F. Longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) and Two New Species (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae)
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VENUS 67 (1-2): 1-13, 2008 On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV: F. longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) and Two New Species (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) Paul Callomon* and Martin Avery Snyder Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia PA 19103-1195, USA; *[email protected] Abstract: In the fourth paper of a series, the authors treat the remaining valid named taxa in the fasciolariid genus Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 that belong to the Japanese fauna. The species that Tokubei Kuroda originally intended to describe as F. grabaui is here described as F. amadeus n. sp. A second species that previously bore a Kuroda manuscript name is described as F. teretron n. sp. The genus Propefusus Iredale, 1924 is synonymized with Fusinus, and due to resulting homonymy its type species, Pyrula undulatus Perry, 1811, is renamed Fusinus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847). Keywords: Fusinus, Japan, new species, Fusinus amadeus, teretron, longissimus, undulatus, pyrulatus, Fasciolariidae, Gastropoda Introduction Examination of large sets of Fusinus specimens from specific localities in Japan and its adjacent areas allows resolution of several species that would otherwise lie hidden among their morphologically similar congeners. Tokubei Kuroda’s two major contributions on the genus in the journal Yume-Hamaguri (1949) demonstrated that he had recognized most of them, and he named several new species. The introduction of Article 9 (1) in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (third edition, 1985) invalidated the entire journal, but most of Kuroda’s Fusinus names were deemed validated from their subsequent appearance with figures and brief descriptions in Kira (1959). One, however, escaped this fate and by accident has remained un-named until now. As with the previous papers in this series, species are here determined entirely by shell morphology. This can be a difficult matter, as almost all the critical characters normally used in such exercises ̶ protoc onch morphology, sculpture of early whorls, teleoconch sculpture, suture configuration etc. ̶ vary in their degree of expression in Fusinus, even within species. In particular, the expression of axial sculpture beyond the first few post-nuclear whorls can differ widely within single populations, as recently demonstrated in the type series of F. stannum (Callomon & Snyder, 2008). It is important to align large series of shells in different growth stages in order to distinguish the relatively few consistent common characters or combinations thereof that delimit each species. Abbreviations: ANSP – Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia PA, USA; MCZ – Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA; NC – Kazutaka Noda collection, Gobo, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; NSM – Nishinomiya Shell Museum, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan; OMNH – Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan; SL – Shell length. 2 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder Systematics Family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853 Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) (Figs. 1-4) Murex longissimus Gmelin, 1791: 3556, sp. 116. Murex candidus Gmelin, 1791: 3556, sp. 113. Syrinx producta Röding, 1798: 121, no. 1562. Fusus longissimus Lamarck, 1822: 122. Fusus longissimus Lam. ̶ Kiener, 1840: 3, pl. 2, fig. 1. Fusus longissimus ̶ Reeve, 1847 in 1847-48: pl. 1, sp. 4 (cited as 3 in error). Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ̶ Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986: 176, pl. 47, fig. 5; Kimura, 1997: 35, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. Fusinus longissimus Gmelin, 1791 ̶ Mallard & Robin, 2005: pl. 25, rightmost two figures. Non Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ̶ Thach, 2005: 150, pl. 42, figs. 2, 3 (probably F. similis); fig. 12 (probably F. undatus). Type material: The whereabouts of the specimen figured by Chemnitz (1780: pl. 145, fig. 1344) and cited by Gmelin are unknown, but the figure is sufficient to define the species and is here selected as the lectotype (Fig. 1). Gmelin’s original locality ‘in India’ is probably erroneous (Chemnitz cited ‘Ostindien’ or East Indies), and the locality is here restricted to the island of Cebu, the Philippines. Material examined: Japan: 259.5 mm SL, off Cape Kirimezaki, Wakayama Prefecture, 70+ m, ANSP 411168, ex K. Noda (Fig. 2); 230.0 mm SL, off Shimo-Kusui, Nada, Wakayama Prefecture (NC); 262.0 mm SL, 264.0 mm SL (Fig. 3), off Inami fishing port, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). Philippines: 275.5 mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 398772; 308.0 mm mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 413524; 256.5 mm SL, Culasi Point, Panay Id., ANSP 395585; 289.0 mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 406293; 337 mm SL, Balicasag, Bohol, 90-120 m, ANSP 416445; 311 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416447; 315 mm SL, Ambil Id., Mindoro, ANSP 416446; 291 mm SL, Cebu, R. J. Batt collection (Fig. 4). Vietnam: 317 mm SL, Quang Ngai, ANSP 416449; 331 mm SL, Nha Trang, 50-70 m, ANSP 416448. Description: Shell very large for genus (to 337 mm SL; average 291 mm SL, n=12 adults), robust but light. Protoconch unknown, but probably very small, with final whorl diameter approximately 1mm (see remarks). Teleoconch of 14 whorls; whorl profile initially rounded, becoming somewhat angular in later growth stage. First six or seven whorls bear heavy, rounded axial ribs, spaced randomly relative to those on following whorl; ribs then becoming more angular and reduced to series of shoulder knobs by penultimate whorl. Early whorls bear five strong major spiral cords with single faint minor cords in interspaces; minor cords strengthen in later whorls, becoming equal in strength to majors by sixth or seventh whorl. Two or three cords that cross axial knobs at periphery then become stronger than others, with single minor between them in final whorls; knobs can thus be strongly carinate (three cords, strongest at periphery) or bluntly angular (two cords, separated by periphery). Cords extend over half way down neck, becoming fainter or absent at distal tip; eight to nine majors above periphery on body whorl, with occasional minors, 40-45 cords below periphery, with scattered minors. Suture adpressed, with distinct subsutural band bearing several finer spiral cords. Numerous very fine axial growth marks over entire teleoconch, not crossing spiral cords in early whorls; later whorls bear scattered axial growth ridges not coinciding with shoulder knobs; ridges heavy enough to bend spiral cords. On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 3 Figs. 1-4. Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791). 1. Lectotype, Chemnitz, 1780: pl. 145, fig. 1344. Locality here restricted to the island of Cebu, the Philippines. 2. 259.5 mm SL, off Cape Kirimezaki, Wakayama Prefecture, 70+ m, ANSP 411168. 3. 264.0 mm SL, off Inami fishing port, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). 3c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of bodywhorl. 4. 291 mm SL, Cebu, Philippines. R. J. Batt collection. 4c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of body whorl. 4 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder Neck long, smoothly tapering with only very gentle recurvature. Aperture ovate; labral margin forms gentle angle slightly above position of shoulder knobs; second, lower angle forms in mature adults due to ventricose flaring of lip. Interior of labral wall with numerous strong spiral cords, corresponding to troughs between major spiral cords on outer surface; inner cords remain strong to margin, terminating as strong denticles in adults. Columellar margin expressed, slightly flaring in adults to form parietal shield in anterior two thirds; shield thick with sharp edge, bearing numerous short spiral cords shortly before margin; cords wavy, sometimes bifurcate or prematurely terminated, longer at posterior end of aperture where they extend far into shell. Inner marg in of canal detached over entire length, continuous from parietal shield. Outer margin sharp. Canal broadly open over entire length. Shell dull off-white overall; later major spiral cords pale brown in some specimens. Operculum typical for genus; thick, dark brown, chitinous, with nucleus at pointed tip. Periostracum (Figs. 3c, 4c) thick, yellow-brown, eroded from first six or seven whorls, bearing extremely fine axial lamellae with numerous curved and pointed tufts; tufts present over whole shell, becoming slightly larger towards top of subsutural band. Distribution: In Japan, F. longissimus has been recorded from off the Ogasawara Islands (Kimura, 1997), the Kii Peninsula in central Honshu (present paper) and off Iejima, Okinawa (Kimura, 1997). Outside Japan, F. longissimus is known from the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam and New Caledonia. It is taken on sandy substrates at between 50 and 120 m, and is apparently scarce throughout its range. Remarks: Chemnitz also figured an example of this species in the previous plate (1780: pl. 144, fig. 1339), stating that he could see no difference between the two. He reproduced some notes from Martini that did not make any distinction either. G melin, however, named this earlier figure Murex candidus. Neither Bosc (1801) nor Dillwyn (1817) synonymized the two; Dillwyn treated them both as varieties of F. colus (Linnaeus, 1758). The first reviser was Lamarck (1822: 122), who used Fusus longissimus and simultaneously cited F. candidus. Röding (1798: 121, no. 1562) had meanwhile introduced the name Syrinx producta for Chemnitz’s fig. 1339, but cited Gmelin’s F. candidus too, making F. producta an objective junior synonym of F. candidus. F. longissimus is rare in Japan, the examples cited here being the only ones so far seen by the authors. Though long known locally, it was first formally recorded only recently (Kimura, 1997). In adult form it is easily distinguished from other Fusinus by its enormous size, thin shell and carinate or blunt shoulder knobs. The only species in Japan that approaches it in size is F. salisburyi Fulton, 1930 (Callomon & Snyder, 2004: 20, figs. 11, 20, 21), but the latter can be easily distinguished by its thicker shell with highly inflated whorls, its strong and complex spiral sculpture and its well-developed parietal shield with a detached and reflexed margin at the entrance to the canal. Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758) can occasionally approach F.