Annual 16 Report
Institute for Agroecology
Imprint
Publisher
RLP AgroScience GmbH Institut for Agroecology Breitenweg 71 67435 Neustadt a.d. Weinstraße http://ifa.agroscience.de [email protected]
Managing Director
Prof. Dr. Roland Kubiak Tel.: +49(0) 6321 671-285 [email protected]
Coordination und Layout
Timo Schell http://e-loquence.de [email protected]
Reporting Period
January 2015 to December 2016
© Institut für Agrarökologie Neustadt an der Weinstraße, November 2016 All rights reserved. Reprinting with permission of the publisher. Fttįrttwttįrtı recognition. name international and national of level high a gain and fundedprojects publicly several attract could systems, environmental of department the to related systems, information geographic of group Theworking greenhouse. the in temperatures the influencing without intensities light required regarding directive the of requirements all nowfulfil and LEDtechnology latest with retrofitted been have Thegreenhouses GLP. under plants water for systems test three installed wehave plants, terrestrial with trials non-target long-established already the to Inaddition ecotoxicology. in possibilities experimental our expanded and improved have We substances. isotope selected with experiments for one and analysis cold for one time-being, the for areas work separated completely two whichhas chemistry, environmental of department the by used be mainly will It opportunities. new working several benefits and date to up technically whichis laboratory, new isotopes completely a into wemoved Furthermore, spring. in newoffices the into move to systems information geographic of group working the enabling year this accommodated was rooms laboratory and offices for need additional Theresulting thematically. developing while growth of lot a seen LLC,has and non-profit a frameworkof the within working been has Institute the years, 12 For interesting while reading through the pages. the through reading while interesting something encounter will you that hope I and newa format, in out laid is content and Thedesign you. to annual report current our present to ampleased I reader, Dear experimental method. experimental newfurther develop also will and topics other and this for work research doing continue will Theinstitute year. that since viticulture eco- and agriculture organic for admitted been has and institute, our by initiated not year, experimental anadditional in 2015 in tested successfully was Technology, Environmental of Department the in developed VitoVin, product strengthening plant the Geisenheim, in Sciences Applied of University the At Table of Contents
Organisation Chart / Business Figures Supervisionary Board / Scientific Board
People 9
Isabella Foethke manages projects to optimise resources in agricultre and viticulture Nicklas Keck about his work with Copernicus und Sentinel-Satellites From Syria to Neustadt: Agricultural engineer Morad Morad is building his new life
Technique & Methods 17
Introduced: Isotope Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry in new rooms Unique: The Environmental Technology Centre How is the assement of side effects on non-target plants done right? Gone with the wind - studies of plant protection products in the wind tunnel
Research 31
MAD: Multi-functional Applicable Data set Design Geodata: NATFLO is online Alternative environmentally friendly plant protection from biogenic residual materials Tests on aquatic non-target plants What's new at Eh-Da?
International 49
Change through action - biogas from waste for smallholders in Kenya Energy from organic residual materials in South Africa Clean water through solar energy in Brazil
Publications 57 Ortti Cttìtĩrt
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In this composition unitil November 2016 DienstleistungszentrumLändlicherRaum Rheinpfalz Dr. Günter Hoos für Ministerium Bildung,Wissenschaft, Weiterbildung und KulturRLP Dr. Thorsten Gluth für Ministerium Wirtschaft, undEnergie LandesplanungKlimaschutz, RLP Jürgen Weiler für Ministerium Wirtschaft, undEnergie LandesplanungKlimaschutz, RLP Prof. Dr. Karl Keilen Co-opted Members fürLandwirtschaft, Ministerium Umwelt, Ernährung, Weinbau und ForstenRLP Riewenherm Sabine Bauern-und Winzerverband SüdRLP Andrea Adams fürLandwirtschaft, Ministerium Umwelt, Ernährung, Weinbau und ForstenRLP Jörg Hoffmann derFinanzenRLP Ministerium Bott Reinhold Members fürLandwirtschaft, Ministerium Umwelt, Ernährung, Weinbau und ForstenRLP Helmut Caspary C hairman Stįttí. Bttįtĩrtı hairman Prof. Dr. Jörn Walter Jörn Dr. Prof. Universität des Saarlandes Dr. Ulrich MatthesDr. Klimawandelfolgen, Kompetenzzentrum für Trippstadt MatthiasHelm Rheinland-Nassau Winzerverband und Bauern- Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Hell Rüdiger Dr. Prof. Universität Heidelberg Dr. FriedrichDechet Dr. e. V. Agrar Industrieverband Dr. Hermann-Josef KrauthausenDr. Ländlicher Raum Dienstleistungszentrum Prof. Dr. ErwinSchmidt Dr. Prof. Gutenberg-Universität Johannes MolekulargenetikInstitut für Prof. Dr. FranzWiesler Dr. Prof. Forschungsanstalt und Untersuchungs- Landwirtschaftliche Members StefanLange (vTI) von Heinrich Thünen-Institut Johann Coordination Management / Research C Pttttįpttītt Isabella Foethke manages projects to optimise resources in agricultre and viticulture
Nicklas Keck about his work with Copernicus und Sentinel-Satellites
From Syria to Neustadt: Agricultural engineer Morad Morad is building his new life
9 Isabella Foethke manages projects to optimise resources in agricultre and viticulture
After her degree in Agricultural Sciences, Isabella Fothke is working at RLP AgroScience since 2010. In the Department of Environmental Technology, she is now responsible for the mangement of international projects.
Tell us about your background?
I was born in Mannheim on 18 May 1987. In 2006, I earned my Abitur [university-preparatory school leaving qualification in Germany] from the Leibniz-Gymnasium in Neustadt a.d.W. After spending many years at the horse and dairy farm Heidehof, where I made first experiences with the agricultural area, I decided to follow my interests in the diverse area of agriculture through the study of Agricultural Sciences at the Georg-August-University in Göttingen.
When an how did you join IfA?
I completed my studies with a Bachelor of Science in 2010. My thesis on the topic of "heartrate orientated performance-training of horses" was already linked to the RLP AgroScience, where I began an internship after studying. During this time, I gained a comprehensive insight into the projects of the Institute for Agroecology, in particular the Department of Environmental Technology.
After a successful application for a project, the opportunity to work as a scientific assistant in the Department of Environmental Technology was offered to me in the same year and I started my new career.
Isabella Foethke at FIEMA-Exhibition in Brazil
10 � Isabella Foethke, MBA
What projects did you participate since then?
I remember my first project very well: briquetting of grape pomace in southern Brazil. The cooperation with a large Brazilian winegrower was challenging for me, but also innovative and interesting. The next projects were just as exciting: use of high-efficiency pumps and biomass furnaces in South Africa as well as training for energy-efficient construction in Brazil. My area of responsibility reaches from drafts of funding applications, contract design and project partner coordination to on-site implementation. The most interesting aspects of my job include working with many partners from different nations and with different technologies.
Later, you decided to do an in-service study?
After two years of international project activities in the areas of resource management and energy efficiency, I decided to undertake a comprehensive in-service training and study of Agricultural Management at the University of Anhalt. This was promoted by the Institute to further expand my management skills and business knowledge.
The management of studying abroad and working at the same time is one of the most intensive experiences in my working life. I completed my study successfully with my Master's thesis on the topic of "energy efficiency measures in the wine sector in South Africa" in the year 2015 and obtained an "MBA" degree.
What is going to happen next?
In my sixth year at the RLP AgroScience, I am still pleased with my work because it covers a wide range of projects, but I am currently taking a one-year break due to the birth of my son Jonas.
South Africa: Brazil: Partners for the project "Zero-Emission" Partner for the project "Pellets from Biomass"
11 about his work with Copernicus and Niklas Keck Sentinel-Satellites
Why did you chose to work in geo-informatics?
The driving force in most of my decisions has been questions. In 2010, I decided to study Environmental Sciences in Landau as I hoped for versatile answers to the question: "How does the world function?" I was looking for answers in all areas from physics and biology to policy. Admittedly, the topic of ecology annoyed me. Although I knew that it was important for a sustainable future for people on earth, in my opinion it did not deliver the clear tangible logical answers like physics. An excellent lecture during a semester abroad in Tyumen (Russia) in 2012 delivered the solution: geo-informatics. This type of "binary" perspective gave me access to the confusing topic of ecology.
And after that, you began working at AgroScience?
After my arrival back home in Germany, I applied to the Institute (Department of Environmental Systems) in 2013. I was particularly interested in its interdisciplinary approach. First, I completed my Bachelor-Thesis right here, and since then I have stayed - it matches pretty well.
What do you do at IfA?
Currently, I am working in the field of remote sensing. I evaluate aerial and satellite images for nature conservation and agriculture and write programs that automatically calculate changes in the landscape. For example, I am able to see seasonal changes of the photosynthesis activity of the plant vegetation.
In my work, I am mostly interested in the possibilities of the new ESA Sentinel satellites of the Copernicus program. These provide new free images of the whole world on a weekly basis. This data can help detect and monitor temporal changes on ecologically or agriculturally important areas. The Sentinels benefit from using solar light for their shots. They also use microwaves, which are almost unaffected by thick clouds and can penetrate them to even obtain images under bad weather conditions. This allowed the localising of flooding areas of agricultural land during the heavy rains in spring 2016 despite a thick cloud cover.
12 In addition to working, I am finishing my Master's degree in applied geographic information systems at the University of Salzburg, which was supported by the Institute for Agroecology. During this course I gained the scientific and technical basis in geo-informatics.
You habe mentioned Copernicus. What is that?
The EU project Copernicus pursues the principle of making geo-information services available for the support of environmental and climate protection, disaster management and security. Therefore, on-site measurements and satellite data, in particular the ESA Sentinels, are processed into various end Sentinel 2 products and are provided in data centres. Surroundings for AgroScience Recording: Beginning of May As an example, the "Copernicus Emergency Management Service" was activated to create the latest maps of the flooded areas during the 2013 floods in Germany. Land cover with NDVI (Normalized Difference http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSR044 Vegetation Index)-Values from Sentinel 2 We work with the original satellite data to offer solutions that are tailored to specific questions, currently to support biotope mapping.
Is personal privacy endangered through Sentinel- Satellites?
Since the Sentinel satellites are designed for regular recordings of the entire earth, its resolution is too low to see individual smaller homes, let alone to capture people: in the highest available resolution, one pixel covers approximately 100m2 of the earth's surface. Therefore, I think it is safe to say that the privacy of individuals is not at risk.
Back to you. What are you going to do next?
Professionally, i want to increase my expertise in programming and would like to participate in open source projects for pictures analysis and remote Land cover mit GLCM - sensing. I hope this gives me the opportunity to work with different people in (Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix)-Values from a structured manner and advance the solution of current problems. Sentinel 2 Personally, I hope, I won’t stop asking question to myself and other people - about everything.
� Niklas Keck, B.SC.
13 From Syria to Neustadt: Agricultural engineer Morad Morad is building his new life
Tell uns, about yourself?
My name is Morad Morad. I am 32 years old and I come from the city of Hassaka in Syria. Located in northern Syria, Hassaka had about 175,000 inhabitants before the war. I studied Agricultural Engineering at the Al-Forat University in Deir Ez Zor and obtained my Bachelor's degree in 2010. In my Bachelor studies, I focused on the chemical and physical properties of soil around the city of Amude in the province of Hassaka.
After completing my studies, I was employed as an analyst in a laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency in Hassaka. As part of my job, I worked on the analysis of water quality. I was also involved in the atomic absorption analysis and the gas-chromatography analysis in the laboratories. My main function was analysing the quality of drinking water as well as the sewage water of the urban and industrial sewage treatment plants. In addition, I analysed the heavy metal concentration in wastewater using AAS (atomic absorption spectrometers). I also gained experiences in dealing with the gas chromatograph (GC).
Then the civil war broke out?
Yes, the civil war, started in my country in 2011. Due to the associated dire circumstances, I was not able to stay in my town. My wife and I consequently decided to leave our home and build a new and safe future in Germany. We knew the move was going to be very dangerous and expensive. Thus, we agreed that I had to flee alone and that I would try to bring my wife safely to Germany as soon as possible.
14 Than came the flight? measuring procedures; amongst others, the LSC-measurement and the incineration of samples. At the moment, I am working Together with a friend I set out on a journey from Syria to Germany with analysis by HPLC. via Turkey, Greece and the Balkan route. We started our journey in the beginning of July 2015 and arrived in Passau at the end of the Want do you hope for the future? month. I have been living in Germany for 14 months now and, as I see For the first month, I was accommodated in the initial reception my future with my wife here in Germany, I would like to see my centre for asylum seekers in Ingelheim together with approx. 1,000 language skills quickly improve further. Therefore, I attend a other refugees. Then I moved into a flat sharing community with language course at the VHS [adult education centre] parallel to three other men and women in Roßbach/Hachenburg in the my work. This is already my third course. Westerwald region for seven months. In the near future, I hope to bring my wife to Germany How did you join AgroScience? as soon as possible and to continue to improve my qualifications for work. I would like to work at the The great opportunity for a voluntary ecological AgroScience after finishing my BFD because I feel position in the RLP AgroScience GmbH in very comfortable in the IfA, where I get the Neustadt was offered to me by a volunteer opportunity to expand my expertise further and where helper from Hachenburg. I am very pleased my colleagues are very nice and helpful. They give me about this opportunity to learn the German advice at work and have been supporting me in case language through daily work and to get the of problems with authorities, the job centre or in chance of entering the world of work in finding an apartment. Germany. I am very grateful that I had the chance to quickly integrate What do you do at IfA? myself into the German society.
In the department of environmental chemistry I help with the PUF studies (plant uptake factor). This method is used for analysing the residues of radioactively labelled plant protection products, for example in oilseed rape, wheat or tomatoes. Working with C14 substances is completely new to me and I find it very interesting. In the first months of my work, I have already learned many new
� Morad Morad
15 Ttttįttìttĭttíttıutt & M tttttìttįtıs Introduced: Isotope Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry in new rooms
Unique: The Environmental Technology Centre
How is the assement of side effects on non-target plants done right?
Gone with the wind - studies of plant protection products in the wind tunnel
17 Introduced: Isotope Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry in new rooms
Approximately 100,000 synthetically produced
chemicals are currently in use worldwide in They enter the environment particularly through containing products almost all sectors and areas of daily life. - e.g. through application of plant protection products (PPP) to increase quality and yield for the farmer.
The main focus of the Department of Environmental Chemistry is on research projects about the environmental behaviour of PPPs, e.g. the concentration in the environment or food chain and thus harmful effects on the human being or ecosystem.
The assessment of the environmental behaviour of a PPP is based on the Aerobic and anaerobic degradation and results of standardised test systems and guidelines (e.g. OEDC), under metabolism in soil which studies are carried out for each environmental compartment. Some Sorption of PPPs in soil study types for the compartment soil in combination with a PPP are listed Photolytic degradation and metabolism on soil below at the right. surfaces Relocation of PPPs in soil Comparable test systems are applied in studies on environmental Volatilisation of PPPs from soil behaviour of PPPs in water, air and plants. In addition to test systems Deposit of volatile PPPs on soil (laboratory, greenhouse or field-attempt) and the PPPs to be examined, the residue analysis is a central element of the study implementation. Plant uptake of PPPs from soil
"Cold" or "hot" analytics?
The behaviour of PPPs essentially consists of the degradation, metabolism and distribution in the environmental compartments soil, plant, water and atmosphere. To safely identify and quantify PPPs and their degradation products, there are three key steps: sampling, sample processing and instrumental, analytical techniques. The latter include gas- chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures with mass selective detection of the
PPPs and their degradation products. In addition to this so-called "cold" analysis, the use of 14C-labelled PPPs is a special
form of residue analysis ("hot" analytics). With this technology, the stable carbon C12 in the PPP is replaced with the isotope
C14, which emits weak radioactive radiation. The radioactivity is measured and characterised with special analytical measuring devices such as liquid scintillation counters (LSC) and radio-HPLC.
� Dr. Gunnar Fent
18 The 14C-marking of the PPPs offers a series of experimental can also be opened up to function as an evaluation and possibilities, which would not (or only partially) be possible with documentation room for six employees. "cold" analysis, especially for the test systems of environmental Segment 1 mainly holds radio-UV-HPLC systems. Segment 2 chemistry: includes scales, LSC-counter and devices for sample Quantification of the PPP-mineralisation in soil and water incineration. Segments 3 and 4 consist of exhausts and work Quantification and characterisation of "bound residues" surfaces for sample processing such as extraction, purification Identification of unknown metabolites and concentration. Directly connected to the laboratory are the Visualisation of the distribution of PPP in plant and soil functional facilities for drying ovens, freeze-drying, centrifuges, a 14C-accounting to ensure the validity of results solvent storage area, refrigeration and freezer storages, as well as an incubation room, which is kept at a constant temperature Isotope laboratory with history of 20°C.
We have been using the analytical capabilities of the radio tracer All rooms have large window surfaces of natural light and are technology in environmental research at the Neustadt/W. site for air-conditioned. After approximately 24 months of construction, 30 years. At the beginning (1986) the laboratory was situated in the new iso lab was opened in April 2016. The new construction just four basement rooms of the former land teaching and measures were joined with realignment and updated equipment research institute (LLFA), but with the expansion of research of the laboratory division for cold analysis. We supplement our activities and addition of analytical equipment the laboratory area analytical possibilities with the newly established laboratories for doubled by 1999. New test systems had been established and sample preparation and two LC-MS/MS and HPLC-systems and developed in the following period. The plant uptake of 14C-labelled GC, when 14C-labelled compounds cannot be used. PPPs is being researched in greenhouse trials and the relocation The new iso lab offers the best conditions in combination with potential into the groundwater in the Lysimeter station outside. conventional analysis, a wide array of equipment and test
With the establishment and expansion of an on-site dual study systems for each environmental compartment and a team of course, there was the possibility to replace the "old" iso lab with a multidisciplinary researchers to identify risky environmental new building that meets the current standards for radiation behaviour of chemicals. protection, work safety and fire protection. The radiation protection rules and the special requirements of a GLP-certified test facility had to be taken into account in the planning and implementation. A large laboratory, which is divided into four functional segments,
19 Unique: the Environmental Technology Centre
The department of environmental technology is involved in a variety of studies on energy and material recycling of organic residues and waste. The range of substrates is almost infinite: it ranges from residues from agriculture (vegetable waste, grape pomace, etc.) over agro-industrial residual materials (beer brewers' grain, waste water, press residues from the fruit juice industry, etc.) and animal by- products (horse and poultry manure, etc.) to organic municipal waste (organic waste) and sewage sludge. Often the currently applied recovery/disposal of the residues must be questioned, and it is necessary to investigate alternative methods: is its use for energy (e.g. in form of alternative fuels or biogas) possible and appropriate? Can the material be used as fertilizer, soil improver or plant strengthening product after appropriate treatment? These questions will be answered in the Environmental Technology Centre in the framework of public research Which organic residues and wastes projects, bachelor and master theses as well as national and international are safely and efficiently usable as research assignments from the industry. energy sources? What alternatives uses are appropriate? Special equipment and machines are required for these experiments, which usually need a lot of space, controlled environment parameters (temperature, explosion protection, light, etc.) and certain connection options (power, gas, heating/cooling, etc.). The Environmental Technology Centre is equipped with all the necessary conditions to ensure these parameters or to make them available through adjustments. With an area
of approximately 500m2 the Centre Hall offers enough space for a great number of large equipment and the required storage space for the materials being processed or produced in larger quantities (up
to several tons). A large outdoor area (approx. 2,500m2) and several foil greenhouses (approx. 300m2) enable planting and growth tests with different soil additives as well as the simulation of warmer climate zones.
This combination of different opportunities is unique and makes the Environmental Technology Centre an extremely versatile tool in the investigation of a wide range of questions, which exceed the laboratory scale. In addition, it is possible to make required adjustments and modifications in-house with well-equipped tools, machinery and highly qualified staff and to carry out all trials under optimal conditions and as quickly as possible.
20 Drying and Several trials to dry various biological materials (grape pomace, compacting vine pruning, horse manure, biocoal from beer brewers' grain, etc.) have already been conducted in the Environmental Technology Centre. Some of these materials have been processed in additional compacting attempts (as pellets or briquettes). The required physical and chemical parameters were evaluated. Also combustion tests including exhaust measurements (temperature, dust, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, ash) can be carried out in a separate fuel tank.
Another recycling method is the anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion of of organic biomass. Extensive studies are carried out organic biomass under different climate conditions in in-house test biogas plants with absorption of gas yield and quality (methane, hydrogen, carbon Drying facility for the careful drying of biomass dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide), throughput, practicality and mechanical capacity,. Practical improvements to existing technologies are also researched and subsequently developed to market maturity. One example is a high-performance Briquetting plant for biomass fuels pneumatic stirrer for biogas digesters. It was developed in the Environmental Technology Centre. The fermentation substrate is kept in motion through rising bubbles instead of propellers, which are the current market standards.
In addition to the aforementioned use of organic Alternative: soil additives residues for energy production, they can also be and organic fertiliziers used as soil additives and organic fertilizers (as raw material or, for example, in pellet form). These influence plant growth through improved water holding capacity, mineral feed or increased soil microbial activity. There have already been multiple controlled trials on this in in-house foil greenhouses (with exclusion of rain water for irrigation) as well as in air-conditioned greenhouses. Besides the water holding capacity, a key point was the humus content of soil with the addition of different materials and the influence of different organic fertilizers on plant growth and yield. The frequency and composition of soil organisms has been observed.
The department of environmental technology is familiar with other innovative research Greenhouse for the testing of plant approaches from other fields of technology. For example, an autonomous, solar- strengthening agents and fertilizers. thermal treatment plant to produce drinking water from salt or brackish water has already been developed. The energy for the use of devices and machines in all experiments and projects is obviously provided by a PV system on the roof - simply brilliant: the Environmental Technology Centre of the RLP AgroScience GmbH.
� Dipl.-Ing. Thorsten Pollatz
21 How is the assement of side effects on non-target plants done right?
The law of minimum: "Light on!" in the implementation of plant studies in the greenhouse
For the assessment of the effects of plant protection products (PPPs) and their active ingredients on terrestrial non-target plants, among other things, germ reduction and growth tests are carried out at the Institute for Agroecology of the RLP AgroScience in accordance with the internationally harmonised OECD Test Guidelines 208 and 227. Depending on the research contract, the test substance is applied on a substrate or plant in different concentrations in the initial or final phase. During the experimental phase, the test plants are cultivated under uniform, controlled conditions in the greenhouse. The estimated endpoints (germination, phytotoxicity, plant length and weight compared to an untreated control) are used for the determination of effect-concentrations (NOER, ERx), evaluated in a dose-response-relationship and displayed in a final report.
Ensuring the standardized implementation of individual studies, the above-mentioned directives contain extensive specifications and recommendations, including test conditions in the greenhouse. Unfavourable test conditions, e.g. unfavourable conditions or changes of abiotic factors in the greenhouse, may significantly disturb the efficiency of photosynthesis for the test plants, regardless of the effects of PPPs on the test plants being evaluated.
According to the directives, the appropriate growth conditions for most crops are a temperature of 22°C (± 10°C), an air
humidity of 70 % (± 25%), a light/dark cycle of 16:8 hours and a light intensity of 350 (±50) µmol-2s-1 (at a wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm during light cycle). A supplement to the lighting requirements calls for a decrease of the natural
illumination to under 200 µmol-2s-1.
LED-illuminated greenhouse to provide Plants growing a 16-hour light period under LED light
22 In general, the actual performance of a metabolic process, which involves several factors, will always be determined by the minimum size of this factor. This called the "law of minimum". Thus, we wonder what consequence a reduction of lighting to the minimum recommended intensity of 200 µmol-2s-1 has.
In literature, the required lighting intensity for plant growth is called light compensation point. A plant's maximum photosynthesis capability is reached at light saturation. However, both values are very different for each species and literature only distinguishes between sun and shade plants. In standard studies, cultivars from horticulture and agriculture are used, whose cultivation takes place in the open field; therefore, their light requirements or impact should mimic that of sun plants. The photosynthesis intensity of sun plants increases proportionally to the lighting intensity until at least 20 klx.
PAR = photosynthetic The PAR (photosynthetic active radiation) measurement method is recommended for the determination of light intensity in greenhouses. It active radiation assesses the radiation from 400-700 nm, i.e. the area actively used by plants; their measuring unit is µmol-2s-1 (≡ µmol-2s-1 of Directives). The minimum lighting intensity of 200 µmol-2s-1 mentioned in the directives equals approximately 11 klx in sunlight (source: Landwirtschaftskammer.de/gartenbau/beratung/technik/artikel/lichtwerte-umrechnen.htm: µmol/(s·m²) PAR in klx; sensor evaluates approximately 400-700 nm, factor 0.056 in sunlight).
This value is significantly under the light saturation value that is adopted for solar plants, which would make the lighting intensity - and not the tested plant protection product - the limiting factor for the plant's photosynthesis. Therefore, our recommendation is to ensure a consistent and directive- compliant intensity of 350 µmol2s-1 on average in plant stock.
In a 2016 study, carried out at the institute, with the title "Effect of abiotic factors on research results from studies with non- target plants", it was shown that higher uniformity of radiation density and optimum lighting intensity produces more homogeneous and meaningful plant growth within the test variants.
23 Artificial exposure in test systems
The visible spectrum range of sunlight for humans is only a small part of the entire spectral range. Green plants only absorb a part of the waveband between 380 and 780 nm, especially in the area of blue and red radiation.
In test systems under glass, mostly high-pressure sodium vapor lamps (hereafter just HP-SVL) were used. These particularly stimulate the longitudinal growth and flowering of plants due to their high refraction of orange red and infrared light, which is equivalent to the solar spectrum during sunrise and sunset. A fact, that is desirable for commercial gardeners, but can be obstructive in experimental test systems depending on the research question.
Midday’s sun 2016/09/21 13:00
HP-SVL
Spectrometer measurement on the grounds of the IfA: Before sunrise in the greenhouse-chambers with additional light and at midday under the open sky. Wavelength
With regard to the above mentioned considerations, the lighting concept in the greenhouse chambers of the Institute has been revised. In the greenhouse chambers with a standing wall height of less than 2.50 m, HP-SVL was converted to LED lighting. The advantage of LED lamps lies in the lower heat dissipation downwards onto the plant stock and in their significant proportion of both blue and red light, which is close to the solar spectrum throughout the day.
These expansions or conversion measures facilitate two lamp variants at the Institute now, using different wavelength ranges to stimulate the photosynthesis of plants. Furthermore, studies with an objective luminosity of
around 350 µmol/m2*s in plant stock (which meets relevant guidelines) can be carried out now in all research greenhouses of the Institute.
Annex 2 of the OECD Directive No. 208 (Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test) lists 32 cultivated plants that are usually used in this type of plant study. Thirteen of these plants have been cultivated under HP-SVL as well as LED lighting for around three weeks in autumn 2016 in accordance with the directives to determine the influence of exposure modes on plant growth. Since the studies took place in the greenhouse, the natural sunlight probably had a low level of influence on the development of the plant for both exposure variants during the day.
24 � Dipl.-Ing. Sandra Simoneit-Gast
The luminosity in both variants reached at least 350 ± 50 µmol/m2*s in plant stock over a period of 16 hours per day. For both variants the fertilizer use per species were equal. At the end of the experimental phase, the length, aerial dry weight and development stages of the plant were determined.
Because mainly the HP-SVL have been used for research in greenhouses so far, their results are shown in the following graphic as 100% assumed and compared to the results from the LED variant in each case.
Plant length and biomass 21 days after seed 200
150
100
50
to HP-SVL in [%] HP-SVLin to Crops cultivated under two different 0 light spectra (from left to right: HP- ape alad arrot nion aize r s o m c tomato ryegrass unflower SVL, LED plant length or HP-SVL, led ugar beet s inter barley s lantdevelopmentunderLEDcompared pring wheat pring barley ummer oats s s s w
P by dry weight) Plant length ND-HL Plant length LED Dry weight HP-SVL Dry weight LED
In each case, the individual plants were vital and well developed. When comparing the plant length within a species, it was shown that the monocotyledonous plant species generally does not seem to be affected by the additional exposure mode. The dry mass was significantly increased in all tested monocotyledonous species with LED lighting, with exception of maize. Dicotyledonous plant species tend to be smaller under LED exposure, but also heavier depending on the type. The grain species in HP-SVL under LED lighting were ahead of the reference plants in their developmental stage. In the case of the dicotyledonous plants, no difference of the developmental stage could be detected at this point in time.
The experimental results show that powerful plants can be cultivated under both exposure variants. What recommendations can we derive from current investigation results for the implementation of germ and growth tests according to OECD Test Guideline 208?
To evaluate the effects of plant protection products (PPP) on terrestrial non-target plants, it is important to be aware of the effects of the PPPs on the test plants prior to the studies. When it comes to exploring the impact of growth regulators, a culture of test plants under LED lighting makes little sense. However, if the dose-dependent changes in the biomass are objects of the test, the culture in LED lighting is the better choice.
25 Gone with the wind - studies of plant protection products in the wind tunnel
Wind tunnel experiments to improve the aerodynamics of cars and airplanes might be commonly known. However, where is the link to environmental and plant protection as well as agriculture?
Transport of substances via airways cannot be excluded, even if a proper application of liquid plant protection products (PPP) on crops is ensured. This allows for transport of PPPs with the wind in three physical states:
State of PPP Liquid Drift of spray mist (droplets) Gas Local and long-distance transport of volatile PPPs Soild PPPs sticking to the ground are blown away (wind erosion)
In all three stages, wind force and direction determine whether PPPs reach adjacent non-target areas and organisms and to which extent. Depending on the aggregate state, different influence factors are also important:
Equipment technology and target culture is of crucial importance in the drift of spray mist application. Through the application of low drift nozzles with a high proportion of larger drops, the drift can be reduced by 90% for surface crops such as cereals and potatoes. With tall crops, such as fruit and vines, the situation is different. To achieve an optimal coverage of all leafs with PPPs, nozzles with a high proportion of fine droplets supported by fan devices are often used. In this form of application technology, fine droplets reach up to 3m high and can be transported by wind.
While the physiochemical properties of the PPPs play no role for the drift of spray mist, the evaporation and transport of PPPs into the atmosphere depends significantly on the vapour pressure of the substance.. Volatile PPPs, such as the no longer approved insecticide Lindane, can dissipate up to 90% of the applied amount into the air. They are then subjected to local and long-distance transport. While the equipment technology only plays a subordinate role for the evaporation of PPPs, the application destination, soil moisture and temperature are relevant influencing factors.
The proper use of plant protection products in agricultural ecosystems is still an important method of production to secure quality and yield.
26 The institute's studies show that evaporation rates of leaf surfaces are expected to be 2-3 times higher than rates of bare soil. Excessively moist soil and temperatures favour the evaporation. The humus content of the soil and air humidity only have a small effect. In addition to the vapour pressure of the PPPs, the active ingredient can be "encapsulated" with special formulation technologies. Thereby the evaporation rate can be limited. The effectiveness of this CS-formulation has been proven multiple times both, under laboratory conditions as well as under natural wind tunnels.
A special case of wind transportation of PPP is wind erosion. PPPs bound to fine soil particles are transported to areas without vegetation but with a strong presence of wind. Similar to the drift of spray mist, the physiochemical properties of the PPPs are not important. But it benefits from strong wind and dry, bare soil with a high proportion of fine sand.
Transport and deposit of air-borne PPP
If the PPP got into the air in gaseous form or droplets, then the distribution and dispersion of airborne PPP in the environment depends on the wind speed and direction. In the case of the spray drift, it is a discrete event of only a few seconds, in which a directly adjacent neighbouring culture (e.g. lettuce) can be exposed with the PPP by spray drift. The transport distance for spray drift is approximately 0 - 20m from the edge of the field and the deposited PPP quantities are reduced significantly with increasing distance from the treated field.
For gaseous PPPs are the duration of the emission as well as the transport distance are much longer than in the case of spray drift. It is proven that PPPs with pronounced persistence and a high evaporation potential (e.g. DDT) have a worldwide distribution up to the food chain of the polar regions.
27 Environmental sector Example PPP exposure possible for Aquatic Running and standing waters Aquatic organisms Terrestrial Lettuce field next to viticulture Consumers through consumption Terrestrial Buffer strip (field margin) Insects, wild herbs Residential area next to fruit Terrestrial Residents, walkers cultivation
The local and long-distance transport of air-borne PPP results in deposits and exposure of non- target areas and non-target organisms. We distinguish between non-target areas in aquatic sectors (e.g. lakes and streams) and terrestrial sectors (e.g. soil and non-target plants). In the immediate vicinity of agricultural land treated with PPP, residents and walkers come in contact with air-borne PPPs. An overview of potential exposure paths for air-borne PPPs is shown in the table above.
Test system for wind tunnel
For a realistic assessment of risks, it is necessary to identify the range of PPP exposure via air path experimentally. Due to constantly changing wind direction and wind speeds in the natural environment, highly variable exposure levels must be expected. The wind tunnel system was developed and deployed to be able to carry out systematic investigations Legislation demands that into transport and deposit of airborne PPPs, regardless of weather plant protection products conditions. cannot pose danger to human beings or disturb the balance The two polytunnels have a dimension of 55 x 7 x 3 m (length x width x of nature. height) and are divided into three sections. Connected to the fan assembly section (max. 20 km/h wind speed), an equilibration range follows, which is 5 metres long and has a stabilised homogeneous wind profile. The PPPs are applied practice-oriented on soil or plants in the adjacent 100m2 fields. The 25m long field is joined laterally facing away from the wind. Measuring devices for the aquatic PPP deposit and for the determination of the PPP concentration in the air are installed in distances of 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20m from the edge of the field. These tests can be combined with non-target plants such as wild herbs or lettuce plants. After application of a PPP, a constant wind speed of 2 m/s is set and volatilised PPP portions can expose water surfaces and non-target plants over several days. In addition to the analytical determination of the PPP concentration in the air and water, the exposed plants are examined and phytotoxic symptoms and PPP quantity in the plant material is documented.
28 Also, the exposure of residents and walkers in the immediate vicinity of a PPP- treated field can be simulated in the wind tunnel. Dolls, wearing cotton clothing and air sample collectors, are placed in the wind tunnel after application and suspended in the air-borne PPP. At defined points in time, the cloths and air sample collectors are collected and the PPP quantity is determined analytically. Based on the experimentally determined PPP residue on the clothing (dermal exposure) and air samples (inhalation exposure), an assessment of risk is made in combination with toxicological data.
Summary
The proper use of PPPs in agricultural ecosystems is still an important method of production to secure quality and yield. Legislation demands that plant protection products cannot pose danger to human beings or disturb the balance of nature. In order to meet these requirements, the range and retention /continuance of air- borne PPPs after their application needs to be determined in detail.
In this context, the department of environmental chemistry has developed, and operates a wind tunnel system, which allows quantifying the PPP particles that are transported by the wind, to identify potentially harmful effects on human beings and the natural balance in advance.
� Dr. Gunnar Fent
29 RttsBttBBtĩrtįttì Applicable (Geo-)DataApplicable MAD: Multi-functional NATFLO is online is NATFLO Design Geodata: Alternative environmentally friendly plant protection from biogenic residual materials
Tests on aquatic non-target plants
What's new at Eh-Da?
31 Multi-functional Applicable Data set
There has been an ever increasing demand for specialised geodata in all areas of planning and management for years. The conventional methods for the provision of such data have increasing problems that are very difficult to solve. A remedy can be provided through modern, intelligent methods of remote sensing, geospatial analysis and data management.
The Institute for Agroecology (IfA) supports the implementation of MAD in Rhineland-Palatinate on behalf of the Ministry for Environment, Energy, Food and Forestry (MUEEF), among other things, through the comprehensive provision of current nature protection data and evaluation of landscape features in the agricultural area.
Conventional methods are reaching their limits
Manual digitisation is not only time and cost intensive, but due to the high number of agents and changing generalisation rules or processing standards, it is always connected to subjective choices and different interpretations, e.g. in the case of object definition or its thematic mapping.
Advantages of intelligent methods
An automatic acquisition does not only save time and cost, but the elimination of interpretation ranges make the results objective and reproducible through a unification of the generalisation measures (based on the analysis of the raster data) and the processing dimension tabs (based on the resolution of the existing data). The new generation of basic high and ultra-high resolution data and state of the art hardware and software offer a nearly perfect basis.
To avoid redundant acquisition depending on the query, MAD is designed multi-functionally. The data set is a collection of comprehensive objects with a general pre-classification (land cover) and many additional parameters to advance subject- specific classification.
32 Color channels: Color channels: Red / Green / Blue NIR / Green / Blue
Data basis The difference between an image-based digital surface model and the terrain model is mainly due to the fact that not only the Ortho-photos are aerial photographs taken from a plane. They are terrain, but also all objects (including buildings and vegetation) straightened and linked to coordinates so that they portray a true are shown. to scale and georeferenced image of the soil surface. First leads high-resolution ortho-photos for the Rhineland-Palatinate have a soil resolution of 20*20cm. The terrain model is subtracted from the height model for information on the actual height of a building and vegetation Digital ortho-photos usually have three channels, each providing on the ground (height above ground surface). Therefore, the spectral information in the red, green and blue areas (RGB). natural shape of the terrain is removed and the buildings and Since 2009, the state office for surveying and Geobasis vegetation are shown in a normalised, level surface. The result information RLP (LVermGeo RLP) have been providing digital is the normalised Digital Surface Model (nDSM). ortho-photos, which have been expanded with a fourth channel that provides important information of the near infrared (NIR) spectrum for the detection of vegetation.
Since 2006, LaserScan-aerial surveys with 4 frames per m2 have been taken in Rhineland-Palatinate; since 2014, even
with 20 frames per m2.
For LiDAR flights (Light Detection and Ranging), a laser scanner is used to measure the distance of the plane to the surface via light pulse. The recorded data will be pre-classified so that it it is Photosynthesis or the characteristic absorption and reflection easier to distinguish between ground signals (Load Pulse) and of certain wavelengths of light are used for the detection of house roofs or treetops (First Pulse) in the future. Since each vegetation. In particular, radiation in the blue shortwave range measuring pulse is assigned a coordinate using global (400-480nm) and the red longwave range (600-690nm) are positioning system (GPS), a comprehensive "map" results from absorbed for photosynthesis. Other wave lengths, like green single point data in the xyz format - the Digital Terrain Model (500-600nm) and in the invisible range of near infrared (700- (DTM). 1000nm) are mainly reflected - the near infrared channel (NIR)
The results are raster data with a resolution of 50cm. of ortho-photos comes into play.
Height values can be obtained by two opposing digital aerial or satellite images (stereo images) of the same section.
33 Multi-functional landscape classification
In general, landscape classifications are tailored to categories about particular, very concrete questions: biotope mapping divides the landscape types according to their facilities and their ecological function, while the evaluation of land use focuses on the human use. Completely different rules apply for different questions or users.
In computer science, these The semantic interoperability has become a central theme in large areas of the production, different term scopes are use and in particular the general provision of geodata (INSPIRE) and has suppressed earlier called ontologies. problems, such as exchange formats.
The multi-functional applicability of the data was an important development goal during the work on MAD. The data record should not only be used for a specific purpose, but instead should be able to answer as many questions and be useful for as many different users as possible. In addition to the traditional classification, MAD is a tool for an individual combination of the classes according to many, entirely different attributes (e.g. slope, soil moisture).
Basic methodology
The analysis of aerial images and height models is carried out as an object-based image analysis (OBIA). It is the delineation or delimitation of areas with different types of thematic maps from the picture material and the connected additional information. It shapes any number of geo-information in the form of vector or raster data for the area to be analysed.
In a first step of the image analysis, pixels with similar properties (colour, brightness, height etc.) are combined in groups (segmentation). The boundaries of these groups are represented by lines (vectors). They are ultimately the limits of the landscape elements which are visible in the image. Finally, the individual segments are assigned to previously defined classes on the basis of their different properties.
The segmentation of the surface is made in several steps. Firstly, the calculation of the vegetation index, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), is carried out via the detection of vegetation in the near infrared (NIR).
The value range of the normalised vegetation index is between -1 and 1.
34 � Dipl.-Ing. Tanja Jalke
Since the DOPs are not all taken on the same day of the year, the These roughly differentiated classes have been based as much values of the vegetation index might not always be exactly the as possible on the data model of the EIONET-Action Group on same. Therefore, the first segmentation is made very Land Monitoring in Europe (EAGLE). The EAGLE-approach to conservatively: land monitoring provides a clear distinction between land cover and land use and takes account of the corresponding INSPIRE NDVI < 0 means definitely no vegetation (e.g. water surfaces, data specifications. transport routes) After these essential classes are separated from one another, NDVI > 0 means potentially vegetation. they are further divided with the so-called "multi-resolution In the next step, the height above the surface is used to segmentation", depending on the main focus. Thereby the distinguish towering elements from near-surface elements: homogeneity of a region determines further area subdivision
nDSM > 1 means towering object based on colour, smoothness and compactness.
nDSM < 1 means soil, shrub, etc. What are the next steps? The previous segments can already be divided very easily in rough Currently, MAD describes only classes of land cover. In the next categories through a combination of the object height and step to achieve multi-functionality, zonal statistics are calculated vegetation potential: for a very large number of additional parameters for each
towering vegetation surface area (e.g. "topographical position index", "topographical moisture index", curvature, alignment, sunlight, etc.). Thus, a other towering objects more differentiated classification and description of the objects ground vegetation will be possible with the ontological tools according to the
bare soil respective specialist applications.
sealed surface
This type of segmentation is known as threshold based.
An Example for multi- functionality:
Segments of the same section of landscape - classified following the EAGLE datamodel (center), as well as vegetation index (left) and height above ground (right).
35 Design Geodata:
NATFLO is online
The Portal Natflo.de provides geodata, developed at the IfA, a land cover in RLP for everyone to experience.
"What is where?" - Spatial data is essential information that answers many questions in science, planning and politics. To make this important decision-making tool more accurate and up-to-date, the Institute for Agroecology has been developing innovative geodata since 2014that records the land coverage of the Rhineland-Palatinate everywhere and in very high resolution (NATFLO project), in cooperation with the Ministry for Environment, Energy, Food and Forestry.
The concept is based on the data model of the EIONET Action Group on Land Monitoring in Europe (EAGLE). Using the EAGLE approach, required by the European Environment Agency (EEA), and the implementation of the EU INSPIRE directive, the data is integrated into European standards and initiatives. It is used to support the nature protection management in Rhineland-Palatinate with Since mid-June 2016, current spatial data. the geodata portal is online: This platform presents the results of the cooperation to the global network and makes the data www.natflo.de available to be explored in a web-based geo-information system (web-GIS). In addition, the data will be ready for download shortly: The data MAD (Multi-functional applicable geoData set), which is published under an Open Database License (ODbL), will then be accessible for everyone free of charge.
36 Browse and explore - Country-wide land cover geodata you can touch
Land cover is the most basic type of representation of any landscape. It records the physical and biological landscape of the earth's surface in several simple classes. MAD, developed at our Institute, displays this spatial resolution for all RLP for the first time. The Web-GIS on www.natflo.de offers the chance for everyone to explore their individual "habitat" in surprising detail and a completely new way.
MAD goes significantly further than the pure representation of the land cover types: With a right-click of the mouse, it provides additional information for the selected object, e.g. a shrub or a piece of lawn. As an example, the user can obtain information on the height of the object, its location in the landscape (slope and alignment) or the expected level of soil moisture. In the future, the mass of information will be expanded gradually through additional project work so that a more differentiated picture results.
WebGIS - individual maps in the synopsis of geodata
In addition to the land cover details of MAD, natflo.de offers more data, which can be loaded as map layers in various levels of transparency. For example, there is data about protection areas and biotopes of landscape information system RLP (LANIS). Also, the basic data of MAD is accessible there, and with the digital surface-model it can create a three-dimensional impression of the landscape with its structural elements. Special attention is given to the European Earth Observation Program Copernicus (http://www.d-copernicus.de/). So-called Web-Mapping Services (WMS) provide additional information about landscape (degree of sealing, crown density and forest species in forest regions).
Big Data - the challenge of large data quantities
With the production of MAD, RLP AgroScience entered the age of big data processing. The approx. 100 million individual vector objects, with which the entire Rhineland-Palatinate landscape is recorded in detail, comprise a total data volume of several terabytes (1TB = 1,000 GB). This large data volume size poses a great challenge for data management and the implementation of automated analyses. It also makes it difficult to organise the web-based map representation. Access time for object queries and map assembly whilst browsing on natflo.de are optimised through clever data management and powerful hardware and software. In addition to their creativity and experience in geodata handling, the partner company NetGis from Trier, entrusted with the implementation, counts on proven OpenSource-GIS-solutions such as PostgreSQL/PostGis and UMN MapServer.
37 Open Data Commons Open Database License
Open data benefits everyone
As a client, the Ministry for Environment, Energy, Food and Forestry decided to move with the time and to provide the data, which is generated with public funds, to the public free of charge under an Open Database licence (ODbL). The data access to natflo.de is made via so-called Atom-Feeds, through which the user can download the data areas of interest in "portions". As a Web-Mapping Service (WMS), MAD is also available for users that want to incorporate the data directly in their own GIS-projects. The application areas of the data for the user are numerous. In addition to landscape planning and biotope mapping, as well as environment protection, opportunities arise for surface monitoring (e.g. scrub encroachment in open fields), in the assessment and management of compensation areas in the municipal planning and much more. Furthermore, there are opportunities for the implementation of computer-aided management processes, the so- called eGovernment.
Features and conclusion
In addition to the various data offerings, WebGIS offers the user many other features. Using a local search function, the desired region can be viewed without any scrolling. An "export function" generates maps with the finished layout in PDF or other image formats (e.g. JPEG) on request. A special feature is the export as GeoTiff. In this format, the exported map sections are georeferenced and can be integrated directly into geoinformation systems. The specific location of interest can be displayed in the map, which is especially interesting for users with mobile devices. Also, sharing map sections via email is easily possible, either as a link or in the form of a QR code that can be scanned with a corresponding app and directly forwarded to the site in the Natflo-web- GIS.
The NATFLO-website informs the public comprehensively about the project and presents the results in accordance with the idea of the project: freely available open data and interoperability. In addition to providing important information, the Web-GIS also aims to raise curiosity and fun. "Geographical excursions" in the Rhineland-Palatinate area take the internet user far beyond what they are used to with Bing, Google and Co. NATFLO Mobile
38 Excursion: Describe instead of name
By right-clicking any object, more information can be accessed (e.g., the object height or tilt of the site), and with this query the user receives a small insight into the large database. A very large amount of information is stored for each object, which includes values in relation to its location in space, various location factors and its spectral characteristics. Therefore, a wide range of spatial data has been (and continues to be) evaluated, including the latest available aerial images by the National Survey (LVermGeo RLP) and satellite images of the ESA-Copernicus program. Each object functions as a container of information. It is continuously enriched with more and more data that describes the different facets of its physical character numerically. This wealth of data can only be evaluated and interpreted with human resources. There are plans to make automated evaluation algorithms available down the road, which recognise the many seemingly unrelated figure patterns just like fingerprints. Trained with the help of sample surfaces, the algorithms can assign thematic properties to objects, for example the level of utilisation intensity. They are attached to each object in the form of defined standardised terms, similar to "tags" in a program for the management of digital photos. Soon, this will make it possible to search for the object, finding it or classifying certain thematic contexts into categories through alternate combinations of these properties (e.g. biotope types or forms of land use). Slowly each object receives a comprehensive description in terms of the human world of experience.
This is the main innovation of the newly developed data: Traditional approaches to the landscape registration create a system of classes (e.g. forest, farmland, settlement, sport area, road) whose content is defined in extensive class descriptions. Definitions there point out what characteristics, for example, a forest or farmland should have. Depending on the maker of these so-called nomenclatures, the description for "forest" is then very different. With MAD the project NATFLO goes in the opposite direction: the objects of the landscape are classified very fundamentally as individual components, but with many properties. As already indicated above, the objects can be arranged in different class systems and even in different professional contexts. Since the terms for the properties are taken from common vocabulary from the contexts, they act as a tool for "translation".
� Dipl.-Geogr. Gregor Tintrup gen. Suntrup
39 Alternative environmentally friendly plant protection from biogenic residual materials
The bactericidal and fungicidal effect of polyphenolic extracts (e.g. from olive tree leaves as well as olive and grape pomace) is known since quite a while. In gerneral, the substance group of polyphenols is a promising alternative to copper compounds.
Introduction
In organic viticulture, plant pests, such as the False Downy Mildew of Grapevine (Plasmopara viticola), can lead to high yield and quality failures without taking appropriate protection measures. Currently, copper-based preparations are the only effective and approved plant protection products in organic viticulture to control False Downy Mildew. In Germany, copper-containing pesticides have been used for 150 years against fungal diseases such as Downy Mildew of grapevine. This makes these formulations some of the oldest plant protection products (PPP), which currently have a high relevance in ecological and conventional farming. Copper is also very important in conventional and integrated viticulture, despite the use of synthetic-chemical PPP for reasons of resistance management. Due to its basic structure, it is not subject to mineralisation and cannot be degraded and thus accumulates in the soil of the vineyards. After many years of use, copper acts toxically to many types of soil organisms with far-reaching ecological consequences. Due to the accumulation in the upper soil layers, plant types that germinate aerially are especially affected. Reduced microbial activity and a diminishing mesa fauna (e.g. earthworms) were registered. As a result of leaching of agricultural soils, copper can also get into neighbouring ecosystems and waters. Due to its ion form, it can also act toxically to aquatic organisms such as algae, fish and daphnia and affect reproduction of birds and mammals.
Despite the efforts that have been made to reduce copper application or to replace it with alternative preparations (rock flour, mineral and rapeseed oils or other plant oils, biological antagonists), a complete absence of copper in organic viticulture is currently More about IfA’s patented plant not possible with the mentioned preparations. strengthening product: http://vitovin.agroscience.de Another alternative to copper compounds is the promising substance group of polyphenols, which occur in many plant families as so-called secondary plant substances with known bactericidal and fungicidal effect. The fungicidal effect of polyphenolic extracts from olive tree leaves as well as olive and grape pomace has also been documented in literature for quite some time. Many plants contain ingredients that are toxic
40 Prozesschain to the Raw olive pomace manufacturing of olive pomace extract Drying (60°C)
to various plant pathogens. When these ingredients are extracted from the respective plants or Grinding plant residual materials and implemented in crop protection, they are called "botanicals".
Lipophilic extraction with Extract manufacture Hexan (deoiling) The olive residues, which are essentially different in their water content, result from various manufacturing processes of the olive oil industry: a two-phase process and a three-phase Raw olive extract process (2-phase olive mill waste = 2-POMW; 3-phase olive mill waste = 3-POMW). The olive residues are composed of flesh, shell particles and pit particles. The pomace is a result of the processing of the Koroeiki olives and originates from the cultivation area Mani in Kalamata Filtration (Greece). Besides olive pomace, extracts from olive tree leaves have also been used for the upcoming experiments. These were not self-produced but purchased. The grape pomace was Extraction of polyphenols procured from a winery in the Southern Palatinate, which produces them in accordance with ecological guidelines. Very fresh grape pomace of different vine varieties was used, such as black Riesling, Cabernet Sauvignon, but mostly Riesling. Liquid polyphenol-rich extrakt The first step was drying the fresh olive and grape pomace at 60°C, then grinding it. The ground olive pomace had to be deoiled with hexane using the soxhlet method (lipophilic concentration in rotary evaporator extraction). Olive pomace still possesses a certain proportion of residual oil. The deoiling of olive pomace accelerates the subsequent hydrophilic polyphenol extraction. Adding a solvent mixture to the dried and deoiled olive and grape pomace produced polyphenol-rich extract Freeze-drying solutions. The liquid extracts were then concentrated in a rotary evaporator. For the following efficiency trials, the the concentrations of the various grape extracts were measured according to gallic acid equivalents (GAE).
Olive pomace extract as potential plant strengthening product
41 Leaf disc test
The olive residue and olive leaf extracts were initially tested on their effectiveness against False Downy Mildew on leaf discs. Different formulations were used. The leaf discs were stamped from leaves of the grape variety Müller- Thurgau. First, the leaf discs were sprayed with the various extracts. Then, after 24 hours, they were artificially infected with the fungus Plasmopara viticola. The results of the subsequent examination showed the potential of the olive residue and olive leaf extracts as copper substitutes. To confirm the results, they needed to be replicated in greenhouse and natural environments.
Greenhouse experiments
Experiments in the greenhouse on vine (vine variety: Müller-Thurgau) with protective applications of olive residue extracts, olive leaf extracts, as well as with grape seed extract showed a high level of activity against the pathogen P.viticola. The concentration 1.0 g/L GAE of 2-POMW extract, combined with the grape seed extracts in the same concentration, achieved a very high degree of efficiency of over 80%. The results of these extracts were close to the peak values of the reference control (copper product: "Cuprozin progress"), whose efficiency reached over 90%. By mixing a biological adhesive (Trifolio S-forte) into the extract solutions, the efficiency could be increased further.
Experiments in wild nature
The extracts from olive pomace, olive leaves and from grape seeds were tested on their effectiveness against False Downy Mildew in the wild on the vine varieties Riesling, black Riesling (white wine varieties), as well as Dunkelfelder and Cabernet Dorsa (red wine varieties). The vineyards were located at various locations in the South-Palatinate and the western Palatinate region known as Vorderpfalz. According to the evaluation of the results, the various plant extracts could demonstrated their protective properties, even in years with a high infection rate by the pathogen P.viticola, for example in the year 2013. Adjacent, conventionally treated areas of other winemakers, showed strong outbreaks. In view of this, it was remarkable that the extracts delivered similarly positive results as the co-tested copper-based solution. This is certainly also due to the increase of spraying dates. Just like with the copper compounds, the injection cycle and amount of extracts need to be adjusted to weather conditions and infestation rates. The advantage of biological extracts lies in the fact that the spray volume is not subject to any ceiling. In Germany, the organisations of organic viticulture (association policies) restrict the use of copper compounds to a maximum of 3 kg/ha per year as part of their copper mitigation strategy. This may, however, be exceeded in special cases, e.g. high infection and infestation rates caused by the weather.
42 Leaf disc tests (right)
with less infected leaf discs - with protective applications of olive leaf extracts (left)
and infected reference group � Dipl. Umweltwiss. Jones Athai (center) [email protected]
Summary and outlook
The polyphenol-rich extracts obtained from residual materials of the olive oil industry and the solid residues of the grape reduced the infestation of Downy Mildew in the greenhouse and in nature substantially in higher concentrations. Thereby, the residues of olive oil production (2-POMW extract) and the grape seed extract showed the highest effectiveness against P. viticola, both in the same concentration. Currently, the detailed action of phenolic compounds against Downy Mildew is not yet known. But an exogenous effect of polyphenols can stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of internal phenolic components (phytoalexins) in the plant. Phytoalexins and secondary plant substances, such as numerous phenolic compounds, are an essential part of plant defence mechanism. Thus, the use of biological extracts and biogenic residual substances, such as olive pomace extracts, olive leaf extracts or grape seed extract, as plant protection products can lead to copper reduction. Additionally, it is conceivable that the phenol-rich extracts may also build up a restorative effect against other plant pathogens.
The production and use of polyphenolic compounds from the residual substances of biological products is therefore ecologically very attractive and promising, since this potential could significantly reduce the use of copper preparations in the organic vineyard. The tested grape seed extracts are already registered as the trade mark "VitoVin- Pflanzenstärkung" ("VitoVin- Plant strengthening") at the Federal Ministry for Consumer Protection and Food Safety and listed for organic farming.
VitoVin
43 Tests on aquatic non-target plants
In 2016, in addition to the already available studies on terrestrial non-target plants, tests on aquatic non-target plants were established and included to the research portfolio of our department of Environmental Technology.
These results are now added to the offerings of RLP AgroScience. The effects of chemicals in different concentrations of various sample aquatic plants are studied over a period of one to two weeks in the aforementioned tests. Information on potential harmfulness of these chemicals can be derived from the results, which are needed for the approval documentation.
The following test are GLP certified: Lemna minor L./Lemna gibba L. Growth Inhibition Test according to OECD TG 221
In this study, substances or substance mixtures are tested on their toxicity to the common duckweed (Lemna minor L.) or the gibbous duckweed (Lemna gibba L.). The plants are cultivated for seven days, initially under test conditions. In a crystallising dish with a suitable medium, the test substance and a defined number of fronds are incubated at constant temperature and lighting conditions in a climate chamber for seven days. A recovery phase is optionally available. The following measurement values are recorded within the study:
Number of colonies and fronds
Lens surface (cm2) using photographic evaluation Proof of the substance concentration in the medium Symptomatic abnormalities of plants such as indication of necrosis/chlorosis Determination of fresh and dry weight pH-value of the medium
From the resulting data several Plant surface Lemna minor on day 7 thresholds are derived - for example EC50 (Effect Concentration).
EC50 is the concentration where half of
Day 7 the exposed plants die or the overall growth of the exposed plants is reduced by 50%. lant surface Lemna minor (mm²) P
Concentration of test substance (mg/L)
44 Sediment-free Myriophyllum Spicatum Toxicity Test according to OECD TG 238
In this study, which is carried out under sterile conditions, the annual watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) will be used as the test organism. The plants are initially cultivated for seven days under test conditions. Shoots of the plant are cut off at 2.5 cm and put into a test tube with a suitable medium. The test substance is added and incubated at constant temperature and light conditions in a climatic chamber for 14 days. If necessary, a spiked medium change can take place after seven days. The following measurement values are recorded within the study:
length and number of main and secondary drives length and number of roots number of leaflets proof of the substance concentration in the medium symptomatic abnormalities of plants, such as indication of necrosis/chlorosis determination of fresh and dry weight pH-value of the medium
Water-Sediment Myriophyllum Spicatium Toxicity Test according to OECD TG 239
This study also uses the annual watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.). Five plants per beaker are cultivated in 2L glass beakers with artificial sediment and suitable medium under test conditions for seven days before the test substance is added to the medium and incubated at constant temperature and light conditions in a climatic chamber for 14 days. If necessary, a spiked medium change can take place after seven days. The following measurement values are recorded within the study:
length of the main and secondary drives number of roots proof of the substance concentration in the medium symptomatic abnormalities of plants, such as indication of necrosis/chlorosis determination of fresh and dry weight pH-value of the medium
45 What's new at Eh-Da?
“Eh-Da-areas“ are mostly municipal and urban areas, which are there anyway (“eh da”) and which can serve The basic years 2012-2014 as habitats for wild bees and other insects after their
From 2012 to 2014, geodata-based methods for the quantitative and re-structuration. So they can help to enhance biodiversity. The project lasts already for five years qualitative detection of "Eh-Da"-areas were developed and promoted now in the the department of Environmental Systems. by the "Modern agriculture Forum e.V. [registered association]", and added to the foundation of the "Eh-Da" concept (cf. IfA Annual Report 2013). The final report on the study is available on the website www.innovation-naturhaushalt.de. You will also find studies on the importance of "Eh-Da"-areas for bees, carried out by the company "RIFCON".
In 2014, Bornheim (Palatinate) became the first model municipality where the "Eh-Da"-concept was carried out practically for the first time, and four "Eh-Da"-areas were upgraded in terms of their habitat suitability for wild bees. Previously, RIFCON documented the output state of the "Eh-Da"-areas and the status quo of the bee occurrence in Bornheim (see web link) to create comparable bases for the following monitoring studies. This work was supported with the presentation of results and project developments at various specialist events, including the International Green Week 2012-2014, Meadow Orchard Day and Rhineland-Palatinate Honey Day 2014.
2015 - Establishment in Rhineland-Palatinate
Based on the first implementation in Bornheim, a practical guide for the arrangement and maintenance of "Eh-Da"-surfaces was submitted (see www.ehda.agroscience.de), in which instructions were collected about how to specifically enhance areas for municipalities.
A milestone in the continued development of the "Eh-Da" concept was the Regional Garden Show (LGS) in Landau, where the theme was exhibited from April to October and thus arose the interest of over 30 municipalities. Initially, only municipalities of Rhineland-Palatinate such as Haßloch and Westheim were included, but due to regular reporting by different media outlets, e.g. radio contribution of "Antenne Pfalz" and articles in the Newspaper "Die Rheinpfalz", the term "Eh-Da" became more famous in the course of the LGS. In addition, publications of the IfA (see webpage) in the magazines "Stadt und Gemeinde" [Town and municipality], "ArcAKTUELL" and "Umweltjournal Rheinland-Pfalz" [Environmental Journal of the Rhineland-Palatinate] increased the recognition status.
In addition to the LGS, the IfA organised an excursion to the model municipality Bornheim in September with the support of the Forum of Modern Agriculture e.V. to present the concept of "Eh-Da" on the basis of the first practical implementations to interested representatives from politics, administration, economy and science. Local mayor Prof. Dr. Karl Keilen and Minister of State Ulrike Höfken unveiled the "Eh-Da town sign and explained
46 Bornheim, Haßfurt and Derenburg to compare the bee and vegetation mapping on "Eh-Da" upgraded and non- upgraded areas. This helped gain further evidence regarding the effectiveness of the revaluation measures. In 2016, the IfA published the most relevant article about the "Eh-Da concept so far in the magazine for Applied Ecology "Nature protection and landscape planning" (NuL). Active participation in nationwide specialist events, including the specialist conference "ecological green surface area" in Biberach, the "building yard conductor forum" in Ulm, the "DLG Field Days" in Haßfurt and the 2nd and 3rd "Bee Congress" of the BMEL in Berlin and the importance of local and innovative concepts such as the "Eh- Nuremberg offered additional successful exposure and project Da surface (see webpage). promoting discussion platforms. A support program was found on the basis of these principles in form of the action "Blue Eagle" Finally, the term "Eh-Da" was incorporated in the context of of the Alliance Environmental Foundation, with which first strategies to promote the species diversity within the newly municipal "Eh-Da measures were implemented in the previously publicised biodiversity strategy of Rhineland-Palatinate in mentioned Haßloch-Neustadt. December. Conclusion During this year, we have been expanding the use of contemporary media: in particular, we generated interactive WebGIS-applications Overall, the IfA can look back on a positive course of the project that are usable on any device (incl. smartphones), to facilitate with constantly increasing awareness, in which the scientific transparent project document progresses and enable approach has been optimised. Meanwhile, numerous additions participation, for example for those involved in the project. were made and currently are supported by accompanying studies. These are supported by the recognition 2016 - Nationwide expansion of "Eh-Da" concept as a relevant theme for a Informations and Examples: Starting with the "Eh-Da"-Hotspot Master thesis at the Institute of Terrestrial http://ehda.agroscience.de Rhineland-Palatinate, the concept has been Ecology in Weihenstephan at the Technical http://ehda-flaechen.de spreading to other federal states since the University of Munich, where currently the first beginning of the year and was implemented Master thesis was approved. The concept will be in larger municipalities (or cities): examples are Haßfurt (Bavaria: integrated as a partial block of the biodiversity 14,053 inhabitants), Neustadt an der Weinstraße (Rhineland- strategy of the LEADER-Region of Southern Palatinate in 2017. Palatinate: 52,999 inhabitants), Wingst (Lower Saxony: 3,385 inhabitants), Derenburg (Saxony-Anhalt: 2,609 inhabitants) and Recklinghausen (North Rhine-Westphalia: 115,385 inhabitants). This means that the "Eh-Da concept is currently being implemented in some 20 municipalities, and approximately 80 other municipalities have expressed interest. Additionally, a two- year monitoring has been carried out since springtime 2016 in
� Dipl.-Geogr. Mark Deubert
47 Ittĭtttrttĭtĩtttíttįttĭtĩttī Change through action - biogas from waste for smallholders
Energy from organic residual materials in South Africa
Clean water through solar energy
49 Change through action
biogas from waste for smallholders in Kenya
Due to strong deforestation, traditional fuels, such as charcoal or LPG, are being sold for very high prices in Kenya. However, biomass such as manure or residual materials of agricultural holdings are still hardly used despite the great potential for biogas production for direct lighting of the stove.
Therefore, the RLP AgroScience developed mini biogas plants under the name of Rehau HomeGas in collaboration with the company Rehau (developer) and the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) in Nairobi. As part of the framework of the project "Small Biogas Plant in Kenya" these plants have been transferred to Kenya as easily distributed and affordable solutions for both, the private household and for public institutions. Their use allows eliminating biological waste while saving money, gaining energy, generating fertilizer and relieving the environment.
The design of the system was intentionally kept simple so that it can be operated with as little as 24kg manure and 24l of water. The actual fermenter consists of a PE-tube that holds approximately 2m³ biomass. It is located in a previously manufactured bottom drain with an approximate tilt of 5° to ensure continuous Picture 1: Test environment flow. With the help of an overflow pipe (KG pipe) at the end, the completely decomposed substrate can be removed as fertilizer. The feeding to the fermenter is also carried out using a KG-tube with a funnel at the beginning of the hose. The produced biogas is removed with a flexible gas pipeline, which is installed at the top and led into a PVC-gasbag for intermediate storage. This is where the biogas is finally fed directly into the gas cooker. After fermentation, the now harmless substrate can be used as fertilizer.
Initially, the plant was installed at the Technology Centre of the RLP AgroScience in Germany. It was tested for yield, quality of gas, manageability and functionality (Picture 1). Then, the system components were delivered to Kenya and installed as pilot plants on multiple smallholds (Picture 2). At the same time, a permanent institution was setup in cooperation with the JKUT and used for appropriate training measures (training workshop). The first foundations for design and
Picture 2: Pilot Plant � Dipl.-Ing.Thorsten Pollatz
construction of mini biogas plants were implemented here, but it was also used as a production site (Pictures 3 + 4). In the medium term, more local production sites are planned in collaboration with local investors. Micro-loans were developed with local banks to facilitate financing biogas plants for Kenyan smallholders. Conversion measures and adjustments of the pilot plants were developed and implemented in close cooperation with the "School of Environmental Studies" and supported through regular measurements for methane yield.
The results of the long-term measurements were compiled and presented as part of a monitoring report. The entire biogas topic has been included in the JKUAT curriculum and is conveyed in the framework of a lecture. Due to the simple on site production capability, it is possible to offer this innovative system for less than €500 and to ensure a commissioning time frame of less than a week. At a weight of only 50kg, it is portable on a simple motorcycle and can be easily transferred to another location. There are already interested parties for the function as local intermediaries. Various systems were sold by the project partner Rehau through Kenyan energy entrepreneurs.
During the opening of a Rehau HomeGas in a green innovation centre in Bukura, the Minister Dr. Gerd Müller (BMZ) could personally witness the functionality and performance of the system and its positive effect on the improvement of rural life (Picture 5). A public completion workshop was held at the JKUAT, Nairobi in June 2016. The German "Welthungerhilfe" foundation ("World Hunger Aid foundation") has already integrated Rehau HomeGas into their program; GIZ and SNV will follow.
.
Picture 3: Basic workshop Picture 4: Certificates
51 Energy from organic residual materials in South Africa
South Africa is looking for new approaches in the handling of renewable energies. IfA is transfering knowledge and know-how for the usage of organic residual materials from agriculture and industry. Picture 1: Drying container
South Africa, the largest economy in Africa, is completely dependent on fossil fuels for
energy production, producing approx. 912g CO2 per kWh. Against this background, the
South African Government decided to tax CO2 since 2013. This price increase created considerable challenges for private consumers and industry prompting a solution-oriented rethinking of energy procurement. The great potential of biomass, such as manure and residual materials of agricultural holdings, to generate energy in the form of biogas or solid fuel is still hardly used in South Africa.
The project "Use of biogenic residual materials for the production of biogas and fertilizer" involved the companies New EcoTec and RLP AgroScience on the German side and Stellenbosch University, the meat producer Berlin beef, fruit juice producer Elgin Fruit Juice and EnviroServ on the South African side. By establishing a test plant, they brought drying and biogas technologies to South Africa with the aim to promote decentralised energy generation from previously unused residual materials of agriculture. Its purpose was to demonstrate the production of biogas from cow manure and facilitate the evaluation of the potential of additional biomass.
Moreover, applicable substrates were dried in a drying plant and the suitability as a Residuals from juice solid fuel or fertilizer was examined. In November 2014, the drying plant was setup industry can be used as on the premises of the Elgin Fruit Juice, an innovative waste company, and an fuel or fertilizer. extensive training was conducted to explain the technology (Pictures 1 + 2). The drying plant was fed with fermentation residues of the biogas plant on the grounds of Elgin Fruit Juice and was operated with their waste heat.
52 Picture 2: Handing over certifications
At the same time, an experimental biogas plant was put into operation at the University of Stellenbosch and a detailed briefing was given (Picture 3). Two students were appointed to supervise the two systems. They also carried out data surveys in continuous operation over the course of the year 2015. In February 2016, a public workshop on effective completion was held on the grounds of the juice producers.
The overall theme of the project, the new joint venture partner "Bioworks" and the results of the two students of the Picture 3: Experimental plant at University of Stellenbosch University of Stellenbosch were presented to the public and decision-makers in a total of six presentations. In addition, the participants were able to tour the facilities. Employees of the RLP AgroScience and New EcoTec held lectures at the University of Stellenbosch , parts of which are now included in the already existing regular lecture material.
� Dipl.-Ing. Thorsten Pollatz
Picture 4: Lecture at University of Stellenbosch
53 Clean water through solar energy in Brazil
Together with multiple partners RLP AgroScience helps to ensure self-sufficient supply of energy, drinking water and waste water. Furthermore a sustainable use of resource water shall be encouraged.
Over the last few years, new residential settlements, so-called Condomínios, have been developed in several Brazilian cities, for example in Natal, the capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. They are enclosed, comfortable and secure living units with a lot of greenery, sport and leisure facilities, and are mostly occupied by families with better income to live protected from the increase in crime and violence. A Condomínio was created in Natal at the time of the project proposal, where particularly ecological aspects and modern building standards were supposed to be implemented.
For this purpose, methods and partners were identified to ensure self-sufficient supply of energy, drinking and waste water for the settlement. The project "decentralised drinking water treatment in Natal" involved GKM Engineers and RLP AgroScience on the German side and CTGAS-ER (Centro de Tecnologias do Gás e Energias Renováveis) and Eco Gerna Soluções Sustentáveis Ltda. on the Brazilian side, who contributed the sustainable use of resource water.
The major challenges for the project were the cleaning and use of marginal groundwater, which had critically high salt content due to intrusion and could not be used directly for drinking water. The distributed energy-self-sufficient and environmentally friendly MEH-procedure (multi effect humidification) plays a key role. In this process, the raw water is heated with solar panels and the resulting water vapour is then condensed. After hygienisation by means of UV radiation and mineralisation, the thusly produced water is suitable as drinking water for direct use.
Picture 1: Unloading in Natal Picture 2: Construction team
54 Picture 3: Paneldiscussion at final workshop Picture 4: Guided tour to the plant
In December 2013, the installation, commissioning and training of the operating personnel of the model plant was conducted by the AgroScience GmbH on the premises of the research institution of CTGAS/SENAI (Pictures 1 + 2). The Brazilian partners carried out the structural measures in accordance with the provisions of the GKM Engineers GmbH in advance, ensuring that the construction went smoothly.
In spring 2014, the project was presented as part of an event by the German-Brazilian cooperation about renewable energies and several minor problems were corrected at the plant. Politicians and industry representatives had the chance to visit the plant. Subsequently various interested parties expressed for the desire to acquire the technology by.
On 17 October 2014, once again a public workshop was held with participation of representatives from local authorities and industry as well as numerous students with interest in the topic. The results of the project were presented, the plant was inspected and the project content of the sustainable water management was explained, followed by a detailed and constructive discussion with the audience (Picture 3 + 4).
The model plant, installed at the institute site, will be operated by CTGAS in the future. Even if the water production only covers a small part of the drinking water needs at the site, it meets the purpose as a model plant and can be visited by appointment. CTGAS plans to build a small wastewater treatment plant at the institute site, following the plans of the model plant, so that the cleaning performance of different contaminated sewage waters can be tested.
� Dipl.-Ing. Thorsten Pollatz
55 Putĭttīttítįtĩtttíttįttĭs Publikationen, Vorträge, Poster
Presse & Multimedia
ausgewählte News
57 Publications: 2015
Bolz, H.; Deubert, M.; Trapp, M. (2015): Eh da-Flächen. In: ArcAktuell 2/2015: Städte und Dörfer: Nachhaltig gestalten. Seite: 16-17. Internet: http://arcaktuell.de/02-2015/#/16 (06.November 2015).
Deubert, M. (2015): Das Geheimnis der Eh da-Flächen. Imkerverein Neustadt. Neustadt, 23. Januar 2015.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K. (2015): Das Konzept der Eh da-Flächen. Öffentliche Informationsveranstaltung im Rathaus Hochdorf-Assenheim, 23. November 2015.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K. (2015): Das Eh da-Konzept in Essingen. Öffentliche Informationsveranstaltung in der Gemeindehalle Essingen, 15. September 2015.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K.: (2015): Das Konzept der Eh da-Flächen. Öffentliche Gemeinderatssitzung im Rathaus Insheim, 16. Dezember 2015.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K.; Bolz, H. (2015): Das Konzept der Eh da-Flächen. Öffentliche Gemeinderatssitzung im Rathaus Haßloch, 25. November 2015.
Deubert, M.; Trapp, M. (2015): Eh da-Flächen - Flächenmanagement für mehr Artenvielfalt. In: Ministerium für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft, Ernährung, Weinbau und Forsten Rheinland-Pfalz (MULEWF RLP) (Hrsg.): Umweltjournal Rheinland-Pfalz, Heft 58, September 2015. S. 70-73. Internet: https://mueef.rlp.de/fileadmin/mulewf/Publikationen/Umweltjournal_58.pdf (09.11.2015).
Jalke, T. (2015): Fernerkundungsbasierte Landschaftsobjekte für Naturschutz und Landwirtschaft. Kartographisches Symposium, HS Karlsruhe, 27. Oktober 2015.
Klein, M., Thomas, K., Trapp, M., Guerniche, D., König, W., Klaas, P., Holdt, G. & Osterwald, A. (2015): Spatial distribution of pesticide concentrations in Germany calculated with PELMO. Poster presentation at the XV Symposium Pesticide Chemistry, Piacenza, 3. September 2015.
Kotremba, C. (2015): 3D-Vegetation zur Erfassung von Waldstrukturparametern und Verbuschung im Biosphärenreservat Pfälzerwald. Vortrag Biosphärenhaus Fischbach am 02. März 2015.
Kotremba, C. (2015): Einsatz der Fernerkundung und GIS zur Ableitung von hochauflösenden Geländeinformationen und aufragender Vegetation. Gastvortrag Saarforst Landesbetrieb in Saarbrücken am 19. Oktober 2015.
Kotremba, C. (2015): Hochauflösende dreidimensionale Vegetationsdaten - Praxisbasierte Anwendungsbeispiele aus Rheinland- Pfalz. Treffen Beirat Biosphärenreservat Naturpark Pfälzerwald. Lambrecht 13. Mai 2015.
Kotremba, C. (2015): Hochauflösende fernerkundliche Erfassung von Lebensrauminformationen des Rotwildes im Bereich der Rotwildhegegemeinschaft Pfälzerwald Süd im GIS. Mitgliederversammlung der RHG Pfälzerwald Süd in Rinnthal am 25. September 2015.
Kotremba, C. (2015): Kaltluft und (Winter-) Spätfrostgefährdung im Zuge des Klimawandels – 3D-Geländedaten als Werkzeug für Planungsgrundlagen. Kirrweiler am 17. Febuar 2015.
Kotremba, C.: Spätfrostgefährdung des Weinanbaugebiets Pfalz - eine klimatologische und reliefbasierte Betrachtung. In: Deutsches Weinbau Jahrbuch 2015; S. 19-28.
58 Kotremba, C.; Jalke, T.; Tintrup gen. Suntrup, G.; Trapp, M. (2015): Hochauflösende dreidimensionale Vegetationsdaten. In: ArcAktuell, Wald & Flur Januar 2015.
Kotremba, C.; Jalke, T.; Trapp, M. (2015): Praxisbasierte Anwendung von aufragenden Vegetationsdaten am Beispiel des Biosphärenreservats Pfälzerwald. In: Forstliche Forschungsberichte München 214 (2015). S. 123 - 132.
Lamshoeft, M.; Resseler H.; Reinken G.; Schriever C.; Schubert S.; Webb J.; Webb S.; Zillgens B.; Cassidy, P.; Doucette W.; Fent G.; Gourlay V.; Malekani K.; Hoberg, J.; McLaughlin, S.; Milner, S.; Traub, M.; Swales, S.; Weinfurtner, K.; Derz, K.; Kemmerling, K. (2015): Evaluation of a new test design for the determination of a substance specific plant uptake factor (PUF) for use in regulatory fate modeling. Poster session presented at the 25th SETAC Europe Congress, Barcelona, 3.-7. May.
Lamshoeft, M.; Resseler H.; Reinken G.; Schriever C.; Schubert S.; Webb J.; Webb S.; Zillgens B.; Keenan D.; Doucette W.; Fent G.; Gourlay V.; Malekani K.; Letourneau M.; Martin J.; Rooney P.; vanBeinum W.; Rieder B.; Traub M.; Swales S.; Weinfurtner K.; Derz K.; Kemmerling K. (2015): First results with a new test design for the determination of a substance specific Plant Uptake Factor (PUF) for use in regulatory fate modeling. Proc. XV Symposium in Pesticide Chemistry. Environmental Risk Assessment and Management, p. 19- 20, Piacenza, Italy. Edited by Cigolini M, Luzzani G, Sacchettini G: Mattioli1885, Fidenza, Italy, 2015. (ISBN 978-88-6261-508-2)
Pollatz, T. (2015): Möglichkeiten zum Einsatz von schwimmenden PV-Modulen in landwirtschaftlich strukturierten Gebieten von Nordost-Brasilien. Infoveranstaltung bei SENAI in Natal/Brasilien, Juni 2015
Pollatz, T. (2015): Rohstoffe sinnvoll nutzen - technische Möglichkeiten am Beispiel des Umwelttechnikums der RLP Agroscience GmbH. Vortrag im Rahmen eines Besuchs einer luxemburgischen Wirtschaftsdelegation, Neustadt, September 2015.
Pollatz, T. (2015): Bau, Betrieb und Instandhaltung von Kleinbiogasanlagen. Vorlesung an der Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenia, November 2015.
Pollatz, T.; Föthke, I. (2015): Energieeffizientes Bauen und Sanieren in Brasilien. Infoveranstaltung bei SENAI, Natal/Brasilien, Juni 2015.
Pollatz, T; Kubiak, R.; Senner, P.; Föthke, I. (2015): Public Private Partnership in Kenia, Südafrika, Kolumbien und Brasilien. Posterpräsentation im Technikum der RLP Agroscience GmbH, September 2015.
Pollatz, T.; Senner, P.; Föthke, I. (2015): Solare Trinkwasseraufbereitung in Nordost-Brasilien. Solartagung Fraunhofer Freiburg, Dezember 2015.
Roß-Nickoll, M.; Deubert, M.; Lennartz, G.; Ottermanns, R.; Schäffer, A.; Scholz-Starke, B.; Streib, L.; Toschki, A.; Trapp, M. (2015): Biodiversität und strukturelle Vielfalt in der Agrarlandschaft – eine übergeordnete Perspektive auch für die Pestizidzulassung? Oral presentation 20. Jahrestagung SETAC GLB, 7.-10.9. Zürich, Schweiz.
Roß-Nickoll, M.; Deubert, M.; Ottermanns, R.; Schäffer, A.; Scholz-Starke, B.; Streib, L.; Toschki, A.; Trapp, M. (2015): Biodiversity and structural diversity in the agricultural landscape - An overall concept relevant for soil risk assessment? Poster presentation at the Topical Scientific Workshop on Soil Risk Assessment, Helsinki, 7.-8. Oktober, 2015.
Schmid-Egger, C.; Künast, C.; Deubert, M. (2015): Eh da-Flächen nutzen - Artenvielfalt fördern. Praxisleitfaden für die Anlage und Pflege. Forum Moderne Landwirtschaft (Hrsg.), Berlin. Internet: http://www.innovation- naturhaushalt.de/uploads/media/Praxisleitfaden_Eh_da-Fla__chen.pdf (06. November 2015).
Scholz-Starke, B.; Trapp, M.; Deubert, M.; Streib, L.; Toschki, A.; Kula, C.; Roß-Nickoll, M. (2015): Pesticide risk mitigation at landscape level (RISKMIN) - A spatial approach to maintain and develop agrobiodiversity. SETAC Europe, Barcelona, 06. Mai 2015.
59 Siemoneit-Gast, S.; Braje, Inga; Kubiak, R. (2015): OECD Guideline 227, Vegetative Vigour, Nehmen Substratvolumen und -oberfläche sowie die Art der Biomassebestimmung Einfluss auf die Effekte bei einer Pflanzenart? Poster Präsentation auf der SETAC GLB in Zürich, September 2015.
Singer, C.; Athai, J.; Pollatz, T.; Kubiak, R. (2015): Traubenkernextrakt zur Stärkung der Pflanze im ökologischen Weinbau. Wissenschaftstagung ökologischer Landbau, Eberswalde, März 2015.
Staffa, C.; Wallace, D.; Fent, G.; Kubiak, R. (2015): Volatilisation and aqueous deposition behaviour of the herbicide Clomazone investigated with a closed laboratory chamber test system. Poster presented at XV Symposium in Pesticide Chemistry "Environmental Risk Assessment and Management", Piacenza, Italy, 2.-4. September.
Thomas, K.; Klein, M.; Trapp, M.; Guerniche, D.; König, W.; Klaas, P.; Holdt, G.; Osterwald, A. (2015): Spatial distribution of pesticide percolate concentrations in Germany calculated with PELMO. Poster Präsentation auf der SETAC Europe in Barcelona, Mai 2015.
Tintrup gen. Suntrup, G. (2015). New methods in acquisition, update and dissemination of nature conservation geodata - implementation of an integrated framework. The 36th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Berlin, 11. – 15.05.2015.
Tintrup gen. Suntrup, G.; Jalke, T.; Streib, L.; Keck, N.; Nieland, S.; Moran, N.; Kleinschmit, B.; Trapp, M. (2015). New methods in acquisition, update and dissemination of nature conservation geodata - implementation of an integrated framework. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-7/W3, 707-712. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-7-W3-707-2015.
Trapp, M.; Kotremba, C.; Schneider, W. (2015): Bereitstellung amtlicher Geoinformationen für mobile Anwendungen eines 3D- Präzisionsweinbaus. Vortrag GIL-Jahrestagung in Geisenheim am 23.02.2015.
Trapp, M.; Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K.(2015): Freiflächenoptimierung: Das Eh da-Konzept. In: Gemeinde und Städtebund Rheinland-Pfalz (GStB RLP) (Hrsg.): Gemeinde und Stadt. Beilage: Das Grünes Blatt 2/2015. Internet:
Publications: 2016
Bach, M.; Diesner, M.; Großmann, D.; Guerniche, D., Hommen U.; Klein, M.; Kubiak, R.; Müller, A.; Priegnitz, J.; Reichenberger, S.; Thomas, K.; Trapp, M. (2016): Pesticide exposure assessment for surface waters in the EU - Part 1: Some comments on the current procedure. Pest Manag Sci 72: 1279-1284.
Deubert, M. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Ausschusssitzung Gemeinderat der Gemeinde Wingst, 24. Februar 2016.
Deubert, M. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Gemeinderatssitzung im Rathaus Gommersheim, 21. April 2016.
60 Deubert, M. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Sitzung Umweltausschuss der Stadt Speyer, 05. April 2016.
Deubert, M. (2016): GIS & Eh da-Flächen. Gastvortrag im Rahmen des Zoologischen Praktikums an der TU München in Weihenstephan, 25. August 2016.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Sitzung Landwirtschaftsausschuss und Ausschuss für Umweltschutz, Landschaftspflege, Ortsverschönerung und Verkehr der Gemeinde Rheinzabern, 06. Januar 2016.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Öffentliche Informationsveranstaltung in der Gemeindehalle Westheim, 21. Januar 2016.
Deubert, M.; Ullrich, K. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept für mehr Artenvielfalt in Kommunen. Öffentliche Informationsveranstaltung des Naturschutzverbands Südpfalz in Herxheim, 17. März 2016.
Deubert, M.; Trapp, M.; Krohn, K.; Ullrich, K.; Bolz, H.; Künast, R.; Künast, C. (2016): Das Konzept der Eh da-Flächen, Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 48 (7), 2016, 209-217, ISSN 0940-6808 217
Deubert, M.; Trapp, M.; Krohn, K.; Ullrich, K.; Künast, R.; Künast, C. (2016): Das Eh da-Konzept: Ein Weg zu mehr biologischer Vielfalt in Agrarlandschaften und im Siedlungsbereich. In: Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 48 (7), 2016, 209-217, ISSN 0940-6808.
Fent, G., Staffa, C., Kubiak, R. (2016): Testsysteme zur Untersuchung der Pflanzenschutzmitte-Exposition von Nichtzielkompartimenten über den Luftpfad. DPST in Halle, 20.09.2016
Gourlay, V.; Leonard, A.; Fent, G.; Kubiak, R. (2016): Determination of Plant uptake factor (PUF) values with two different crops and two different pH levels in uptake solution under greenhouse conditions. Poster presented at the 26th SETAC Europe Congress, Nantes, 22.- 26. Mai.
Kotremba, C. (2016): Forstliche Fernerkundung und deren Potentiale. Anwendungsbeispiele aus Rheinland-Pfalz. Vortrag Studentenbesuch, RLP AgroScience am 05. Juli 2016.
Kotremba, C. (2016): Forstliche Fernerkundung und deren Potentiale zur Erfassung von Lebensrauminformationen für Wildtiere - GIS-basierte Unterstützung eines Lebensraumgutachtens der Rotwildhegegemeinschaft Pfälzerwald Süd. Datenbackground und Anwendungen. Rinnthal 01. Juli 2016.
Kotremba, C. (2016): Landschaftsstrukturanalyse unter besonderer Betrachtung des Beweidungspotentials auf einzelbetrieblicher Ebene - am Beispiel eines ausgewählten Partnerbetriebs Naturschutz (Wasgauschäferei Keller) und potentieller Erweiterungsflächen. St. Martin am 12. Mai 2016.
Kotremba, C.; Scheer, D.; Trapp, M.; Thomas, K. (2016): Hochauflösende GIS-basierte Bodenabtragmodellierungen für ausgewählte Agrarstandorte in Rheinland-Pfalz. In: Bodenschutz 02/2016, S. 46 – 56.
Kotremba, C.; Trapp, M. (2016): Hochauflösende Geländedaten zur Flächencharakterisierung rheinland-pfälzischer Weinbauflächen - Praxisbezogene Anwendungsbeispiele. In: Deutsches Weinbau Jahrbuch 2016. S. 102-112.
Kotremba, C.; Trapp, M. (2016): Hochauflösende GIS-basierte Modellierung der flächenhaften und linearen Bodenerosion durch Wasser für Modellkommunen in Rheinland-Pfalz. Posterbeitrag Nutzerworkshop Radarklimatologie. Deutscher Wetterdienst (Offenbach am Main). 21.04.2016.
61 Kotremba, C.; Trapp, M.; Schuler, H. (2016): Hochauflösende fernerkundliche Erfassung von Verbuschung im Offenland – Für eine ausgewählte Testregion des grenzüberschreitenden Biosphärenreservates Pfälzerwald - Vosges du Nord. In: Ann. Sci. Rés. Bios. Trans. Vosges du Nord-Pfälzerwald - 18 (2015-2016). S.126-140.
Moran, N.; Nieland, S.; Tintrup gen. Suntrup,G.; Kleinschmit, B. (2016): Combining machine learning and ontological data handling for multi-source classification of nature conservation areas. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.
Pollatz, T. (2016): Abwassertechnik im Weinbau - Daten und Fakten. Weinbau-Informationsveranstaltung der Gemeinde Sommerach, Franken, September 2016.
Pollatz, T. (2016): Einsatz ökologischer Materialien im Baubereich. Schulungsveranstaltung: Energieeffizientes Bauen und Sanieren in Neustadt, März 2016.
Pollatz, T. (2016): Energetische Nutzung von Rückständen der Agrarindustrie. Vorlesung an der Universität Stellenbosch, Südafrika, Februar 2016.
Pollatz, T. (2016): Wirtschaftsdünger und tierische Nebenprodukte. Vortrag an der Technischen Universität Hannover, April 2016.
Pollatz, T.; Föthke, I. (2016): Energetische Nutzung weinbauspezifischer Reststoffe. Abschlussworkshop: Nutzung biogener Reststoffe zur Erzeugung von Biogas und Dünger in Grabouw, Südafrika, Februar 2016.
Pollatz, T.; Föthke, I. (2016): Grundlagen einer Biogaserzeugung und -nutzung. Schulungsveranstaltung zu „Kleinbiogasanlagen in Kenia“ an der Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenia, Januar 2016.
Pollatz, T.; Föthke, I. (2016): Minibiogasanlagen für Kleinbauern in Kenia. Biogasmesse Nürnberg, Februar 2016.
Siemoneit-Gast, S.; Braje, Inga; Kubiak, R. (2016): Einfluss abiotischer Faktoren auf Forschungsergebnisse aus Studien mit Nichtzielpflanzen; Poster Präsentation auf der SETAC GLB in Tübingen, September 2016.
Singer, C. (2016): VitoVin-Pflanzenstärkung - Ein neues Mittel zur Stärkung der Reben im ökologischen Weinbau. Vortrag im Rahmen der Reihe: Pflanzenpflege im ökologischen Weinbau, Weinbauinstitut Freiburg, April 2016.
Thomas, K.; Resseler, H.; Spatz, R.; Hendley, P.; Sweeney, P.; Urban, M.; Kubiak, R. (2016): A simple approach for a spatial terrestrial exposure assessment of the insecticide fenoxycarb, based on a high-resolution landscape analysis. Pest. Manag. Sci.. doi: 10.1002/ps.4338.
Tintrup gen. Suntrup, G.; Keck, N.; Nieland, S. (2016): Wie funktioniert ein multifunktionaler Datensatz? Vortrag im Rahmen des Workshops: Fernerkundung und Datenmanagement als Bausteine im eGovernment. Ministerium für Umwelt, Energie, Ernährung und Forsten RLP, Mainz, 09. Juni 2016.
Trapp, M.; Scholz-Starke, B.; Deubert, M.; Streib, L.; Toschki, A.; Kula, C.; Roß-Nickoll, M. (2016): RISKMIN - Ein Simulationsmodel für landschaftsbasierte Risikominderungsmaßnahmen (RMM) und deren Wirkung auf die terrestrische Agrobiodiversität. DPST in Halle, 20. September 2016.
Ullrich, K.; Deubert, M.; Trapp, M. (2016): Vorhandenes besser nutzen. In: Der Bauhofleiter 5/2016 (Oktober), S.8-13, ISSN 21920-806.
62 Pictures Credits
Cover, back, right: Pixabay / Krimifreundin
Page 4 & 5 - sides: Pixabay / MonikaP
Page 6 & 7 - sides: Pixabay / cdu445
Page 8 & 9 - both pages: Pixabay / Skitterphoto
Page 12, left: European Space Agency
Page 16 & 17 - both pages: Pixabay / PublicDomainPictures
Page 30 & 31 - both pages: Pixabay / KRiemer
Page 36, bottom: www.natflo.de
Page 39, top: Pixabay / Harald_Landsrath
Page: 40 & 43, sides: Pixabay / Hans
Page 41, top: Pixabay / C0rinne
Page 45, center: Pixabay / WikimediaImages
Page 48 & 49 - both pages: Pixabay / Heibe
Page 56 & 57 - both pages: Pixabay / dolvita108
63 Annual 2016 Report nstitute for Agroecology I
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