Augmenting Cognition Cognition Edited by Edited by Idan Segev Idan Segev and and Henry Markram Henry Markram

Life Sciences Life Sciences AUGMENTING AUGMENTING COGNITION COGNITION EDITED BY EDITED BY IDAN SEGEV IDAN SEGEV AND AND HENRY MARKRAM HENRY MARKRAM

The Human brain is only 100,000 years old. Yet, this newly evolved organ endows us with unique cre- The Human brain is only 100,000 years old. Yet, this newly evolved organ endows us with unique cre- ative capabilities beyond all other living creatures, including the gift to understand itself. As our ative capabilities beyond all other living creatures, including the gift to understand itself. As our very survival and success in life depends on utilizing our brain’s power, intense efforts have very survival and success in life depends on utilizing our brain’s power, intense efforts have begun worldwide to understand the brain, reverse-engineer it and even augment its capacity. begun worldwide to understand the brain, reverse-engineer it and even augment its capacity. Towards this end we harness every trick in the book of mathematics, physics, chemistry, phar- Towards this end we harness every trick in the book of mathematics, physics, chemistry, phar- macology, biology, psychology, as well as computer science, information sciences, and engi- macology, biology, psychology, as well as computer science, information sciences, and engi- neering – giving rise to the birth to the new AugCog Era. neering – giving rise to the birth to the new AugCog Era. The new AugCog research field focuses on the development of scientifically-based rigorous approaches, The new AugCog research field focuses on the development of scientifically-based rigorous approaches, including brain-computer interfaces and the use of various drugs, for restoring and augmenting including brain-computer interfaces and the use of various drugs, for restoring and augmenting cognition. The field includes the study of the relationship between basic operational states of the cognition. The field includes the study of the relationship between basic operational states of the brain, such as sleep, or daily activities such as dance and their impact on augmenting cognitive brain, such as sleep, or daily activities such as dance and their impact on augmenting cognitive capabilities. capabilities. This book confronts our entry into the AugCog Era through a series of contributions from the world’s best This book confronts our entry into the AugCog Era through a series of contributions from the world’s best know experts. The book is divided into two sections, the first of which discusses state-of-the-art know experts. The book is divided into two sections, the first of which discusses state-of-the-art methodologies; and the last provide some perspective on the social and ethical issues. These methodologies; and the last provide some perspective on the social and ethical issues. These two parts are separated by an interlude in cognition, where a fascinating story of the savant syn- two parts are separated by an interlude in cognition, where a fascinating story of the savant syn- drome is told. drome is told.

2011, 224 pages, 16 × 24 cm 2011, 224 pages, 16 × 24 cm E P F L P r e s s EPFL Press ISBN 978-2-940222-58-2 E P F L P r e s s EPFL Press ISBN 978-2-940222-58-2 Distributed by CRC Press CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-3993-5 Distributed by CRC Press CRC Press ISBN 978-1-4398-3993-5 Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction: The AugCog Era Introduction: The AugCog Era Idan Segev and Henry Markram Idan Segev and Henry Markram Augmenting Cognition: Methodological Surveys Augmenting Cognition: Methodological Surveys 1. Sensory Stimulation for Augmenting Perception, Sensorimotor Behavior and Cognition 1. Sensory Stimulation for Augmenting Perception, Sensorimotor Behavior and Cognition Hubert R. Dinse, Jan C. Kattenstroth, Mario A. Gatica Tossi, Martin Tegenthoff, Tobias Kalisch Hubert R. Dinse, Jan C. Kattenstroth, Mario A. Gatica Tossi, Martin Tegenthoff, Tobias Kalisch 2. Improvisation for Prefrontal Rehabilitation 2. Improvisation for Prefrontal Rehabilitation Son Preminger Son Preminger 3. Direct Brain Computer Interfaces to Restore Cognition 3. Direct Brain Computer Interfaces to Restore Cognition Mijail Demian Serruya Mijail Demian Serruya 4. Sleep and Memory: in Search of Functionality 4. Sleep and Memory: in Search of Functionality Robert Stickgold and Matthew Tucker Robert Stickgold and Matthew Tucker 5. Augmenting Cognition with Music 5. Augmenting Cognition with Music Michael W. Weiss, Glenn Schellenberg Michael W. Weiss, Glenn Schellenberg Interlude: an Extraordinary Story in Cognition Interlude: an Extraordinary Story in Cognition 6. Accessing our “Inner Savant”: the little Rain Man within us all 6. Accessing our “Inner Savant”: the little Rain Man within us all Darold A. Treffert, M.D. Darold A. Treffert, M.D. Augmenting Cognition: Ethical and Social Aspects Augmenting Cognition: Ethical and Social Aspects 7. Longevity 7. Longevity Kayoko Ishii Kayoko Ishii 8. Pharmaceutical Cognitive Enhancement: Interrogating the Ethics, Addressing the Issues 8. Pharmaceutical Cognitive Enhancement: Interrogating the Ethics, Addressing the Issues Paul A. Martin, Martyn Pickersgill, Catherine Coveney, Simon Williams Paul A. Martin, Martyn Pickersgill, Catherine Coveney, Simon Williams 9. The Future of Deep Brain Stimulation 9. The Future of Deep Brain Stimulation Zvi Israel, John Winestone, Adam Zaidel, Boris Rosin, Lilach Soreq, Renana Eitan, Hagai Bergman Zvi Israel, John Winestone, Adam Zaidel, Boris Rosin, Lilach Soreq, Renana Eitan, Hagai Bergman 10. Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment after Psychological Trauma: Conceptual and Ethical Issues 10. Diagnosis, Prophylaxis, and Treatment after Psychological Trauma: Conceptual and Ethical Issues Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD Dan J. Stein, FRCPC, PhD

ABOUT THE EDITORS ABOUT THE EDITORS Idan Segev is the David & Inez Myers Professor in Computational Neuroscience and former director of the Interdisciplinary Idan Segev is the David & Inez Myers Professor in Computational Neuroscience and former director of the Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation (ICNC) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research team utilizes computational Center for Neural Computation (ICNC) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His research team utilizes computational tools to study how neurons, the elementary microchips of the brain, compute and dynamically adapt to our ever-chang- tools to study how neurons, the elementary microchips of the brain, compute and dynamically adapt to our ever-chang- ing environment. The ultimate goal is to unravel how local fine variations within the cortical network underlie specific ing environment. The ultimate goal is to unravel how local fine variations within the cortical network underlie specific computations (e.g., the orientation of a bar in the visual system) and may give rise to certain brain diseases or to a computations (e.g., the orientation of a bar in the visual system) and may give rise to certain brain diseases or to a healthy individual brain. healthy individual brain. Henry Markram is the Project Director of the Blue Brain Project, Director of the Center for Neuroscience & Technology and Henry Markram is the Project Director of the Blue Brain Project, Director of the Center for Neuroscience & Technology and co-Director of EPFL’s Brain Mind Institute (BMI). At the BMI, in the Laboratory for Neural Microcircuitry, Markram has co-Director of EPFL’s Brain Mind Institute (BMI). At the BMI, in the Laboratory for Neural Microcircuitry, Markram has continued his work to unravel the blueprint of the neocortical column, building state-of-the-art tools to carry out multi- continued his work to unravel the blueprint of the neocortical column, building state-of-the-art tools to carry out multi- neuron patch clamp recordings combined with laser and electrical stimulation as well as multi-site electrical record- neuron patch clamp recordings combined with laser and electrical stimulation as well as multi-site electrical record- ing, chemical imaging and gene expression. The ultimate aim of his ambitious Blue Brain Project is to simulate the ing, chemical imaging and gene expression. The ultimate aim of his ambitious Blue Brain Project is to simulate the brains of mammals with a high level of biological accuracy and study the steps involved in the emergence of biologi- brains of mammals with a high level of biological accuracy and study the steps involved in the emergence of biological intelligence. cal intelligence.

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