburs- ATPCO The Air Tariff Publishing ing any clients who have paid in whole Company which publishes the Domestic or in part for a flight or holiday that has General Rules Tariff in the USA, the not yet taken place. This is usually main rule book guiding US air travel undertaken by licence holders providing published on behalf of US airlines. a bond. At one time ABTA member tour ATPCO claims to be the world’s biggest operators were in a privileged position, distributor of air fare data. Many airlines being allowed reduced-rate bonding but are considering filing all their fares in 1985 rates were equalized. Existing through ATPCO; within the currency of ATOL holders must provide a bond of this dictionary their data will probably 10% of their licensed annual turnover. have become the best single source of New applicants for an ATOL must pro- this and similar information. See vide a bond of 15%, normally reducing www.atpco.net to 10% after 2 years. ATRF Air Travel Reserve Fund in the UK, UK travel agents, as can be seen which became the Air Travel Trust in from this description, often do not 1986. Organizers of group air travel need an ATOL. But they MUST pass on must have an Air Travel Organizers’ to customers an ATOL holder’s confir- Licence, which involves a substantial mation and account, on the ATOL bond enabling the public to be protected holder’s headed notepaper, otherwise against financial failure of the operator. the agent may be liable in the event of If this bond should prove insufficient, failure. In November and May each the public is further protected against year, the CAA publishes an up-to-date- loss of their money by the ATRF. list of all ATOL holders in its Official Originally all holders of an ATOL were Record Series 3. Up-to-date informa- required to contribute 2% of their tion and application guidance notes are turnover to the fund. It was set up in the to be found on their web site UK after the Court Line failure in 1974. www.atol.org.uk Detailed statistics on Early in 1985 it was decided to wind up UK tour operating and ATOL licence the administrative body which con- holders are available through the trolled the fund, the Air Travel Reserve Database option of the trade informa- Fund Agency and to transfer the fund to tion section of the web site or direct the Civil Aviation Authority to adminis- www.atoldata.org.uk/database.html ter it on a trustee basis as the Air Travel The latest Air Travel Trust report and Trust. See ATT (Air Travel Trust), ATOL, details of failures is accessible through ATIPAC and bond. the Publications option of the trade atrium A substantial, enclosed, covered information section of the web site. area inside a building or ship; some- atomisation Lack of coordination of eco- times naturally lit through a glass roof. nomic activities in tourist resorts is the In some modern multi-storey hotels the suggested meaning in the World Tourism atrium may extend from the ground Organization and Secretariat of State for floor reception to the top floor and in Tourism of France (2001), Thesaurus on some ships, through from the top to Tourism and Leisure Activities. bottom deck. On Royal Caribbean However, the term is not in general use International vessels, it is called a in the English-speaking world, and centrum. appears to be limited to France. atrium cabin cabin on a cruise ship with ATOP Autofile Tour Operators System is a window or porthole overlooking an a computerized British tour operators inside atrium. ATTT 53

ATRM Airport Terminal Reference ATTC1 The Association of Travel Trades Manual, an IATA publication. Clubs is the national organization of ATS 1 Adventure Travel Society in the over 40 UK Travel Trade Clubs. Similar USA. See www.adventuretravel.com clubs exist worldwide, the members ATS 2 Agents Ticketing System, which is being all levels of employees in the software for a PC enabling UK travel travel and tourism industry. agents to produce British Rail tickets ATTC2 Air Travel Trust Committee of the and to capture ticket details for accounts UK CAA, replaced in August 2000 by purposes. ATIPAC. See ATIPAC and ATOL. ATS 3 Air traffic services. ATTF Air Travel Trust Fund. See ATOL. ATS 4 American Tourism Society. ATTITB Air Transport and Travel ATS 5 Automatic train supervision. Industry Training Board in the UK. Was ATSB See Air Transportation Stabilization one of the many Industrial Training Board. Boards by the Manpower Services ATSORA Air traffic service outside regu- Commission, responsible for UK indus- lated airspace. try training, except for Northern Ireland. ATSU Air traffic service unit. Upon its demise in 1982, some of its ATT Air Travel Trust in the UK. main functions as far as agents and tour Following the Court Line/Clarksons fail- operators are concerned, were assumed ure in the UK in 1974; the Air Travel by the ABTA National Training Board. Reserve Fund was set up the following This was designated as a non-statutory year by a 2% levy on package holiday government-approved training authority bookings. This enabled holidaymakers and was funded by ABTA. This was to be compensated in the event of com- then reformed into an ABTA subsidiary, pany failure and that operator’s ATOL TTTC (The Travel Training Company) bond being insufficient. At the begin- with no statutory or other non-commer- ning of 1986, the ATT was established cial responsibilities. The Travel Tourism to take over the assets and responsibili- and Events National Training Organ- ties of the ATRF. The funds were ization (TTENTO), which received exhausted by summer 1996 and the UK government approval at the end of 1998, government guaranteed the ATT to the was the voluntary body responsible to extent of £21 million. The ATT accounts government for education and training to end March 2004 showed an accumu- in its sector in the UK. In autumn 2002 lated deficit of £9.7 million. The ATT TTENTO amalgamated with the Hos- trustees were supported and advised by pitality Training Foundation and the new the Air Travel Trust Committee. This body, People 1st, became one of the UK was reconstituted in April 2000, its government’s Sector Skills Councils. terms of reference widened and attractions Things or activities which renamed the Air Travel Insolvency attract tourists, for example, the CN Protection Advisory Committee (ATI- Tower in Toronto, the tallest man-made PAC). The latest Air Travel Trust report free-standing structure, to be contrasted and details of failures are accessible with the great natural attraction Niagara through the Publications option of the Falls. See theme parks also sightseeing trade information section of the ATOL in Britain. web site www.atol.org.uk See ATOL, attractor An important (or the most ATRF and bond. important) tourist attraction in a locality, ATTA 1 Africa Travel and Tourism area or region. Word has only its ordi- Association in the UK. See nary language meaning outside the USA. www.atta.co.uk ATTT Association of Teachers and ATTA 2 The Association of Travel and Trainers of Tourism in the UK was origi- Tourist Agents in Singapore. nally founded in 1975 as the ATT – an Attache and Royal Canadian Class Brand independent body, becoming a section name given by CP Air to passenger area of the Tourism Society in 1981. Mem- immediately adjacent to first class, where bership includes most British tourism passengers paying full economy fares teachers as well as those involved in enjoy improved service and facilities. See general travel industry teaching and business class for full details. training. Also see ATHE and LTSN. 54 ATZ

ATZ Air Traffic Zone. Austrian National Tourist Office See AUAVI Asociación Uruguaya des www.austria.info Agencias de Viajes Internacionales, the Austrian National Travel Agency Organ- Uruguayan national travel agency orga- ization Osterreichischer Reiseburo nization. Verband. auberge A countryside hotel or inn in a Auto Drop PNR The US term for a trav- French-speaking country. eller’s flight booking which is automati- AUC Air Transport User’s Council in the cally re-presented to an agent or an UK. See www.auc.org.uk airline clerk for action to be taken. For audioguide Hand-held device with sound example, when a booking made a long volume control providing information time before is to be ticketed, or when a from an audio tape when activated by requested flight on a waiting list visitors to museums, heritage sites or becomes available. other places of tourism interest. autobahn German equivalent of motor- audit coupon All multi-part travel tick- way in UK, freeway or expressway in ets, regardless of the mode of transport North America. involved, have travel coupons which are Autobook Name of UK AT&T Istel’s PC- collected from the passenger when the based viewdata system for travel agents. journey is undertaken, and an audit autocue Presentation of a speaker’s script coupon, used for accounting purposes. so that it is moving forward and visible Most tickets also have an issuing office only to the speaker. Older forms were copy and passenger coupon. The audit usually projection on to the lectern but copy is usually the top coupon, making computerized systems are now using it more difficult to alter the carbon LCD displays. copies for fraudulent purposes. Audit autodial The ability to dial a telephone coupons are usually attached to a travel number automatically. Telephone com- agent’s sales returns so that their accu- panies worldwide make or rent devices racy may be verified. of this nature, enabling access and auto- AUKDA Association of UK Domestic matic dialling of hundreds of numbers Airlines. with the most sophisticated equipment. Australian Business Access Card Computers are programmed with the Obsolete; replaced in July 2000 with telephone number of their Internet ser- Short Business Electronic Travel vice provider so that, upon users select- Authority. See ETAS. ing this service, the computer autodials Australian Federation of Travel Agents and establishes a connection. (AFTA2) See www.afta.com.au autogyro Word sometimes mistakenly Australian Tourist Commission See used as an alternative to ‘helicopter’. www.australia.com or www.atc. Autogyro was originally a trade name australia.com for a flying machine where the wings Austrian Bundesnetzkarten Known in were similar to a windmill, but rotating English-speaking countries as Austrian freely rather than being powered, as in a General Season Tickets, they entitle the true helicopter. holder to unlimited rail travel in first or automated The term that indicates com- second class over the lines of Austrian puterization of any activity. For example Federal Railways, as well as reduced automated travel agency accounting, fares on certain shipping services. Prices automated airline ticketing, automated vary according to standard validity reservation systems. See information lengths of 9 or 16 days or 1 month and technology in travel and tourism. dependent upon class and whether the automated air reservation systems for season ticket is for an adult or child. A travel agents See CRS. similar Austria Ticket is available to automated air tickets Computer-pro- those aged between 6 and 25 years duced air tickets can either be single inclusive, giving unlimited travel in sec- documents, necessitating individual ond class and certain other facilities, insertion into a ticket printer, or tickets priced between adult and child general on a continuous roll, remaining in the season ticket rates. printer throughout the working day, autostrada 55

each ticket being torn off after produc- automatic train control See ATC 6. tion. Automated Tickets and Boarding automation in the travel industry – some passes (ATBs) are usually produced books In the UK, at the time of writ- from hoppers of blank cards. ing, the standard works on this topic Each of these types of ticket can be are: Electronic Information Distribution either dedicated to a particular airline or in Tourism and Hospitality by Peter neutral, the airline’s name being printed O’Connor, CAB International; Infor- at time of issue. Some automated tickets mation Technology for Travel and are pre-printed with document num- Tourism by Gary Inkpen, 2nd edn, bers, with or without a bar code or Longman. Concerning travel agency bull’s-eye to enable machine recognition automation, readers seeking information of the ticket number. Alternatively, on the historical development should ticket numbers can be printed at the consult Mind Your Own Travel time of ticket issue. IATA has set an end Business, by Allan Beaver, 3rd edn, 2007 deadline for paper tickets to finish, Beaver Travel Publishers. This replaced so that within the currency of this dic- Agency Layout Design and Equipment tionary, much of this entry may become by Allan Beaver, published by ABTA history. See also ATB and ATB2, auto- National Training Board in June 1989, mated ticket, bar code, bull’s-eye, com- designed to complement the 1989 2nd puter airline ticket, OCR, OPTAT, edn of the ABTA Technology OPATB2, TAT, teletype air ticket and Committee’s Survey of Computer ticket (main entry). Systems Available in the UK for Travel Automated Guideway Transit See AGT. Agents. In the USA, Complete Guide to Automated Neutral Ticketing Scheme A Travel Agency Automation, by N. scheme which enables an agent with Godwin, published by Delmar in 1987, automated ticketing equipment to issue gave good coverage of the subject. See neutral tickets on behalf of airlines par- travel agents’ computerized accounting ticipating in that scheme. and ticketing systems in the UK. Automated Revenue Collection (ARC) 5 See ARC2. Automobile Association See AA . automated ticket Official IATA definition automobile clubs Organizations such as is any form of passenger ticket and bag- the Automobile Association and Royal gage check described in IATA Automobile Club in the UK and the Resolutions 722 and 722a, and Recom- American Automobile Association in mended Practice 1722c, designed for North America, which provide substan- issue in various ticket printing devices for tial services to car owners, the most well which data may be computer generated. known being repair or recovery services automated ticket and boarding pass See following breakdown or accident. These ATB. clubs are of the nature of huge insurance Automated Ticketing Services Agreement schemes, since the costs of an unfortunate An agreement between airlines which emergency sustained by one member are allows a servicing airline to issue neu- covered by the subscriptions of all the tral tickets on behalf of itself and a num- members. Itinerary and route planning ber of other airlines. and the provision of travel tickets are also automatic guide A device providing offered by the clubs mentioned. information to tourists. In some large autopilot The computer system and asso- buildings, this is achieved by radio ciated mechanics that can control an air- broadcasts which can only be received craft automatically; in fog, at some in a particular area. Static displays, in airports, an assisted landing and museums or similar places, often have approach system can take over control recorded sound or video descriptions of of an aircraft and land it safely. exhibits, activated on the visitor’s autoqueue See queue. instructions. Guides in the form of autoroute French equivalent of motorway audio tapes give directions for tours on in UK, freeway or expressway in North foot or by car around interesting places America. all over the world, whether a trip autostrada Italian equivalent of motorway through a nature reserve or around a in UK, freeway or expressway in North world-famous art gallery. America. 56 AUW

AUW All up weight (aviation term). the equivalent of half the sum insured, availability Travel or tourism services in this case £250. which are unsold, and therefore ‘avail- average air passenger weight See air pas- able’ for sale. Hence, an ‘availability dis- senger average weights. play’ is a computerized reservation average room rate See hotel statistics system screen of information, generated worldwide for average rates and pricing by the system, showing unsold services of hotel rooms for calculation methods which can be booked immediately. and rate management techniques. available seat kilometres See ASK. average yield See yield. available seat miles See ASM. AVGAS Aviation fuel (gasoline). available tonne kilometres See ATK. Aviation Consumer Action Project See avalanche warning An avalanche starts ACAP and www.acap1971.org off as loose snow which becomes Aviation Environment Federation See detached on a slope. As it gathers www.aef.org.uk pace, ice, earth, rocks and trees are aviation fuel Turbine jet engines usually carried down. In ski resorts, skiers are use paraffin, known in other countries warned when conditions are danger- as kerosene. Piston engined planes need ous; explosions are detonated to cause a very high octane petrol. small, less dangerous avalanches. Off- aviation on the Internet See air travel on piste skiers ignoring warnings can the Internet. aviation safety See airline safety. cause avalanches. 4 AVE Name of Spanish high-speed trains Aviation Security Charge See ASC . (it is not an acronym; it means ‘bird’ Aviation Trust Fund See ATF. in Spanish). For example, between Avis reservation system See Wizard. Madrid and Seville, the route is AVM Airborne vibration monitoring. covered in less than 3 h at speeds of up AVN Aviation (not generally used – only one usage of abbreviation identified). to 250 kph. Eight coaches are carried, AVNET A joint ATA2 and IATA project to divided into three classes, first, club develop EDI messages suitable for use in and tourist. transactions between airlines and com- average Two meanings – in normal panies involved in the supply and/or usage, an average is a mean of a number distribution of aviation fuel and related of figures. For example, the average rain- products and services. fall, humidity or temperature for a AVOSS Aircraft Vortex Spacing System. month in a particular place is a mean of AVS 1 Address verification system; when all the daily figures. a provider of travel services accepts pay- Average is also insurance terminol- ment by credit card and the cardholder ogy for the process by which an is not present, through AVS, the address insurer assesses how much to pay to supplied can be checked. In a high pro- an under-insured claimant. Assume a portion of attempted credit card fraud, customer has a travel insurance policy the correct cardholder address is offering cover under baggage loss of unknown. £500. Now assume that the luggage AVS 2 Availability status; a type of mes- was really of a value of £1000. This sage exchanged constantly between air- means that there was only insurance line reservation systems. for one half of the real value. In the AWB Air waybill. See air waybill. event of a complete loss, this may not AWTE See Association of Women Travel have any more significance than the Executives. claim being limited to £500, although AWY Airway (not generally used – only in some cases it might have the effect one usage of abbreviation identified). of voiding the whole insurance. If AXESS Name of JAL’s CRS. however, only part of the contents are AXO Agent’s Exchange Order. Term- lost, say for easy calculation half, then inology in general travel usage although although the customer has lost £500 previously applied exclusively to value, identical to the amount insured, British Airways document utilized by the insurer will according to the prin- agents to obtain tickets they did not ciple of average, only be liable to pay themselves stock or to enable a traveller Azerbaijan Ministry of Youth Sport and Tourism 57

to obtain a ticket on departure at an air- AYTO Association of Yugoslav Travel port. Replaced April 1980 by ADO – Organizations (until 1991). Agent’s Debit Order. Upon the introduc- Azerbaijan Ministry of Youth Sport and tion of BSP in autumn 1984, agents were Tourism See www.tourism.az and instructed to use MCOs instead. www.myst.gov.az