VENUS 67 (1-2): 1-13, 2008

On the Genus in Japan IV: F. longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) and Two New (: )

Paul Callomon* and Martin Avery Snyder Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia PA 19103-1195, USA; *[email protected]

Abstract: In the fourth paper of a series, the authors treat the remaining valid named taxa in the fasciolariid genus Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 that belong to the Japanese fauna. The species that Tokubei Kuroda originally intended to describe as F. grabaui is here described as F. amadeus n. sp. A second species that previously bore a Kuroda manuscript name is described as F. teretron n. sp. The genus Propefusus Iredale, 1924 is synonymized with Fusinus, and due to resulting homonymy its type species, Pyrula undulatus Perry, 1811, is renamed Fusinus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847).

Keywords: Fusinus, Japan, new species, Fusinus amadeus, teretron, longissimus, undulatus, pyrulatus, Fasciolariidae, Gastropoda

Introduction

Examination of large sets of Fusinus specimens from specific localities in Japan and its adjacent areas allows resolution of several species that would otherwise lie hidden among their morphologically similar congeners. Tokubei Kuroda’s two major contributions on the genus in the journal Yume-Hamaguri (1949) demonstrated that he had recognized most of them, and he named several new species. The introduction of Article 9 (1) in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (third edition, 1985) invalidated the entire journal, but most of Kuroda’s Fusinus names were deemed validated from their subsequent appearance with figures and brief descriptions in Kira (1959). One, however, escaped this fate and by accident has remained un-named until now. As with the previous papers in this series, species are here determined entirely by shell morphology. This can be a difficult matter, as almost all the critical characters normally used in such exercises ̶ protoconch morphology, sculpture of early whorls, teleoconch sculpture, suture configuration etc. ̶ vary in their degree of expression in Fusinus, even within species. In particular, the expression of axial sculpture beyond the first few post-nuclear whorls can differ widely within single populations, as recently demonstrated in the type series of F. stannum (Callomon & Snyder, 2008). It is important to align large series of shells in different growth stages in order to distinguish the relatively few consistent common characters or combinations thereof that delimit each species.

Abbreviations: ANSP – Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia PA, USA; MCZ – Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA; NC – Kazutaka Noda collection, Gobo, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan; NSM – N ishinomiya Shell Museum, Nishinomiya, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan; OMNH – Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan; SL – Shell length. 2 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder

Systematics

Family Fasciolariidae Gray, 1853

Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) (Figs. 1-4)

Murex longissimus Gmelin, 1791: 3556, sp. 116. Murex candidus Gmelin, 1791: 3556, sp. 113. Syrinx producta Röding, 1798: 121, no. 1562. longissimus Lamarck, 1822: 122. Fusus longissimus Lam. ̶ Kiener, 1840: 3, pl. 2, fig. 1. Fusus longissimus ̶ Reeve, 1847 in 1847-48: pl. 1, sp. 4 (cited as 3 in error). Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ̶ Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986: 176, pl. 47, fig. 5; Kimura, 1997: 35, pl. 1, figs. 1-3. Fusinus longissimus Gmelin, 1791 ̶ Mallard & Robin, 2005: pl. 25, rightmost two figures. Non Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ̶ Thach, 2005: 150, pl. 42, figs. 2, 3 (probably F. similis); fig. 12 (probably F. undatus).

Type material: The whereabouts of the specimen figured by Chemnitz (1780: pl. 145, fig. 1344) and cited by Gmelin are unknown, but the figure is sufficient to define the species and is here selected as the lectotype (Fig. 1). Gmelin’s original locality ‘in India’ is probably erroneous (Chemnitz cited ‘Ostindien’ or East Indies), and the locality is here restricted to the island of Cebu, the Philippines. Material examined: Japan: 259.5 mm SL, off Cape Kirimezaki, Wakayama Prefecture, 70+ m, ANSP 411168, ex K. Noda (Fig. 2); 230.0 mm SL, off Shimo-Kusui, Nada, Wakayama Prefecture (NC); 262.0 mm SL, 264.0 mm SL (Fig. 3), off Inami fishing port, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). Philippines: 275.5 mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 398772; 308.0 mm mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 413524; 256.5 mm SL, Culasi Point, Panay Id., ANSP 395585; 289.0 mm SL, Philippine Islands, ANSP 406293; 337 mm SL, Balicasag, Bohol, 90-120 m, ANSP 416445; 311 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416447; 315 mm SL, Ambil Id., Mindoro, ANSP 416446; 291 mm SL, Cebu, R. J. Batt collection (Fig. 4). Vietnam: 317 mm SL, Quang Ngai, ANSP 416449; 331 mm SL, Nha Trang, 50-70 m, ANSP 416448. Description: Shell very large for genus (to 337 mm SL; average 291 mm SL, n=12 adults), robust but light. Protoconch unknown, but probably very small, with final whorl diameter approximately 1mm (see remarks). Teleoconch of 14 whorls; whorl profile initially rounded, becoming somewhat angular in later growth stage. First six or seven whorls bear heavy, rounded axial ribs, spaced randomly relative to those on following whorl; ribs then becoming more angular and reduced to series of shoulder knobs by penultimate whorl. Early whorls bear five strong major spiral cords with single faint minor cords in interspaces; minor cords strengthen in later whorls, becoming equal in strength to majors by sixth or seventh whorl. Two or three cords that cross axial knobs at periphery then become stronger than others, with single minor between them in final whorls; knobs can thus be strongly carinate (three cords, strongest at periphery) or bluntly angular (two cords, separated by periphery). Cords extend over half way down neck, becoming fainter or absent at distal tip; eight to nine majors above periphery on body whorl, with occasional minors, 40-45 cords below periphery, with scattered minors. Suture adpressed, with distinct subsutural band bearing several finer spiral cords. Numerous very fine axial growth marks over entire teleoconch, not crossing spiral cords in early whorls; later whorls bear scattered axial growth ridges not coinciding with shoulder knobs; ridges heavy enough to bend spiral cords. On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 3

Figs. 1-4. Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791). 1. Lectotype, Chemnitz, 1780: pl. 145, fig. 1344. Locality here restricted to the island of Cebu, the Philippines. 2. 259.5 mm SL, off Cape Kirimezaki, Wakayama Prefecture, 70+ m, ANSP 411168. 3. 264.0 mm SL, off Inami fishing port, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). 3c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of bodywhorl. 4. 291 mm SL, Cebu, Philippines. R. J. Batt collection. 4c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of body whorl. 4 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder

Neck long, smoothly tapering with only very gentle recurvature. Aperture ovate; labral margin forms gentle angle slightly above position of shoulder knobs; second, lower angle forms in mature adults due to ventricose flaring of lip. Interior of labral wall with numerous strong spiral cords, corresponding to troughs between major spiral cords on outer surface; inner cords remain strong to margin, terminating as strong denticles in adults. Columellar margin expressed, slightly flaring in adults to form parietal shield in anterior two thirds; shield thick with sharp edge, bearing numerous short spiral cords shortly before margin; cords wavy, sometimes bifurcate or prematurely terminated, longer at posterior end of aperture where they extend far into shell. Inner marg in of canal detached over entire length, continuous from parietal shield. Outer margin sharp. Canal broadly open over entire length. Shell dull off-white overall; later major spiral cords pale brown in some specimens. Operculum typical for genus; thick, dark brown, chitinous, with nucleus at pointed tip. Periostracum (Figs. 3c, 4c) thick, yellow-brown, eroded from first six or seven whorls, bearing extremely fine axial lamellae with numerous curved and pointed tufts; tufts present over whole shell, becoming slightly larger towards top of subsutural band. Distribution: In Japan, F. longissimus has been recorded from off the Ogasawara Islands (Kimura, 1997), the Kii Peninsula in central Honshu (present paper) and off Iejima, Okinawa (Kimura, 1997). Outside Japan, F. longissimus is known from the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam and New Caledonia. It is taken on sandy substrates at between 50 and 120 m, and is apparently scarce throughout its range. Remarks: Chemnitz also figured an example of this species in the previous plate (1780: pl. 144, fig. 1339), stating that he could see no difference between the two. He reproduced some notes from Martini that did not make any distinction either. Gmelin, however, named this earlier figure Murex candidus. Neither Bosc (1801) nor Dillwyn (1817) synonymized the two; Dillwyn treated them both as varieties of F. colus (Linnaeus, 1758). The first reviser was Lamarck (1822: 122), who used Fusus longissimus and simultaneously cited F. candidus. Röding (1798: 121, no. 1562) had meanwhile introduced the name Syrinx producta for Chemnitz’s fig. 1339, but cited Gmelin’s F. candidus too, making F. producta an objective junior synonym of F. candidus. F. longissimus is rare in Japan, the examples cited here being the only ones so far seen by the authors. Though long known locally, it was first formally recorded only recently (Kimura, 1997). In adult form it is easily distinguished from other Fusinus by its enormous size, thin shell and carinate or blunt shoulder knobs. The only species in Japan that approaches it in size is F. salisburyi Fulton, 1930 (Callomon & Snyder, 2004: 20, figs. 11, 20, 21), but the latter can be easily distinguished by its thicker shell with highly inflated whorls, its strong and complex spiral sculpture and its well-developed parietal shield with a detached and reflexed margin at the entrance to the canal. Fusinus colus (Linnaeus, 1758) can occasionally approach F. longissimus in size, but is more slender, with rounded whorls and a longer, more strongly recurved neck (Callomon & Snyder, 2007: figs. 25-39). Although its color varies somewhat, no significant difference is apparent in the thickness or composition of the periostracum between Japanese and Philippine examples of F. longissimus (Figs. 3c & 4c). The protoconch was not present in any of the material examined, but the specimen in Figure 4 has a complete spire up to the separation point, and it is thus possible to estimate the size of the larval shell as between 1 and 2 mm in maximum diameter, which is consistent with other large Fusinus species. The shell cited and figured as F. longissimus by Kiener (1840: pl. 5, fig. 1) and copied by Tryon (1881: 56, pl. 34, fig. 120) is apparently not this species; it is probably a striate specimen of F. undatus (Gmelin, 1791), the only other species that grows that large and that has axial buttresses on the body whorl (Callomon & Snyder 2006: figs. 1-13, 24). On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 5

Fusinus teretron n. sp. (Figs. 5-10)

Fusinus nodosoplicatus (Dunker) ̶ Kira, 1947: fig. 3. Non Dunker, 1867 Fusinus breviplicatus Kuroda, MS ̶ Kira, 1948: fig. 1. Non Voluta breviplicata Forbes, 1846. Nomen oblitum. Fusinus anguliplicatus Kuroda, 1949: 6. Nomen novum for F. breviplicatus Kuroda MS in Kira, 1948, non Voluta breviplicata Forbes, 1846. Nomen oblitum. Fusinus nodosoplicatus (Dunker, 1858) [sic; = 1867] ̶ Okutani & Tsuchiya, 2000: 512, pl. 255, fig. 34. Non Dunker, 1867 in 1858-70 Fusinus grabaui Kuroda & Habe ̶ Kaicher, 1978: card 1854. Non Fusinus grabaui Kuroda & Habe, 1952. Fusinus beckii (Reeve, 1848) ̶ Kimura, 1997: 35, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6. Non Fusus beckii Reeve, 1848

Type material: Holotype: 110.4 mm SL, ‘Kii’, OMNH 8026, ex T. Kira (Fig. 5). Kira (1948: fig. 1. Paratypes: (1) 117.8 mm SL, in gill nets off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture (NC; Fig. 6); (2) 100.4 mm SL, (3) 107.9 mm SL, (4) 119.2 mm SL, Kii Strait off Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416419; (5) 111.6 mm SL, (6) 98.6 mm SL, Kii Strait off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416420; (7) 129.0 mm SL, Kii Strait off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416421 (Fig. 8); (8, 9) 83.9 mm SL, 74.4 mm SL, ‘Tosa’, NSM NCKG 007801 ex T. Kuroda. Other material examined: 106.4 mm SL, ‘Tosa’, OMNH no. 8011, ex T. Kira; 98.2 mm SL, 96.3 mm SL, 101.0 mm SL, Kii Strait off Nada, Gobo-shi, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416422, ex K. Noda; 100.2 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416425 (Fig. 10); 98.6 mm SL, Kii Strait off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 415456 ex H. Katori; 97.7 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416424; 101.0 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416423 (Fig. 9); 135.2 mm SL, 146.4 mm SL, off Inami, Wakayama Prefecture (NC); 141.7 mm SL, 153.5 mm SL, off Nada, Gobo-shi, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416438; 155.7 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416439 (Fig. 7); 115.6 mm SL, as previous, ANSP 416441; 121.1 mm SL, 113.4 mm SL, 127.8 mm SL & 111.0 mm SL, off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416440. Etymology: teretron, Greek, an auger or borer; for the slender and regularly tapered spire with steep ramps above the periphery. Kuroda’s original Japanese name for ‘Fusinus anguliplicatus’, Ibo-une-naga-nishi is here retained for this species. Description: Shell medium sized for genus (to 155.7 mm SL; average adult 112.5 mm SL, n=24). Protoconch (Figs. 6d, 10c) tall and bulbous, of roughly two whorls; whorl surface glassy and smooth, with no abrupt terminus; maximum protoconch diameter circa 1.5 mm. Teleoconch of eleven whorls, with slender, regularly tapering spire. Early whorls with thick but well-spaced, rounded axial ribs; upper whorls with angular periphery some way below mid-whorl. Four to six major spiral cords on early whorls, with interspersed minor cords emerging below periphery after fifth whorl. Cords above periphery weaken in latter half of growth, while those below strengthen in similar proportion. Axial ribs become more widely spaced in later whorls, persisting as far as beginning of body whorl in most specimens; axial sculpture on body whorl of shortened, reduced ribs protruding somewhat at periphery and crossed by peripheral spiral cord to form carinate knobs. Entire teleoconch bears very numerous, fine but strong axial growth lines that do not cross major spiral cords but that form distinct decussate sculpture in interspaces. Cords below periphery on body whorl persist two-thirds of way to distal end of neck; approximately 25 below periphery, six above, with occasional slender minor cords interspersed. Aperture roughly ovate, with angulate labral margin in adults and occasional m ild flaring of distal third to produce quadrate profile. Angle formed by terminus of suture clearly pinched and slightly flared in adults. Numerous fine spiral cords on inner labral wall of aperture, 6 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder

Figs. 5-10. Fusinus teretron n. sp. 5. Holotype, 110.4 mm SL, ‘Kii’, OMNH 8026, ex T. Kira. 6. Paratype 1, 117.8 mm SL, in gill nets off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). 6c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of bodywhorl; 6d, protoconch. 7. 155.7 mm SL, off Nada, Gobo-shi, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416439. 8. Paratype 7, 129.0 mm SL, Kii Strait off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416421. 9. 101.0 mm SL, Kii Strait off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416423. 10. 100.2 mm SL, off Nada, Gobo-shi, Wakayama Prefecture, ANSP 416425. On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 7 corresponding to interspaces of outer cords; labral cords contract slightly just before adult lip, but remain uninterrupted and form sharp, well-defined dentition on lip. Parietal margin defined over entire length in mature adults, somewhat produced in distal two-thirds of aperture and first third of neck. Underlying spiral cords reflected as undulations in parieta l layer. Neck slender, straight or slightly recurved in distal third; canal open with sharp labral margin. Shell dull white overall, with occasional very pale brown staining of first few whorls. Margin of parietal shield stained pale brown in a few examples (e.g. Fig. 8). Operculum typical for genus: thick, brown, chitinous, leaf-shaped with nucleus at distal terminus. Periostracum (Fig. 6c) thin, pale brown, composed of numerous fine axial lamellae that correspond to axial growth lines on shell; lamellae form numerous evenly-spaced pointed tufts. Variation: spiral cords above periphery may occasionally be as strong as those below (Fig. 8); axial sculpture may disappear altogether at beginning of body whorl, with single peripheral cord but no shoulder knobs (Fig. 9). Body whorl may be smoothly curved in profile (e. g. Figs. 7, 9; Kimura, 1997: fig. 5). Most large adults and occasional examples of average size show further reduction of spiral sculpture in the final part of the body whorl. Distribution: Fusinus teretron is currently known from two areas on the Pacific coast of central Japan: from the Ogasawara Islands and the Boso Peninsula (Kimura, 1997) to the western Kii Peninsula off Wakayama Prefecture, and from Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku. Recorded depths range from 40 to 200 m. Remarks: From the number of specimens obtained for this study and seen in private collections, it is clear that F. teretron is not a rare species. It is often identified in collections as F. spectrum (Adams & Reeve, 1848) or F. nodosoplicatus (Dunker, 1867), to neither of which it bear s much resemblance. F. spectrum is not a Japanese species and will be treated in the final paper in this series. F. teretron resembles certain variants of F. nodosoplicatus (Callomon & Snyder, 2007: 25, figs. 16-21, esp. fig. 19), but it can be distinguished by its thinner adult shell, the lack of the prominent, upwardly inclined shoulder knobs of F. nodosoplicatus and its slender, regularly taperi ng spire with finer axial sculpture and broader ramps above the periphery. F. teretron shows a similar range of adult sizes to the sympatric species F. perplexus (A. Adams, 1864) (Callomon & Snyder, 2004: figs. 2-10, 20, 21) though the former is easily distinguishable by its angular early whorls with finer axial sculpture, carinate shoulder knobs and taller, more slender spire. F. teretron apparen tly has a considerably narrower geographical range too, and seems less morphologically variable. Large specimens of F. teretron have also been found in collections misidentified as F. beckii (Reeve, 1848). The latter species does not occur in Japan and will be dealt with in more detail in the final paper of this series. The majority of adult F. teretron examined (22 out of 26) were of 129 mm SL or smaller, with the smallest being 96.3 mm. The distribution of sizes suggests a normal adult shell length of between 96 and 120 mm. Paratypes 8 and 9 have the angular whorl profile and steeply sloping shoulder of F. teretron but differ slightly in having more slender and more numerous axial ribs over the entire teleoconch together with finer spiral cords. These specimens also resemble somewhat F. crassiplicatus Kira, 1959 (Callomon & Snyder 2007: figs. 7-11), but differ in having a more angular whorl profile and finer axial ribs. Both were identified and labeled by Kuroda as F. anguliplicatus (see above).

Fusinus amadeus n. sp. (Figs. 11-15)

Type material: Holotype: 92.0 mm SL, Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, NSM NCKG007793, ex T. Kuroda (Fig. 11). An operculum was stored with the holotype, but the shell is clearly a dead-taken specimen. Paratypes: (1) 100.0 mm SL, (2) 86.6 mm SL, Tosa Bay off 8 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder

Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, NSM NCKG007793, ex T. Kuroda; (3) 114.9 mm SL, Tosa Bay, Shikoku, OMNH 8029, ex T. Kira (Fig. 15); (4) 96.3 mm SL, off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture (NC); (5) 83.8 mm SL, (6) 77.6 mm SL, off Mikawa fishing port, Aichi Prefecture, ANSP 416427; (7) 82.6 mm SL (Fig. 13), (8) 76.3 mm SL, off Mikawa fishing port, Aichi Prefecture, 20-60 m, ANSP 416428; (9) 108.7 mm SL (Fig. 12), (10) 106.0 mm SL, Kii (western Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture), NSM NCKG 07794, ex T. Kuroda. Other material examined: 71.1 mm SL, 69.1 mm SL, Japan, ANSP 416429; 81.7 mm SL, Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, ANSP 416426 (Fig. 14); 94.7 mm SL, as previous, 70 fms, ANSP 234613, ex A. R. Cahn; 99.3 mm SL, off Minabe, Wakayama Prefecture (NC). Etymology: The name amadeus honors Kuroda’s original intent to acknowledge with the name grabaui Amadeus Grabau (1870-1946), author of the 1904 work ‘Phylogeny of Fusus and its allies’. Kuroda’s original Japanese name, Kobushi-naga-nishi is here retained for this species. Description: Shell thin, light, medium-sized for genus (to 114.9 mm SL; average adult 93.4 mm SL, n=12), bodywhorl profile somewhat pyriform. Protoconch (Fig. 12d) of 2-2.5 whorls, smooth, glossy, last whorl somewhat constricted. Teleoconch of 7-7.5 whorls with rounded profile and obliquely abutted suture. Early whorls with numerous broad, rounded axial ribs that span entire whorl and indent suture; ribs weakening in final two whorls, becoming either absent altogether or reduced to row of carinate shoulder knobs on body whorl. Five or six very strong major spiral cords on early whorls, increasing to nine or ten by penultimate whorl as early minor cords strengthen. Narrow interspaces bear only very fine axial growth marks. Aperture almond-shaped, white and glossy. Labral wall of aperture thin; inner face bears pairs of spiral cords and troughs that correspond in reverse to cords and troughs on outer surface. Labral margin in adults thi n, corrugated; no terminal thickening or dentition in adults; slight but uniform and abrupt reduction of spiral sculpture on inner surface shortly before labral margin in adults. Parietal wall of aperture with thin glaze; parietal margin thin, sharp, but only produced in proximal half; produced margin extends into upper half of canal. Neck of medium length, tapering steadily but occasionally more abruptly in proximal third, sometimes slightly recurved in either direction, with fragile, rounded tip; canal of varying width, open, straight. Shell dull white overall, occasionally stained pale brown in uppermost whorls and protoconch. Periostracum (Fig. 12c) thin, pale brown, with numerous spiral rows of erect tufts on very reduced axial lamellae. Operculum typical for genus; brown, chitinous wi th nucleus positioned at slightly reflected distal tip. Distribution: Fusinus amadeus is currently known from the Pacific coast of central Japan, between Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku and the sea area Enshu-nada off Aichi Prefecture, central Honshu. The sparse data to hand suggests a depth of 100-200m, but further information is necessary to establish the exact bathymetric range of the species. Remarks: Kuroda recognized this species as distinct but by accident it has remained undescribed until now. From the labels with his specimens at the NSM, together with those in the Kira collection at the OMNH, it is clear that this was the species Kuroda intended to name as Fusinus grabaui. He had been using the name on labels and in manuscript form since at least 1945 (Kira, 1945). The specimen Kuroda eventually cited as the holotype of F. grabaui (MCZ 894; Callomon & Snyder, 2007: fig. 17) is however a phenomorph of F. nodosoplicatus. Its short, strongly tapering neck is not typical of F. nodosoplicatus, and this together with the somewhat reduced axial sculpture on the body whorl, may have led Kuroda to suppose it to be conspecific with his material. Among Japanese congeners, the pyriform shape and thin construction of F. amadeus are reminiscent of F. akitai Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961 (Callomon & Snyder, 2007: 20, figs. 1-5, 59), but the new species is on average smaller and has more prominent and developed axial sculpture with a less rounded and inflated whorl profile. The most morphologically similar On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 9

Figs. 11-15. Fusinus amadeus n. sp. 11. Holotype, 92.0 mm SL, Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku. NSM NCKG007793, ex T. Kuroda. 12. Paratype 9, 108.7 mm SL, Kii (western Kii Peninsula, Wakayama Prefecture), NSM NCKG 07794. 12c, detail of periostracum on dorsum of bodywhorl; 12d, protoconch. 13. Paratype 7, 82.6 mm SL, off Mikawa fishing port, Aichi Prefecture, 20-60 m, ANSP 416428. 14. 81.7 mm SL, Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, ANSP 416426. 15. 114.9 mm SL, Tosa Bay off Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, OMNH 8029 ex T. Kira. Figs. 16-17. Fusinus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847). 16. 75.9 mm SL, Port Lincoln, South Australia, ANSP 416444. 17. 92.2 mm SL, Point Stanrae, South Australia, ANSP 416443. 10 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder congener, however, is the patternless form of Fusinus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847) (= F. undulatus (Perry, 1811) non (Gmelin, 1798), see below) from southern Australia (Figs. 16, 17). Fusinus amadeus can be distinguished from F. pyrulatus by the more angular, widely spaced axial ribs on its early whorls; by the more developed parietal margin in adults, and by its more slender canal. In addition, F. pyrulatus usually has a curved neck, distinct nodular sculpture on the body whorl, and a pattern of brown spiral bands with darker axial flammules that often cover the whole shell. Nevertheless, the strong resemblance between the selected phenotypes of these two apparently widely allopatric species shown here (Figs. 11b, 17) underlines the importance of accurate locality data when comparing Fusinus shells. Iredale (1924: 268) raised the genus Propefusus for Fusus pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847 in 1847-8: pl. 13, fig. 50). This was treated as a junior synonym of Pyrula undulatus Perry, 1811 by Kaicher (1978: card no. 1850). Iredale cited no distinguishing characters apart from a general ‘difference’ from ‘Fusus’ as represented by Fusinus colus. Wilson (1994: 70) was uncertain whether Propefusus was even validly proposed (it was), but retained it. Propefusus Iredale, 1924 is here considered a junior synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815. Fusinus undulatus (Perry, 1811) thus becomes a homonym of Fusinus undulatus (Gmelin, 1791) (see Snyder, 2006). It has a considerable synonymy, however, from which the next available name should be used: Fusinus pyrulatus Reeve, 1847.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the following people for the loan of material for examination: Mr. Kazutaka Noda of Gobo, Japan; Dr. R. J. Batt, North Tonawanda, NY, USA; Ms. Y. Otani and Mr. K. Ohara, NSM; Dr. R. Yamanishi, OMNH and Dr. A. Baldinger, MCZ.

References

Adams, A. 1863 [1864]. On the species of Fusidae which inhabit the Seas of Japan. Journal of the Proceedings o f the Linnean Society 7: 105-108. Adams, A. & Reeve, L. A. 1848. , part 1. In: Adams, A. (ed.), 1848-50. The Zoology of the voyage of HMS Samarang. x + 87 pp., 24 plates. John Van Voorst, London. Bosc, L. A. G. 1801. Histoire naturelle des coquilles. vol. 3. 270 + (2) pp. Paris. Callomon, P. & Snyder, M. A. 2004. On some Fusinus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from Japan, with type selections. Venus 63: 13-27. Callomon, P. & Snyder, M. A. 2006. On the genus Fusinus in Japan II: F. undatus, F. similis and related Pacific taxa, with the description of F. mauiensis n. sp. (Gastropoda: Fasiolariidae). Venus 65: 177-191. Callomon, P. & Snyder, M. A. 2007. On the genus Fusinus in Japan III: nine further species, with type selections. Venus 66: 19-47. Callomon, P. & Snyder, M. A. 2008. A new species of Fusinus from Thailand and the Andaman Islands with three distinct growth phases. Venus 66: 119-126. Chemnitz, J. H. 1780. Neues systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet. Vol. 4. pp. 1-344, pls. 122-159. Raspe, Nuremburg. Dillwyn, L. W. 1817. A descriptive catalogue of Recent shells, arranged according to the Linnaean method. Vol. 1: 1-580. Vol. 2: 581-1092. J. & A. Arch, London. Dunker, W. 1858-1870. Nov itates Conchologicae. pp. 1-32, pls. 1-9 (1858); 33-82, pls. 10-27 (1862); 83-90, pls. 28-30 (1866); 91-106, pls. 31-36 (1867); 107-120, pls. 37-39 (1868); 121-144, pls. 40-45 (1869). Theodor Fischer, Kassel. Gmelin, J. F. 1791. Vermes. Caroli a Linnaei, systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Editio decima tertia, Aucta, Reformata 1 (6): 3021-3910. Leipzig. Habe, T. 1961. Coloured Illustrations o f the Shells of Japan (II). ix + (3) + 183 pp., 66 pls. Hoikusha, Osaka. Hadorn, R. 1996. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) II. Vergleich der Taxa Fusinus panamensis Dall, 1908 und Fusinus spectrum (Adams On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 11

& Reeve, 1848). Club Conchylia Informationen 28 (3/4): 66-69. Hirase, Y. 1907. On Japanese marine mollusks (IX). The Conchological Magazine 1: 281-288. Iredale, T. 1924. Results from Roy Bell’s molluscan collections. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 44: 179-278, pls. 33-36. Kaicher, S. D. 1978. Fasciolariidae 1. Card Catalog of World-wide Shells, pack 18. S. Kaicher, Florida, USA. Kiener, L. C. 1840. Genre Fuseau (Fusus Bruguières) [sic]. Spécies general et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes. pp. 1-62, pls. 1-30. Kimura, S. 1997. Two noteworthy fasciolariid gastropods (Genus Fusinus) collected from Japan. Chiribotan 28: 35-38. Kira, T. 1945. Kai-san Nihon gen-sei kairui soran [General list of Recent Japanese marine mollusks]. [5] + map + [ 19] + 704 + [99]. Pages unnumbered or only by right side (1-352), mimeographed. Privately published by the author, Shijonawate, Japan. Kira, T. 1947. Fusinus san-shu [Three species of Fusinus]. Yume-Hamaguri (21): frontispiece series no. 12. Kira, T. 1948. Fusinus san-shu [Three species of Fusinus]. Yume-Hamaguri (22): frontispiece series no. 13. Kira, T. 1959. Coloured Illustrations of the shells of Japan. Enlarged and Revised Edition. (5) + VII + (2) + 240 pp, 71 pls. Hoikusha, Osaka. Kuroda, T. 1949. Naga-nishi-ko [On Fusinus]. Yume-Hamaguri (37): 1-8; (39): 57-60. Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de M. de. 1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres.7 (2): 711 pp. Paris. Linnaeus, C. von. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae. Editio decima reformata. Vol. 1. Regnum animale. 824 + iiip p. Stockholm. Mallard, D. & Robin, A. 2005. Fasciolariidae. 27 + (1) pp., 70 pls. Museum du Coquillage, Les Sables d’Olonne (France). Nomura, S. 1935. Catalogue of the tertiary and quartery [sic] Mollusca from the island of Taiwan (Formosa) in the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan. Part 2, Scaphopoda and Gastropoda. Science Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai, Japan, second series (Geology), vol. 17 (2): 53 (1)-228 (176), pls. 6 (1)-10 (5). Okutani, T. & Tsuchiya, K. 2000. Fasciolariidae. In: Okutani, T. (ed.), Marine Mollusks in Japan, pp. 504-517. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. Perry, G. 1811. Conchology, or the natural history of shells. 1 + 4 pp., 61 pls. London. Reeve, L. A. 1847-48. Monograph of the genus Fusus. Conchologia Iconica 4: pls. 1-14 (1847), pls. 15-21 (1848). London. Röding, P. F. 1798. Museum Boltenianus sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat. Part 2. viii + 199 pp. Johan Christi Trapii, Hamburg. Snyder, M. A. 2006. A new species of Fusinus (Gastropoda: Fasciolariidae) from the Red Sea and the identity of Fusinus undulatus (Gmelin, 1791). Gloria Maris 45 (5): 104-114. Springsteen, F. J. & Leobrera, F. M. 1986. Shells of the Philippines. 377 pp., 100 pls. Carfel Seashell Museum, Manila. Thach, N. N. 2005. Shells of Vietnam. 338 pp., 91 pls. Conchbooks, Hackenheim. Tryon, G. W. 1881. Family Fusidae. In: Manual of Conchology, vol. III. Tritonidae, Fusidae, Buccinidae. pp. 46-97, pls. 28-70. Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Vol. 2: Neogastropods. 370 pp., 53 pls. Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo.

(Received January 7, 2008 / Accepted May 19, 2008) 12 P. Callomon & M. A. Snyder

日本産ナガニシ属の研究 IV：ダイオウナガニシと 2 新種

P. カロモン・M. A. スナイダー

要 旨

このシリーズの 4 報目として，日本産ナガニシとして記録されている有効なタクソンである Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ダイオウナガニシについて記述するとともに，黒田が「ゆめ蛤」の記事の中で 仮の学名を与えていたが，これまで適格となっていなかった 2 タクサを新種として記載した。

Fusinus longissimus (Gmelin, 1791) ダイオウナガニシ（木村，1997）

殻はナガニシ属としては非常に大型（最大殻高 337 mm），堅固であるが殻質は薄く軽い。螺層の周縁 はやや角張り，その上に丸く大きな瘤が並ぶ。殻表は細い螺脈で被われるが，周縁の疣の上では 2 ～3 本の強い螺肋となる。殻口は卵形で外唇肩部の疣に当たる部分がやや角張る。内唇の滑層はやや薄く， 弱く板状となる。水管は長く，直線的。 分布：国内では小笠原諸島，紀伊半島と沖縄の伊江島から記録されているが稀である。海外ではフィ リピン，台湾，ベトナム，及びニューカレドニアに分布する。 付記：Gmelin (1791) の記載の基になった Chemnitz (1780) の図示標本の所在は不明であるが，図は種類 の同定に問題ないため，この標本をレクトタイプに指定した。 本種はナガニシ属の中の最大種の一つであり，十分に成長した個体では，その大型のサイズと軽い貝 殻，及び特徴的な周縁の疣列から他種と容易に区別される。日本産の種類の中でこれに近いサイズにな るものとしては F. salisburyi Fulton, 1930 イトマキナガニシがあるが，後者は貝殻が厚く，螺層の膨らみ と螺肋が強く，内唇が板状に発達することで明瞭に異なる。F. colus (Linnaeus, 1758) ホソニシも時に大型 となることがあるが，より細長く，水管も長くより大きく曲がる。

Fusinus teretron n. sp. イボウネナガニシ（黒田，1949）

貝殻はこの属としては中型（最大 155.7 mm，平均 112.5 cm）。螺塔は細く殻頂に向かって緩やかに細 まる。螺層上部には太く，間隔の広い螺肋があり，周縁は角張る。各螺層には 4 ～6 の一次螺肋があり， 各螺層上部では体層に向かうにつれて細い間肋が現れる。螺塔下部では縫合の上の螺肋は弱まる。体層 では縦肋は周縁でやや突出して疣状となり，螺肋と交差して角張る。殻口は卵型，外唇内側には螺条を 持ち，これによって殻口縁は刻まれる。軸唇滑層は明瞭で，水管側 2/3 で板状となる。水管は細く，緩 やかに湾曲する。殻色は汚白色で，微細な毛を生やした薄茶色の薄い殻皮を被る。 タイプ産地：「紀伊」。 タイプ標本：ホロタイプ，大阪市自然史博物館 OMNH8026（吉良コレクション）。 分布：本種は現在のところ本州中部太平洋岸の，小笠原諸島・房総半島～紀伊半島西部と，土佐湾の 二つの海域から知られており，生息深度は 40 ～200 m の範囲である。 付記：本種に対して，黒田（1949）は「ゆめ蛤」の記事の中で本和名とともに F. anguliplicatus の学 名を提唱しているが，この学名はその後今日まで適格となっていなかった。様々なコレクション中に標 本が見られることから，本種は稀な種類ではないと考えられるが，図鑑や論文中では誤って同定されて きた。例えば，木村（1997: pl. 1, figs. 5, 6）は本種を「F. beckii (Reeve, 1848) サイヅチナガニシ」に， 奥谷・土屋（2000: pl. 255, fig. 34）は「F. nodosoplicatus (Dunker, 1858) [sic! =1867] コブナガニシ」に同 定している。これらのうち，F. beckii (Reeve, 1848) は国内に分布していない（本シリーズ第 5 報参照）。 一方，コブナガニシの変異型の中には本種と近似するものもあるが，本種はより貝殻が薄く，コブナガ On the Genus Fusinus in Japan IV 13

ニシに特徴的な肩の瘤列を欠き，より細かい縦肋と細い螺塔を持つことで区別される。F. perplexus (A. Adams, 1864) ナガニシは，分布域が重なり，サイズも近似しているが，本種の方が初期螺層の周縁が角 張り，螺塔が高く，より細かい縦肋を持つことで明瞭に区別される。

Fusinus amadeus n. sp. コブシナガニシ（黒田，1949）

貝殻はこの属としては中型（最大 114.9 mm，平均 93.4 mm），薄質で軽く，体層はいくぶん洋ナシ型。 螺層の周縁は円く，縫合で斜めに接する。螺層上部では縫合まで連続する多数の強い縦肋があるが，体 層に近づくにつれて弱まって疣列となるか，全く消失する。初期螺層には 5 ～6 の強い螺肋があり，徐々 に間肋が強まって次体層では 9 ～10 本となる。殻口はアーモンド形で内面は光沢が強い。外唇は成貝で も薄く，皺状となる。軸唇滑層は薄い。水管の長さは中庸で，通常やや直線的，先端に向かって徐々に 細まるが，個体によっては末端側 1/3 で急激に細まることもある。殻色は汚白色で，胎殻付近が淡く褐 色に染まることがある。殻皮は淡褐色で薄い。 タイプ産地：高知県沖，土佐湾。 タイプ標本：ホロタイプ，西宮市貝類館 NCKG007793（黒田コレクション）。 付記：本種も黒田（1949）によって未記載種であることが認められていたが，今日まで記載されて いなかった。「ゆめ蛤」の記事や，標本のラベルに記された学名から判断して，黒田は本種に Fusinus grabaui の名前を用意していたことが明らかであるが，この学名は後に別タクソン F. grabaui Kuroda & Habe, 1952 に用いられており，後者は本シリーズ第 3 報の中で F. nodosoplicatus (Dunker, 1867) コブナガ ニシの表現型とみなされている。従って，本種に新たな名前を与え新種として記載した。 本種は，日本産のナガニシ属の種類の中で，洋ナシ型の殻形と薄い貝殻を持つことで，F. akitai Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1961 ギボシナガニシに似るが，本種の方が小型で，螺管の膨らみが弱く，より顕著な縦 肋を有することで区別される。海外の種類では，南オーストラリアに分布する F. pyrulatus (Reeve, 1847) が本種に最も近似するが，本種の方が縦肋がより角張り，螺層上部で肋間が広いことや，水管が細いこ となどで区別できる。なお，Iredale (1924) はこの F. pyrulatus を単一模式として新しい属 Propefusus を立 てているが，Fusinus ナガニシ属と形態的に区別できず，後者の異名とみなされる。