elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

E L K I N R. I S A A C s t u d e n t r e s e a r c h s y m p o s i u m

Symposium Sponsors Elkin R. Isaac Endowment Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address Endowment Office of the President Office of the Provost Office of Institutional Advancement Prentiss M. Brown Honors Institute Stockwell-Mudd Library Foundation for Undergraduate Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Office of Information Technology Friends of the Albion College Library

2010

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The twentY-FIRST Annual Elkin R. Isaac STUDENT Research Symposium

Albion College April 21-22, 2010 Schedule of Events

Wednesday, April 21, 2010

7:30 p.m. elkin R. Isaac Alumni Lecture: Kristen Neller Verderame, ’90 “Success or Failure: It Really Is Up to You” (How Research and Critical Thinking Can Make or Break Any Business)

Welcome: President Donna M. Randall Speaker Introduction: H. Eugene Cline, Professor of Philosophy Towsley Lecture Hall/Norris Center 101

Reception immediately following the program Mitchell Museum, Science Complex

Thursday, April 22, 2010

8:30-10:15 a.m. student Research Platform Presentations

Forum #1 Forum #3 Norris Center 100 Norris Center 102

Forum #2 Forum #4 Towsley Lecture Hall/Norris Center 101 Norris Center 104

10:45 a.m. honors Convocation Goodrich Chapel

1:15-4:15 p.m. student Research Platform Presentations See locations for morning sessions.

4-5 p.m. student Research Poster Session Science Complex Atrium

7 p.m. Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address: Mira Nair “Between Two Worlds: An Evening with Mira Nair”

Welcome: President Donna M. Randall Conferral of Honorary Degree: President Randall; Trisha Franzen, Associate Professor of Women’s and Gender Studies Speaker Introduction: Chelsea R. Denault, ’12 Goodrich Chapel

Reception immediately following the program Bobbitt Visual Arts Center Lobby

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Elkin R. Isaac ALUMNI Lecture JOSEPH S. CALVARUSO Keynote Address

Kristen Neller Verderame, ’90 Mira Nair

Kristen Neller Verderame is CEO of Mira Nair is the rare, prolific film- Pondera International, LLC, a consul- maker who fluidly moves between tancy she founded to assist corporate Hollywood and independent cinema, executives and boards with strategic making films that earn critical acclaim planning and transformational and and touch the hearts of audiences growth projects. She concurrently around the world. serves as principal and general counsel as a promising young film- at the Laconia Group, Inc., based maker, Nair had two award-winning in Reston, Virginia. In this role, she documentaries under her belt when provides consulting in the areas of her first feature film, Salaam Bombay!, security, corporate governance, gov- received more than 25 international ernment relations, and mergers and awards, including the Camera D’Or acquisitions. (best film) and Prix du Publique (most prior to founding Pondera in 2008, popular entry) at the 1988 Cannes Verderame spent 10 years with British Telecom (BT) Group, PLC, Film Festival. Since then, Nair has worked with many of Hollywood’s eventually serving as vice president and general counsel for the biggest stars on critically-acclaimed and popular films, including company’s U.S. operations, where she was a member of the manage- Mississippi Masala, My Own Country, The Perez Family, Kama Sutra: A ment team. During her tenure with BT Group, Verderame headed Tale of Love, Vanity Fair, The Namesake, and the recent biopic, Amelia. the company’s legal department and was responsible for procurement, Nair is currently developing a stage version of her beloved Monsoon security, and government sales operations. Verderame led a team that Wedding, with an anticipated Broadway debut in 2011. drove more than $25 billion in acquisitions for BT. She also directed a longtime activist, Nair used the profits ofSalaam Bombay! BT’s lobbying and government affairs efforts in Washington, D.C. to create the Salaam Baalak Trust which for more than 20 years has Before joining BT, Verderame was an associate attorney in the interna- directly impacted government policy on street children in India, along tional trade practice group for the Washington, D.C. office of Dewey with caring for some 5,000 children annually in 25 safe centers. In Ballantine. 2005 Nair founded Maisha, which has educated hundreds of students Verderame has been actively involved in the network of British- from East Africa and South Asia in screenwriting and directing. American organizations in the U.S. and the United Kingdom, While enjoying success as a feature filmmaker, Nair continues to currently serving as the general counsel to the British American be active with independent cinema. She created her own production Business Council, the umbrella organization representing over 2,500 company, Mirabai Films, and has collaborated with fellow filmmakers British and American businesses. Verderame also serves as the general to produce films focused on the aftermath of September 11 and social counsel to the European-American Business Council, and as a non- issues in India related to AIDS. Equally at home on the small screen, executive director for UK Trade & Investment. She holds member- Nair’s 2002 debut with HBO, Hysterical Blindness, earned a Golden ship in the Federal Communications Bar Association, the American Globe for star Uma Thurman, and three Emmy Awards. Bar Association, and the bars of the State of Illinois, the District of nair’s next film project, an adaptation of Mohsin Hamid’s Columbia, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the bestselling novel, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, will be filmed in New U.S. Court of International Trade. York, Pakistan, and Chile, and is expected to begin production this a political science major at Albion, Verderame graduated summa year. cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with Albion College honors. She a native of India, Nair was educated at Delhi University and received her juris doctor from the University of Michigan Law School. Harvard. She is an adjunct assistant professor of film studies at Columbia University and lives in New York City with her husband and son.

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STUDENT PRESENTATION SCHEDULE—THURSDAY, APRIL 22, 2010 FORUM #1 – Norris Center 100 8:30 kelyn Carlson, Angela Johnston changes in Populations of Two Tanaid Crustaceans, Discapsuedes surinamensis and (McCurdy) Halmyrapsuedes spaansi, Living in Mudflats on the Coast of Suriname, South America 8:45 Tim Cameron (Carrier) An Investigation of Whether Fiddler Crabs Settle Selectively on Carrot Island, Beaufort, N north Carolina 9:00 Allison Neumann (Bartels) Systematics and Taphonomy of Microvertebrate Faunas from the Early Eocene of the Pinnacles, Green River Basin, Wyoming 9:15 kathryn Wagner (Bollman) Trigonometric Functions in the Biangular Plane 9:30 melissa Light (Bartels) Evolution and Systematics of the Eocene Alligator Procaimanoidea 9:45 Brittany Myers (C. Van de Ven) chemical Analysis and Comparison of White Mountain Aridisols Based on Vegetation and R rock Type 10:00 allison Robbins (C. Van de Ven) riparian Change in an Expanding Urban Environment: A Study of Historic Habitat Change along the Truckee River 1:15 mark Kluk (Kennedy) Novel Brooding Calls and Hatching Time of Day in House Wrens 1:30 Wayne Bond (McCurdy) The Anti-Predator Behavior of North American Plains Bison with Calves in the Presence of Wolves 1:45 ryan Stowe (French) Structure-Activity Relationships for a Small Molecule AIF-DNA Inhibitor 2:00 nicholas Herrman (McCaffrey) magnetic Coupling of Substituted Bis-Phenoxy-Bridged Dimanganese Macrocyclic Complexes 2:15 rebecca Putans (Metz) Fabrication and Characterization of Supported Metallic Nanoscale Catalysts: Toward ex situ R remediation Technology 2:30 matthew Zaborowicz (Rohlman) optimization of the Fluorescent Labeling of Substrates for the Tetrahymena and Twort Group I Ribozymes 2:45 rachel Leads (Albertson) Behavioral Variation in Drosophila Due to Wolbachia Localization in Specific Adult Brain R regions 3:00 erin Goldman, Kayleigh Pung phylogenetic Composition and Diversity of Epiphytic Microbial Communities on Native (Olapade, Lyons-Sobaski) and Invasive Plant Species 3:15 Bin Cai (French) Synthesis and Evaluation of New Chiral Hypervalent Iodine Oxazolines 3:30 kristina Weage (Metz) Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Nanoparticles on Functionalized Glassy Carbon 3:45 seth Dawson (McCaffrey) Multi-Step Synthesis of a Green Insect Pheromone 4:00 matthew Logan (French) Synthesis and Evaluation of Chiral Salen-like Hypervalent Iodine Compounds as O organocatalysts

FORUM #2 – Towsley Lecture Hall/Norris Center 101 8:30 rudy Aronoff (Wickre, McCauley) h.C. Westermann: Masculinity and the Social Matrix 8:45 alex Freeman (Christensen) “Fire in the Soul”: Exploring the Environmental Crisis through Drama 9:00 anne Beyer (Chytilo, McCauley) The Collector’s Hoard 9:15 James Goodnight (Ball, Jones) lee Actor’s Concerto for Timpani and Orchestra 9:30 lucas Florin (Ball, R. Van de Ven) Tomaso Albinoni: Oboe Concerto in D, Op. 9 9:45 Timothy Stevens (Rohlman) Fluorescence Analysis for Group I Introns Using an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Sequencer 1:15 mark Anthony Arceño (Morrow) Traversing Time and Crossing Continents: Connections between Ancient Egypt’s Isis and C christianity’s Mary 1:30 steven Maisel (McWhirter) From Martyr to Dragon-Slayer: The Myth of St. George 1:45 sean Thornton (McCauley) chaos Theories: Tapping into the Modern Music Industry

2:00 lucas Florin (Abbott) The Love Triangle: The Historical and Cultural Background of the Personal and Musical R relationships of Clara Wieck Schumann, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms

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2:15 chelsea Grieve (Morrow) Women with Swords and the Castration of Masculinity 2:30 elizabeth Reimann (Wickre) maria Sibylla Merian 2:45 lauren Ponta (Guenin-Lelle) To Oxford and Grenoble and Back: Réflexions sur une année à l’étranger 3:00 sabrina Sutherland (Mesa) “Living in the Body”: Poems 3:15 elizabeth Schulhoff (MacInnes) The Strange Case of Adaptations 3:30 anna Williams (Shanton) “Emma’s Quest: A Children’s Novel”

FORUM #3 – Norris Center 102 8:30 rachel Champagne Predicting Attitudes on Controversial Policies: The Role of Factual Knowledge about Human (Elischberger, Carlson) Development 8:45 David Mendrygal (Christopher) imposter Phenomenon: Genuine Feelings of Fraudulence or an Attempt to Preserve Fleeting Self-Efficacy? 9:00 anthony Gorga (Rose) Defending the Constitution: The Role of Executive Power in the War on Terror 9:15 rebecca Friedrick (Pheley) Personality and the Institution of Secrecy: Intelligence Reform in the Ford Administration 9:30 adam Lomasney (Kanter) Investigations and Solutions: The Mexican Drug War 9:45 courtney Meyer (Cline) Foreign Aid Does Not Aid Economic Growth and Development 1:15 kris Doty (Jechura) Use of Therapy Animals with Children to Improve Reading Skills 1:30 alex Parker (Jechura) Techniques and Analysis in Immunocytochemistry and Histology 1:45 christian Bielski (Pheley) Asymmetric Conflict and Its Effect on Nation States 2:00 anthony Gorga (Kirby) Aristotle and James Madison: Collective Wisdom and Political Experience? 2:15 Deondra Jacobs (Carlson) Perception of Pregnant Teenagers: Effect of Ethnicity, Future Educational Success, and Need for S social Policies 2:30 anthony McCoy (Wieth) Sudoku: Memory for Digits and Irrelevant Information

2:45 lindsay Carniak (Medina) Harm Reduction: A Policy Approach to Keeping Injection Drug Users HIV-Free: A Case Study of Washington, D.C., U.S.A., and Buenos Aires, Argentina

3:00 William Armstrong (Pheley) analysis of Elections Involving Third-Party and Independent Candidates in the United States 3:15 megan Roberts (Jechura) Time-Dependent Spatial Learning in the Octodon degus

3:30 corey McClain (Christopher) roommate Assessment and Social Informational Influence 3:45 Jackie Rollin (Wieth) The Effects of Incentive Framing and Motivational Orientation on Proofreading

FORUM #4 – Norris Center 104 8:30 Jacob Rinkinen (Togunde) Homogenous Faith, Ethnic Diversity: Desirable and Undesirable Traits in a Marital Partner in N nigeria 8:45 mark Anthony Arceño (Ariza) To Worship in One Voice? Monolingualism and Catholic South African Multiethnolinguistic I identity 9:00 sandra Turay (Williams) Long Live the Cedars of Lebanon: The Stories of Five Generations of a Lebanese Family in Three Nations

9:15 erica Tauzer (Lyons-Sobaski) a Case Study of Urban Ecological Analysis: The Phytogeography of Vacant Lots in Baltimore, M maryland 9:30 kaylee Pope (Mullin) Albion College and Sustainability 9:45 mallory Fellows (Hagerman) expression of Femininity in the British Empire: The Significance of Femininity in England and I india Revealed through Isabel Savory’s A Sportswoman in India 1:15 louis Kraus (Kanter) Ser Bracero: The Mexican Perspective of Guest Worker Programs Inside the U.S. from 1951 to 1964

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1:30 kelli Chapman (Vaughan-Southard) mind-Body Connection: Exploring the Parallels between Yoga and Modern Dance 1:45 kyle Kubitz (Chase) Using GIS to Investigate the Trade and Settlement Networks of the Indus Civilization in Order to Identify New Areas of Archaeological Interest in Gujarat, India

2:00 sarah Wenner (Vaughan-Southard) mimetic Alethia: Using Dance as a Catalyst for Archaeological Comprehension of Culture 2:15 kelly Gentry (McIlhagga) Authentic Assessment of High School Bands

2:30 molly Carey (Webb) How to Choose Repertoire: Modifying a General Education Assignment to Fit the Specific N needs of the Choral Director 2:45 ashley Peterson (Osborn) Communicating in the Information Age: Examining Communication Apprehension and C changes in Media Use and Appropriateness 3:00 nicole Simone (Baker) Theory or Practice: Discerning a Better Way to “Teach” Leadership 3:15 katherine Ross (Mullin) A Tale of Two Enclaves: The Development and Disappearance of Two Spanish Enclaves in West Virginia during the Twentieth Century 3:30 katie Meier (Berkey) The Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement: Reconstructing the Native Hawaiian Identity 3:45 albion/ESCIA (Crandell) Student Entrepreneurial Exchange (SEE): An International Partnership 4:00 elizabeth Sylak (Chase) An Examination of Jesuit (Iconographic) Rings from the Fort St. Joseph Site in Niles, Michigan

POSTER PRESENTATIONS – Science Complex Atrium, 4-5 p.m. Aaron Bender (French) Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel Class of Salen-derived Hypervalent Iodine Reagents Eric Bow (Rohlman) Annotation and Structural Modeling of Anabaena Group I Ribozyme Variants Becky Cotteleer (Kennedy) Relationship between Probing Behaviors and Parasites in Nests during the Incubation Period of H house Wrens Nicole Depowski (Elischberger, Keyes) The College Student as Scientist: An Examination of Scientific Thinking inY oung Adults

Seth Goulet (Metz) X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Characterization of Functionalized Molecular Monolayers for Metal Nanoparticle Deposition David Mendrygal (Christopher) The Imposter Phenomenon and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Effects of C conscientiousness Christopher Omerza (McCaffrey) Formylation of Substituted Phenols Using Microwave Irradiation Courtney Pickworth (Christopher) Conscientiousness Facets Predict Driving Risk-Taking, but Not Investment Risk-Taking Erica Tauzer, Kaitlyn Pospiech (T. Lincoln) albion College’s Contribution to Climate Change: Calculating Campus Greenhouse Gas E emissions from 1990 to 2008 Qian Wang (Bieler) Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy Christopher White (White) Personality and Nest Defense in House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) in the Whitehouse Nature C center Alex Archer, David Budka, Kevin Markey, Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet Marketing through Google Adwords Mark Stevenson (Crandell)

Josh Freeland, Pat McCombs, Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet Marketing through Google Adwords Tim Wasmer, Thomas Worden (Crandell)

Ashley Hayes, Kasey Kaplan, Erika Nichols Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet Marketing through Google Adwords (Crandell)

Charlie LaNoue, Allie Lewis, Natalie Mikkola, Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet Marketing through Google Adwords Mallory Woodrow (Crandell)

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Abstracts of Student Presentations ______from previous studies on language and MARK ANTHONY ARCEÑO, ’10 ethnicity, situating itself within the context WILLIAM ARMSTRONG, ’11 of the church. This preliminary research on a Analysis of Elections Involving To Worship in One Voice? text that will not go into full effect until 2011 Monolingualism and Catholic reveals split opinions on the necessity of the Third-Party and Independent South African Multiethnolinguistic changes to the Roman Missal and what this Candidates in the United States may mean to one’s own identity. Identity Faculty Sponsor: Alfred Pheley Supported by: FURSCA, William and Gloria Faculty Sponsor: Diana Ariza Majors: Political Science, Biology Sebold Gift Hometown: White Lake, Mich. Majors: French, International Studies ______Hometown: Southfield, Mich. MARK ANTHONY ARCEÑO, ’10 George Washington At the start of the was not in favor 2008 Advent season, Traversing Time and Crossing of political parties English-speaking Continents: Connections and warned against their dangers. They Catholics in South between Ancient Egypt’s Isis and Africa found are not defined by themselves using a Christianity’s Mary the Constitution or enforced explicitly “new,” or at least Faculty Sponsor: Kara Morrow unfamiliar, language. in law. Despite these The first of three sets Majors: French, International Studies circumstances, the of changes to the Hometown: Southfield, Mich. two-party system English translation has become a Today, the cult of the Black Virgin is perhaps determining force in our political process. of the Roman Missal most recognized through imagery associated was implemented in South Africa, a nation This study used information from the 2008 with the Black Madonna, the Virgin Mary of election cycle to examine the impact of in which the Catholic Church was one of Orthodox Christianity (as well as of Roman the most recent churches to be established. third-party candidates in select major races. Catholicism). Obscurity shrouding the Black All Congressional, Senate, and gubernatorial The changes have caused much confusion, Virgin persists, inciting questions as to who with many considering them “arbitrary,” races in which an independent or third- or what she represents, and from a stylistic party candidate received more than five as the rest of the English-speaking world perspective, why she is black. The answer continues to worship in what seems like percent of the vote were selected for inclu- may lie on a different continent and in a dif- sion. Races were classified into study groups another language. The Vatican has pushed to ferent age; indeed, some scholars regard the re-translate colloquial English versions of the based upon similarities in the candidate goddess Isis of ancient Egypt and Ethiopia parties represented, type of office sought, Missal, which some have considered merely as the “original” Black Virgin. Spanning an interpretation of the original Latin text, and incumbency. Polling information was centuries (from antiquity through the Middle followed over the election cycle for each into a standardized form more “faithful to the Ages and into the Renaissance), the Black Latin.” These changes represent not only a race to track trends and potential influential Virgin has undoubtedly made an impression events associated with those trends. Polling question of one’s religious identity but, given on history. Utilizing a formalistic analysis of the multilingual backdrop of South Africa, a information and potential mediating events Isiac sculptures and paintings, I will juxta- are graphically presented to identify trends question of one’s linguistic, as well as ethnic, pose that imagery with imagery of the Virgin identity. Does this standardized English and patterns. Similarly, an examination of Mary and establish connections between the two elections from 2006 resulting in wins by nullify colloquialism and regional identity? two women. Rather than focusing on the How do these changes affect multilingual independent party senators Joe Lieberman theology and mysticism of the Black Virgin, and Bernie Sanders permitted study of the congregations which have little choice but to I will instead focus on skin pigmentation, use this de facto lingua franca in their services? trends and events from a historical perspec- the lactans state, and notions of the throne, tive. Summaries and recommendations are This ethnographic study addresses the com- which together connect these two important plex ethnolinguistic identity of congregants included for future study on the influence women in history. of third-party candidates related to major and clergy in South African churches in order ______to more clearly understand the lingual and elections. ethnic dynamics existing in the new South ALEX ARCHER, ’13 Supported by: FURSCA-Robert M. Teeter, ’61, (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: Africa. Relying heavily on firsthand inter- Research Fellowship views, participation in both monolingual Optimizing Internet Marketing through and multilingual services, and analyses of Google Adwords) non-traditional sources, this study diverges

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______RUDY ARONOFF, ’10 AARON BENDER, ’11 ANNE BEYER, ’10 H.C. Westermann: Masculinity and Synthesis and Evaluation of a Novel The Collector’s Hoard the Social Matrix Class of Salen-derived Hypervalent Faculty Sponsors: Lynne Chytilo, Anne Faculty Sponsors: Bille Wickre, Anne Iodine Reagents McCauley McCauley Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French Major: Art Hometown: Birmingham, Mich. Major: Art History Major: Chemistry Hometown: Boyne City, Mich. Hometown: Shelby Township, Mich. For the culmina- “H.C. Westermann: tion of my work as a The synthesis bachelor of fine arts Masculinity and and evaluation of the Social Matrix” candidate at Albion hypervalent iodine College, I have cre- examines the reagents in asym- graphic art work of ated an art instal- metric catalysis lation consisting American sculptor and synthesis have H.C. Westermann of ceramic vessels, been of interest to drawings, and found during the beginning the French research of his career in the objects, and their group for the past relationship together. late 1940s and early two decades. French 1950s. Exploring Often overlooked are has shown that chiral the objects we interact with in our everyday gendered notions of aryl iodides can act what it meant to be a male, a Marine, and experiences. I am interested in the life of a as organocatalysts in alpha-oxytosylations of found object in nature both before and after an artist during the mid-twentieth century, enolizable ketones with modest enantioselec- his work is investigated in the context of I have personal experience with it. I am fasci- tivity. Current research has focused on chiral, nated by the history of everything that I find, the Chicago school of artists and within the salen-like, bis aryl iodides. The synthesis of broader framework of modern American especially things that may have once served a the novel bis aryl iodides will be presented purpose, but now are “useless.” art. The social constructs within which along with the results of ligand oxidation and Westermann lived and worked are a basis i never know where these things come enantioselective alpha-oxytosylation reac- from, so I try to capture the object’s essence, for the interpretation of his early work. The tions. collection of Westermann’s student and early whether it is an insect carcass, my own hair, works, on permanent loan to Albion College or a Petoskey stone. The objects that I study from Joel Leenaars, ’58, lends a comprehen- are of special interest to me, and I feel that if sive visual inventory of his character and I do not preserve them in some way they may psyche. This collection gives us a glimpse into X X X = N, O be forgotten. I try to accomplish this preser- a part of Westermann’s life that up until now vation through my explorations in ceramics has been largely unexamined. and drawing. By using objects that once I I served a purpose I can include characteristics Supported by: FURSCA Supported by: FURSCA of the object’s uselessness with my functional ______artwork. This allows me to give each piece of ceramics extra life and history as it leaves my ANGELA BENNETT, ’12 care and embarks on a life of its own. (See Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial Exchange)

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______CHRISTIAN BIELSKI, ’10 WAYNE BOND, ’10 ERIC BOW, ’10 Asymmetric Conflict and Its Effect The Anti-Predator Behavior of Annotation and Structural on Nation States North American Plains Bison with Modeling of Anabaena Group I Faculty Sponsor: Alfred Pheley Calves in the Presence of Wolves Ribozyme Variants Major: Political Science Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Rohlman Hometown: Grosse Pointe, Mich. Major: Biology Major: Biochemistry Since the U.S. Hometown: Portage, Mich. Hometown: St. Charles, Ill. escalation in the war The American bison Over the past three against “terrorism,” (Bison bison) is decades, there has the public misper- North America’s larg- been increasing ceives asymmetric est herbivore, and a interest in the area conflict and its effect fully-grown, healthy of ribonucleic acid on the international adult has no true (RNA) biochem- community. Of natural predators. istry, due to the primary importance However, as calves, discovery of the is that terrorism falls bison are suscep- multitude of roles under the umbrella tible to predators, RNA plays in the of asymmetric con- including the gray cell. These discover- flict, because international terrorist networks wolf (Canis lupus). ies include the ability use asymmetric tactics and aggression as a This study examined anti-predator behavior of catalytic RNAs (known as ribozymes) to means to destroy the Western world. My the- of female bison and calves in the presence catalyze metabolic reactions and the ability sis explores asymmetric conflict strategies and of gray wolves. Two socialized wolves were of “non-coding” RNAs (ncRNA) to regulate the role they play in different international released at regular intervals into a specific area cellular metabolism and gene expression. relations frameworks. with a herd of bison that included females Prior to these findings RNA was thought to The thesis concentrates specifically and their calves. Three aspects of behavior serve merely as a stepping-stone in the classic around the Polish Underground movement were examined in the presence of wolves: dis- expression of genetic material from DNA to during and after the Second World War tance the female would allow a wolf between RNA to protein. However, this more recent and the international terrorist organization her and her calves, placement of the body of research has uncovered that RNA does much Al-Qaeda. Both movements have had a seri- the calf relative to its mother, and identities more than just code for proteins. Introns ous effect on the international community, of wolves that elicited aggressive responses are linear sequences of RNA that are spliced and highlight the extreme differences in from bison. Survey data from eight sets of out after their biosynthesis, or transcription, how asymmetric conflicts affect the neo- encounters showed that females permit- from a DNA template. RNA splicing is one realist framework internationally. The Polish ted an average of one body-length between of many RNA processing reactions that must Underground was a nationalist movement themselves and their calves in the presence of take place before the RNA can be used in our that tried to join in the neo-realist frame- wolves. Calves also tended to be placed near cells. work by using asymmetric tactics to restore the mid-section of mothers, and bison tended Group I introns are members of a family the borders of its homeland, while Al Qaeda to rush one specific wolf the majority of the of catalytic RNA that are capable of perform- is an anti-Western movement that aims to time. These results suggest that bison are able ing a range of reactions including self-splicing dismantle nation states completely. to learn to evaluate the behavior of potential and the cleaving of RNA into two. This self- asymmetric conflict brings to the fore- predators. splicing reaction takes place in the cell with- front the battle between constructivism and out the aid of protein-based enzymes, which neo-realism. It can be used to take a weaker serve as catalysts in the majority of metabolic power and raise it to a nation-state player, reactions. We utilize a modified version of restoring a non-state actor to the neo-realist the introns in order to follow the first cutting model. Though asymmetric conflict can be reaction involved in splicing. Therefore the a force that restores nations, it also can be RNA molecule serves as a catalyst and is used to dismantle the international order. called a ribozyme. Culture then becomes the primary influence The goal of this work is to obtain insight in obtaining power rather than power being into the folding and catalytic abilities of the held by the nation states. This research will Anabaena Group I intron in order to formu- help clarify the quote “one nation’s terrorist is late a model structure. This Group I intron another country’s freedom fighter.” RNA comes from the cyanobacteria genus Anabaena. It is one of the smallest Group I introns known. Group I introns found in these organisms contain RNA sequences, which, prior research confirms, allow for cleavage and removal from neighboring RNA 9 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______sequences. To study the Anabaena ribozyme have bonding interactions with hypervalent we are using biochemical methods coupled iodine. Results in this area will be discussed. MOLLY CAREY, ’10 with computer bioinformatics. The cleav- R age patterns of the ribozyme can be studied How to Choose Repertoire: using fluorescence-based assays to observe N Modifying a General Education structural changes in the ribozyme. We have O Assignment to Fit the Specific adapted JalView sequence alignment software Needs of the Choral Director to analyze and annotate specific sequences of the Group I catalytic RNA. The three-dimen- I Faculty Sponsor: Mark Webb sional structure of Anabaena itself has not yet Supported by: FURSCA-James W. Hyde Major: Music Education been determined. Our ultimate goal is to use Endowed Student Research Fellowship Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. the combined biochemical studies of struc- ______tural variants and computational software TIM CAMERON, ’10 How to Choose to develop an accurate three-dimensional Repertoire is a project representation of the Anabaena ribozyme. An Investigation of Whether that I began last fall ______to better under- Fiddler Crabs Settle Selectively stand how I wanted DAVID BUDKA, ’13 on Carrot Island, Beaufort, North (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: to teach. During Optimizing Internet Marketing through Carolina my time at Albion College I have taken Google Adwords) Faculty Sponsor: Jeffrey Carrier ______many education Major: Biology classes, and some of BIN CAI, ’10 the material has been Hometown: Woodhaven, Mich. difficult to apply Synthesis and Evaluation of The fiddler crab to my future goal of teaching choral music. New Chiral Hypervalent Iodine (Uca spp.) has One of my biggest concerns for teaching Oxazolines both a planktonic is how to choose repertoire for my choirs stage and an adult and how to distinguish between different Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French stage. During the arrangements of the same piece. During the planktonic stage, Majors: Chemistry, Economics and Secondary Literacy Pedagogy class, we were the larvae are swept given an assignment to evaluate a textbook, Management out to sea by the Hometown: Suzhou, China which inspired me to modify the assignment currents. Once in to make it more specific for choral music. Hypervalent iodine the open ocean, Therefore I created a Repertoire Evaluation reagents have they metamorphose Form, using the same categories as the been found to be into a juvenile stage Textbook Evaluation Form provided by my versatile reagents and are carried by the currents back into the course professor: practical considerations, in a wide variety of estuary where they settle at their respective target audience, content, learning aids, and organic transfor- sites. In this study, samples of both plankton cultural appreciation. I added the category, mations, ranging and settlers of Uca spp. were taken from the musical elements, to cover specific elements from oxidations to Newport River Estuary in Beaufort, N.C. that are unique to music. functionalizations, off the shores of Carrot Island. The samples polymerizations, were taken on three separate nights and the and carbon-carbon following mornings during previously speci- bond forming reac- fied conditions determined to be optimal for tions. They are of particular interest to us their collection. A multiplex PCR was used to because they are much more environmentally replicate the ITS-IR gene found in the three sound than traditional heavy-metal catalysts species that reside in North Carolina, and in catalyzing organic reactions. My current gel electrophoresis was used to identify the study focuses on 2-iodo benzyl oxazolines, species of each sample. A chi-square good- shown below. Oxazolines are compounds ness of fit test was performed between the that have a five-membered heterocyclic ring. species distribution of the plankton and the Chiral oxazolines have been widely used as settlers collected for each sample day and for chiral auxiliaries in reactions. Albert Meyers’ the total sample. Analysis of the data showed four-step-one-pot synthesis allows for rapid a significant difference between the plankton synthesis of numerous differentially substi- sample and the settler sample at Carrot Island 2 tuted analogs with acceptable yields. Thus, (X 2= 13.37; p<0.05). From these data it is a number of different oxazolines can be syn- shown that selective settling is taking place thesized and screened. More importantly, the at Carrot Island by the Uca spp., though the nitrogen and oxygen groups in oxazolines will mode of site selection is still unknown.

10 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______molting in non-ovigerous females happened drug use: “harm reduction.” Harm reduction KELYN CARLSON, ’10 in a small time frame. Understanding tanaid establishes laws and programs to help drug Major: Biology demographics is essential in predicting popu- addicts use drugs safely, putting an emphasis Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. lation changes that could affect the mudflat on health and rehabilitation rather than crim- community. Changes in the abundance and inalization. Needle exchange and sterilization ANGELA JOHNSTON, ’11 species composition of tanaid prey might programs have been proven to reduce the Major: Biology negatively impact shorebirds that rely on incidence of AIDS and the number of drug Hometown: Saline, Mich. these animals to fuel their migration from users, but federal drug laws make such initia- Changes in Populations of Two overwintering grounds in Suriname to breed- tives nearly impossible. With federal funding ing sites in North America. and support for harm reduction programs, Tanaid Crustaceans, Discapsuedes we could advance public health and reduce Supported by: FURSCA-Bruce A., ’53, and the suffering of the thousands of people who surinamensis and Halmyrapsuedes Peggy Sale Kresge, ’53, Science Fellowship contract HIV/AIDS through injection drug spaansi, Living in Mudflats on the (Carlson), FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin use annually. Research Fellowship (Johnston), Mellon Faculty Coast of Suriname, South America ______Development Fund Faculty Sponsor: Dean McCurdy ______RACHEL CHAMPAGNE, ’10 Studies on the LINDSAY CARNIAK, ’10 demographics and Predicting Attitudes on reproductive biology Harm Reduction: A Policy Controversial Policies: The Role of two tanaid crus- Approach to Keeping Injection of Factual Knowledge about taceans, Discapseudes Human Development surinamensis and Drug Users HIV-Free: A Case Study Halmyrapseudes of Washington, D.C., U.S.A., and Faculty Sponsors: Holger Elischberger, Jacque spaansi, living in Buenos Aires, Argentina Carlson three intertidal mud- Major: Psychology flats of Suriname, Faculty Sponsor: Julia Medina Hometown: Royal Oak, Mich. South America Major: Spanish were performed in Carlson Hometown: Rochester Hills, Mich. Different factors December 2008. influence people’s These crustaceans Even though attitudes about an serve as primary they have distinct issue, such as direct food sources for cultures, histories, experience and migratory shorebirds and laws, both the education, making that breed in the United States and attitudes malleable Canadian Arctic Argentine govern- (Perloff, 1993). and overwinter in ments have made Several studies have Suriname. Densities political decisions demonstrated that of H. spaansi were and legislation that knowledge about much greater than affect the prevalence controversial issues, D. surinamensis Johnston and incidence of such as capital punishment, can predict (often >10,000 indi- HIV/AIDS in the people’s attitudes (Cochran & Chamlin, viduals m-2 of mud versus <1,000 m-2, respec- population of injection drug users. I focus my 2005; Haddock & Zanna, 1998). tively). Previous studies found that densities comparative study on HIV/AIDS trans- The purpose of this study was to exam- of H. spaansi were far lower than densities of mission through intravenous drugs in the ine the extent to which college students’ atti- D. surinamensis. Although prior studies likely capitals of the United States and Argentina: tudes toward controversial social policy are underestimated densities of tanaids, differ- Washington, D.C. and Buenos Aires. By linked to their knowledge of policy-relevant ences in species compositions and densities examining the laws and government initia- research in developmental psychology. For could not be explained by differences in sam- tives related to HIV/AIDS and injection instance, we might expect to find that a stu- pling techniques among studies. There was a drugs, and the statistics of people with HIV/ dent who learns about the detrimental effects female bias for the sex ratios of both species AIDS via injection drug use, we can evaluate of physical punishment on children may hold (2 females: 1 male approximately), and it was the effectiveness of the enacted legislation in a favorable attitude on policies restricting the found that larger females were more likely to preventing the transmission of the virus. use of physical punishment by parents or in carry broods and the broods were of a larger After investigation, it is evident that the schools. We assessed participants’ attitudes size. Again, previous studies found a higher politicians responsible for passing AIDS and toward and knowledge of policies concern- percentage of females to be ovigerous, but drug law are influenced by the stigma associ- ing the six areas of gay and lesbian parenting, brood sizes were smaller. Initial studies on the ated with AIDS and drug use. In light of the adoption, parental leave, physical punish- reproductive biology hinted that females may aforementioned aspects of AIDS law, I pro- ment, science curriculum, and sex education. be breeding synchronously, because females pose that both nations adopt a new political We found significant positive correla- tended to carry broods in similar stages of framework to address the steadily increasing tions between participants’ knowledge and development at each sampling site, and number of people contracting HIV/AIDS via attitudes for all of the six areas except 11 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______parental leave (ps < .05), indicating that my theoretical findings into the coaching and attitudes were in line with knowledge. Next, education of dancers. This tests the appli- SETH DAWSON, ’11 a series of hierarchical regression models was cability of the dance philosophy that most specified to test whether knowledge would successfully achieves a strong mind-body Multi-Step Synthesis of a Green predict attitudes above and beyond demo- connection. Insect Pheromone graphic variables, such as gender, religious ______Faculty Sponsor: Vanessa McCaffrey affiliation, and political attitudes. These BECKY COTTELEER, ’12 analyses showed unchanged significant Major: Biochemistry contributions of knowledge in predicting Relationship between Probing Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. attitudes (ps < .05). These findings are consis- Pheromones are tent with research linking changes in people’s Behaviors and Parasites in Nests during the Incubation Period of commonly blended knowledge to changes in their attitudes into the insecti- (Guimond, 1997), suggesting intriguing pos- House Wrens cides used by large sibilities concerning the role of education in Faculty Sponsor: Dale Kennedy chemical companies attitudinal change. such as Orkin and Major: Biology Terminix. These Supported by: Mellon Faculty Development Hometown: Antioch, Ill. chemicals are used Fund to lure the insects to ______Cameras placed inside nest boxes the treated sites. One KELLI CHAPMAN, ’10 of house wrens particular chemical, (Troglodytes aedon) 2-phenethyl propi- Mind-Body Connection: Exploring show that females onate, is derived from peanut oil and is used the Parallels between Yoga and sporadically probe in “green” formulations. The synthesis of this Modern Dance nest material dur- pheromone was developed while attempt- ing incubation. I ing to create new laboratory procedures Faculty Sponsor: Heather Vaughan-Southard hypothesized that for undergraduate chemistry labs. Styrene Majors: Political Science, Psychology probing is related to (derived from polystyrene) is hydrated using Hometown: Livonia, Mich. infestation of mites hydroboration/oxidation, and the resulting in a nest. Randomly alcohol is then esterified with either propi- My thesis exam- assigned experimental nests were regularly onic acid or propionyl chloride. We have ines similarities treated with Ultra Care™ Mite & Lice Bird designed the procedure such that the reaction between yoga and Spray, a water-based pyrethrin insecticide, can be started at several different points modern dance with while control nests received equivalent appli- depending on the desired length of lab time. an emphasis on the cations of deionized water. During incuba- Additionally, this project can be expanded to mind-body connec- tion, the interiors of nests were videotaped include cross-disciplinary study with biology tion. As a student in 90-minute sessions. Tapes were scored for to examine the effectiveness of the compound interested in pursu- the number of probes and amount of time as an insect attractant. ing dance education, spent in the nest by each incubating female. I find the mind- Supported by: FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin As expected, probing rates (probes/min) were Research Fellowship body connection significantly greater in control nests than in especially important experimental nests (control range 1.1 to 3.7, when coaching dance students so that they mean±SD = 2.6±0.80; experimental range are able to enhance the physicality of their 0.15 to 5.7, mean±SD =1.7±1.8; Mann- performance. The use of breath phrasing, Whitney U = 83.5, P = 0.034), indicating movement, meditation, and mind-body that pyrethrin treatment reduced probing connection is examined physically and behavior in nests. While there was no signifi- academically in works by various modern cant difference in hatching success of eggs in dance choreographers as support for my experimental and control nests, it is possible research. The choreographers, such as Doris that any beneficial outcome of less time spent Humphrey and Jose Limon, Martha Graham, probing (higher hatching success or shorter and Isadora Duncan, are analyzed in terms of incubation period) was countered by possible their movement style, philosophy of dance, detrimental effects of pyrethrin. and the similarities of these to yoga. My the- sis determines which modern dance choreog- Supported by: FURSCA-Jane Seymour rapher’s philosophy best enhances a dancer’s Kilian, ’39, Endowed Scholarship/Fellowship, mind-body connection. Chickering Professorship in addition to a written document, this research results in a concert dance piece that integrates yoga and modern dance. The process of creating this work is used to apply

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______NICOLE DEPOWSKI, ’10 KRIS DOTY, ’10 MALLORY FELLOWS, ’10 The College Student as Scientist: Use of Therapy Animals with Expression of Femininity in the An Examination of Scientific Children to Improve Reading Skills British Empire: The Significance of Thinking in Young Adults Faculty Sponsor: Tammy Jechura Femininity in England and India Revealed through Isabel Savory’s Faculty Sponsors: Holger Elischberger, Major: Psychology Barbara Keyes Hometown: Grand Blanc, Mich. A Sportswoman in India Major: Psychology Anecdotal and exper- Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Hagerman Hometown: Livonia, Mich. imental evidence has Majors: Chemistry, History Piaget’s seminal the- shown that interact- Hometown: Jenison, Mich. ory charts the devel- ing with animals can opment of thinking have positive health The historical study as progressing from effects on people. of women has the sensorimotor Simply owning a recently focused stage of infancy to pet has been shown on the importance formal operations to lower blood of understanding in adolescence and pressure, increase how British women adulthood. Formal good cholesterol, worked within soci- operations are char- and decrease bad ety to either propa- acterized by abstract cholesterol, among other benefits. Animal- gate or subvert the and logical thought, assisted therapy refers to the use of animals in restrictions placed including the ability to isolate variables and the treatment of mental or medical difficul- upon them by male test hypotheses. The present study focuses on ties while the patient and animal are under ideologies, such as the related, but broader construct of scientific the care of a trained professional (Nimer John Ruskin’s “Angel in the Home.” Yet, the reasoning that has its roots in formal opera- & Lundahl, 2007). Many different clinical writings of a late eighteenth-century female tions. More specifically, the goals of the pres- disorders have been found to be responsive to traveler, Isabel Savory, reveal unconventional ent study were to determine the relationship the use of animal-assisted therapy, including perspectives on femininity within the British between scientific ability and attitudes toward autism, schizophrenia, and post-traumatic Empire and how women living in the periph- science, to assess the relationship between stress disorder, among others. eries of the empire impacted the perception scientific ability and creative thinking, and to The current research reviews litera- of femininity back home in Britain. The examine the effects of changes in the specific ture pertaining to the use of animals in the societal differences between her homeland wording of logic problems on one’s ability to treatment of people with various disorders, of England and the British society in India reason scientifically. examines health benefits associated with are crucial to this study. Building from The results indicate a very strong posi- interactions with the animals in general, and Savory’s own ideas of the way a lady should tive relationship between scientific ability and outlines the historical progression of this type act, I researched the reactions of British men scientific orientation, supporting previous of therapy. In addition, a case study of one to the actions of “unfeminine” women in research; those with a more favorable attitude therapy team, a therapy dog and its trainer/ India through articles discussing her book to toward science tend to perform better on tests handler, is presented as an example of animal understand the dichotomy between the two of scientific reasoning. In marked contrast use in an elementary school setting. different femininities practiced by British to previous research, there was also a posi- women on two different continents. tive relationship between scientific ability and creative thinking, which may, however, indicate that the instrument used to mea- sure the latter may not be a pure measure of creativity, but also assesses verbal reasoning, as suggested by more recent research. Finally, a pattern emerged showing that students with much scientific training were less affected by whether a logic problem was worded abstractly or familiarly compared to those with less scientific training. Supported by: Mellon Faculty Development Fund

13 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______LUCAS FLORIN, ’11 LUCAS FLORIN, ’11 ALEX FREEMAN, ’10 The Love Triangle: The Historical Tomaso Albinoni: Oboe Concerto “Fire in the Soul”: Exploring the and Cultural Background of the in D, Op. 9 Environmental Crisis through Personal and Musical Relationships Faculty Sponsor: James Ball, Rebecca Van de Drama of Clara Wieck Schumann, Robert Ven Faculty Sponsor: Nels Christensen Schumann, and Johannes Brahms Major: Music Performance Major: Theatre Faculty Sponsor: David Abbott Hometown: St. Clair Shores, Mich. Hometown: Holt, Mich. Major: Music Performance Tomaso Albinoni (1671-1751) was a talented Prometheus, as the Hometown: St. Clair Shores, Mich. violinist and singer, who also happened to myth goes, stole fire dabble in composition. Unfortunately, much from the gods and Three important and of Albinoni’s work and biographical infor- gave it as a gift to dominant figures mation was lost during World War II in the humankind. But of the Romantic bombing of Dresden and the destruction was Prometheus’ Period in music, of the Dresden State Library. Throughout gift really a gift? Clara Schumann, his lifetime of composing he produced over This project began Robert Schumann, 50 operas and greatly influenced Johann with an important and Johannes Sebastian Bach. Bach was intrigued by assumption: that fire, Brahms, provide Albinoni’s work and not only used some of the first technology a clear network of his themes to build fugues but also used his of humanity, was relationships and bass patterns to tutor pupils. both a gift and punishment. A lot of modern musical critique. As among Albinoni’s finest achievements technological innovation is done with the talented composers were his oboe concertos and sonatas. He is goal of “stealing fire from the gods.” We and dear friends, these three engaged in a thought to be the first Italian composer to create technology that is supposed to make friendly rivalry. Through hundreds of musical utilize the oboe as a solo or virtuosic instru- our lives easier, usually with a disregard for examples provided by each composer, I hope ment as well as the first composer to publish the true impact that our innovations are to discover important nuances or similari- these pieces globally. going to have. And now, with the current ties which tie the events of their lives to the The first two movements being per- environmental problems we are facing, this musical dramas and beauty they write on formed are from Albinoni’s Op. 9 collection could be nature punishing us for stealing fire. manuscript. In theory, I hope to find musical written in 1722. The first movement, Allegro My original play, “Fire in the Soul,” presents similarities which may become subject to, non Presto, features a lengthy string introduc- a retelling of the Promethean myth as a way but are not limited to, a “call and response” tion, followed by the oboe’s initial entrance of exploring technology and punishment in theme, common (if not identical) phrasing, with a stateliness of character. Throughout contemporary culture. similar harmonies, and even parallel melo- the remainder of the movement Albinoni ______dies/rhythms/themes which may represent plays with this style and at some points makes the daily lives and events seen by the compos- it flow into a beautiful lyrical melody. The REBECCA FRIEDRICK, ’10 ers. For instance, I will be researching the second movement, Adagio, is the jewel of this chronological events of each composer’s life, concerto. The accompaniment offers a slow Personality and the Institution of and through a close study of their lives and pulse for seven measures and then the oboe Secrecy: Intelligence Reform in the behavior, I will search for patterns in their enters softly, rising above the pulse in a glori- Ford Administration symphonies, lieder, sonatas, etc. In the realm ous fashion. The two movements, though of music history and musicology, the research drastically different, complement each other Faculty Sponsor: Alfred Pheley on these composers is overwhelming. Using marvelously. Majors: Political Science, Music biographies written about these musicians ______Hometown: Alma, Mich. as well as documented articles, diaries, and personal accounts which assist in understand- JOSH FREELAND, ’11 The intelligence ing their music, my research will lead me to (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: investigations of appropriately explain the parallels among the Optimizing Internet Marketing through 1975 are often composers. Google Adwords) overlooked in the shadow of Watergate, but they signaled an important transition in the operations of U.S. intelligence agencies. When President Gerald Ford took office in August 1974, he was heralded as the nation’s

14 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

healer after the nightmare of Watergate. Yet high school bands, the most commonly used order to compare differences in responses of few people knew how deep the wounds were. methods include scale tests and musical selec- indigenous bacterial populations to the plant Following the widespread criticism of the tion tests, as well as attendance at concerts in exudates. Microcosm experiments were also Nixon pardon, Ford was faced with another which the student is performing and behavior conducted to account for various confound- challenge when the New York Times revealed and participation in class. ing factors that might be associated with domestic wiretapping of American citizens fluctuating hydrodynamic conditions at the by the CIA, among many other intelligence Supported by: FURSCA river sites. Results from the study showed abuses. In response, Ford appointed his own ______no significant but slight differences in the commission to investigate the allegations, and ERIN GOLDMAN, ’11 response patterns of most of the phylogenetic Congressional investigations unfolded, with Major: Biology groups examined on the three plants. FISH the goal of providing public scrutiny of our Hometown: West Bloomfield, Mich. analysis indicated higher responses by bacte- nation’s intelligence actions. rial members of the -proteobacteria in the Using this case study of the intelligence KAYLEIGH PUNG, ’11 Kalamazoo River compared to those in Pierce investigations, surprising institutional and Majors: Biology, Psychology Cedar Creek. While part of the results from personality influences on the Ford adminis- Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. the 16S rRNA gene clone libraries revealed tration emerge. Within presidential stud- the predominance of the -proteobacteria ies, Ford’s tenure is typically defined by his Phylogenetic Composition and and Bacteroidetes on mayapple, the bacte- personal decency and moral background. Diversity of Epiphytic Microbial rial populations within the assemblages on However, in a closer examination of the Communities on Native and cow parsnip were significantly dominated by documents, memorandums, and conversa- members of the -proteobacteria, fermicutes, tions surrounding the investigations con- Invasive Plant Species and the Bacteroidetes. Our future plan is to tained in the Ford Presidential Library, the Faculty Sponsors: Ola Olapade, Sheila Lyons- design microcosm experiments to quantita- institution of the presidency overshadows his Sobaski tively determine the minimum inhibitory individual personality traits. The constraints concentrations (MIC) and/or minimum of intelligence administration within foreign Generally, the lethal concentrations (MLC) of extracted policy define this particular issue to support composition and exudates from these plants. government secrecy despite the personal community structure goals of the president and the openness of the of epiphytic bacte- Supported by: FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin political climate. rial assemblages are Research Fellowship, Beta Beta Beta mostly supported ______Supported by: FURSCA-Robert M. Teeter, ’61, by dissolved organic JAMES GOODNIGHT, ’11 Research Fellowship matter with exudates ______released by the plant Lee Actor’s Concerto for Timpani KELLY GENTRY, ’10 hosts. However, and Orchestra these plant exudates, Authentic Assessment of High containing several Goldman Faculty Sponsors: James Ball, Stacey Jones School Bands phenolic com- Majors: Music, Economics and Management pounds, may also Hometown: Marshall, Mich. Faculty Sponsor: Samuel McIlhagga serve as chemical Major: Music Education defenses that may be Lee Actor’s Concerto Hometown: Romeo, Mich. inhibitory to some for Timpani and bacterial popula- Orchestra was writ- High school bands tions. In this study, ten in 2005. As a provide a challenge several molecular composer, Actor has to many music approaches including won various awards educators in the area nucleic acid (DAPI for several of his of student assess- staining), fluorescent works in the last few ment. Music is a in situ hybridiza- Pung years. This particular very subjective field, tion (FISH), and piece was commis- and because of that, 16S rRNA gene sequencing were employed sioned by the Palo music educators may to examine the phylogenetic composi- Alto Philharmonic have difficulties find- tion and community diversity within the and is dedicated to timpani soloist Stuart ing areas in which to epiphytic bacterial assemblages on three Chafetz. Although the piece is only one assess students objec- selected native and invasive plant species, movement in length, it is divided into three tively. This study goes in-depth on the cur- i.e., mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), cow main sections. It starts with a quick section, rent practices of assessment for high school parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and garlic set forth by a tempo marking of “Playful and concert band students in southern Michigan mustard (Alliaria petioloata), under field and Jazzy,” followed by a slow and very flowing and on creating a method of assessment that microcosm conditions. Freshly collected midsection, and then followed by another can be used in classrooms. The findings show plant leaves were incubated in triplicates quick section that includes the cadenza. The that, although there are a variety of methods for about a week within the reaches of the rhythm that the timpanist plays in the begin- used currently in southern Michigan to assess Kalamazoo River and Pierce Cedar Creek in ning can be heard throughout the piece in 15 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______different variations, changing from sixteenth This project presents a fresh perspective notes to sixteenth note triplets to eighth on the origins of our republican thought, as SETH GOULET, ’12 note triplets, but still keeping the same idea ancient philosophy appears to take a backseat present. The cadenza includes timpani glis- to Enlightenment thinkers on this issue. By X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy sandi that allow the player to bring back the examining Aristotle and Madison we can gain Characterization of Functionalized primary theme (first played by the orchestra a greater sense of the variety of sources from Molecular Monolayers for Metal at the beginning of the work) now heard which our system derives. Nanoparticle Deposition on the drums. This statement of the theme builds slowly in volume and intensity until Supported by: FURSCA Faculty Sponsor: Kevin Metz ______the orchestra re-enters once again with a Major: Biochemistry reiteration of the opening of the tune. I will ANTHONY GORGA, ’10 Hometown: Burt, Mich. be performing the whole piece during the Isaac Symposium as well as with the Albion Defending the Constitution: The Analysis of molecu- College Symphony Orchestra at some point Role of Executive Power in the War larly modified during the 2010-11 season. on Terror carbon substrates is ______necessary to under- ANTHONY GORGA, ’10 Faculty Sponsor: William Rose stand if deposition of Major: Political Science metal nanoparticles Aristotle and James Madison: Hometown: Farmington Hills, Mich. onto the function- alized surfaces is Collective Wisdom and Political While I am intrigued by the president’s possible. Due to the Experience? role in American history, I am particularly scale of reactions Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Kirby interested in the role the executive branch being performed, at has played in the twenty-first-century War on the atomic level, spe- Major: Political Science Terror. This project’s purpose was to examine cialized instruments are required to charac- Hometown: Farmington Hills, Mich. the constitutionality of the role the execu- terize these molecular monolayers. An X-ray When construct- tive branch has played, specifically under photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) is used to ing his political the George W. Bush administration, in the determine the presence of key atoms within philosophy, James conduct of this “new” type of war. the molecular monolayer to ensure that a Madison was no The methodology is strictly qualita- chemical reaction has taken place and the doubt influenced tive, and information was obtained through monolayer was seeded on top of the carbon by a great number analysis of primary sources, secondary source substrate. of thinkers, ranging material, and through personal interviews. The goal was to develop a comparison of two Supported by: FURSCA from ancient Greece ______to the Scottish opinions on the actions of the Bush admin- Enlightenment. istration. Firstly, as a lawyer for the admin- CHELSEA GRIEVE, ’10 istration’s Office of Legal Counsel, John The purpose of this Women with Swords and the study, though, is to Yoo wrote a series of memorandums, some examine a potential connection in collective of which were used to make the legal case Castration of Masculinity for the constitutionality of wars in Iraq and wisdom and political experience between Faculty Sponsor: Kara Morrow Madison and Aristotle. Afghanistan, as well as for “aggressive inter- The research methodology is qualita- rogation techniques.” Secondly, Louis Fisher, Majors: Art History, Anthropology tive in nature, as it examines historical author of 19 books and over 400 articles on Hometown: Millersburg, Mich. the constitutional limits of executive power, text and secondary literary source inter- In the Western pretations of Madisonian and Aristotelian takes the opposite position. He maintains any military action taken by the president world, the sword acts political thought. Text citations from The without the explicit approval of Congress is as a phallic sym- Federalist Papers and Aristotle’s Politics and unconstitutional. bol that represents Nicomachean Ethics are used to construct a hyper-masculinity case for collective wisdom and experience i conclude that the actions taken by the Bush Administration, from conduct of war to and the inver- between the two thinkers. sion of femininity. When beginning the project, I was the implementation of enhanced interroga- tion techniques, were a misinterpretation and Specifically, a woman initially led to believe that Madison and depicted with a Aristotle share similar interpretations of gross over-representation of the powers del- egated to the executive branch under Article sword takes mas- human nature. However, as I delved deeper culinity away from into the material, I became convinced that II, Section II of the American Constitution. This conclusion begs the question of how far the male, thereby they do not share a relationship of this kind. threatening the “proper” gender dichotomy. However, I am convinced that both men we have strayed from the “original intent” of the framers of our most sacred document. The historical tendency toward such asso- value a similar system of government and ciations manifests in images such as Judith political society, which exists in the form of Beheading Holofernes by Artemisia Gentileschi an elected representative government. and Amazons Castrating Captured Pirates 16 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

by Nicole Eisenman. Through an analysis offers the benefit of having a lone electron our results indicate that the public is of the imagery, one can begin to formulate in the t2g orbitals, while the electron density aware of the negative consequences of teenage the meaning behind the role of sexuality in of manganese is spherically symmetric. Both pregnancy as it pertains to future educational contemporary television series such as Xena: the synthesis of the complexes and the results success. Contrary to our prediction, the eth- Warrior Princess. Women who step outside from variable-temperature magnetic suscepti- nicity of the pregnant teenager did not affect their culturally prescribed duties are seen bility measurements will be presented. peoples’ opinion on this issue. One possible as taking on male qualities. Likewise, males interpretation is that participants responded who step into female roles also face certain Supported by: FURSCA, American Chemical in a socially desirable fashion when consider- social stigmas. The feminine characters of Society Petroleum Research Fund ing the educational success of a black versus ______Xena: Warrior Princess embody elements of white pregnant teenager. Future research the ancient Greek Amazons in addition to SAM JABARA, ’12 using vignettes that do not present a favor- contemporary notions of sexuality in order (See Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial able view of a pregnant teen is recommended. to create a hybrid woman known in scholarly Exchange) ______literature as the “American Amazon.” The ______ANGELA JOHNSTON, ’11 lead women of Xena: Warrior Princess fight DEONDRA JACOBS, ’10 (See Kelyn Carlson, ’10, Angela Johnston, with swords and other phallic weapons creat- ’11) ing an avenue through which cultural com- Perception of Pregnant Teenagers: ______mentary manifests within popular culture. Effect of Ethnicity, Future KASEY KAPLAN, ’10 Supported by: FURSCA Educational Success, and Need for (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: ______Social Policies Optimizing Internet Marketing through ASHLEY HAYES, ’10 Google Adwords) (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: Faculty Sponsor: Jacque Carlson ______Optimizing Internet Marketing through Majors: Psychology, Ethnic Studies LINDSEY KEYES, ’12 Google Adwords) Hometown: Nassau, Bahamas (See Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial ______America has one of Exchange) NICHOLAS HERRMAN, ’12 the highest teen- ______age pregnancy rates MARK KLUK, ’10 Magnetic Coupling of Substituted among developed Bis-Phenoxy-Bridged Dimanganese countries (Darroch, Novel Brooding Calls and Hatching Macrocyclic Complexes et al., 2001). Past Time of Day in House Wrens research has revealed Faculty Sponsor: Vanessa McCaffrey that the effects of Faculty Sponsor: Dale Kennedy Majors: Chemistry, Biology teenage pregnancy Major: Biology Hometown: Baroda, Mich. can differ for young Hometown: Jackson, Mich. mothers of different Molecular magnets racial backgrounds Video cameras were have been a very (Furstenberg Jr., 1987). used to examine popular topic of in the current experimental study, we two behaviors of research recently due explored the public’s opinion of this socially cavity-nesting house to their potential and racially sensitive issue. We examined four wrens (Troglodytes applications in opto- related topics: (1) what do people believe aedon): (1) the electronics, informa- about the educational aspirations of pregnant purpose of several tion storage, and teenagers; (2) what social policies do people novel brooding calls, switching devices. believe should be in place to assist pregnant and (2) hatching However, before teenagers; (3) what do people believe are the time of day. Research these materials can main reasons teenagers become pregnant; was conducted in be used in these and finally (4) how does ethnicity affect the Whitehouse Nature applications, a thorough understanding of opinions people hold of pregnant teenagers? Center during summer 2009 using small how both structural and electronic perturba- To address each of these topics, we had 63 audio/video cameras with infrared lights tions affect magnetic exchange is needed. undergraduates read one of four vignettes mounted on the inside of box lids to record In order to systematically probe electronic (describing a black or white, non-pregnant behaviors of adult and nestling wrens during effects, a series of bis-phenoxy-bridged or pregnant teenager). All participants were brooding of young hatchlings. Video tapes dimanganese macrocyclic complexes was syn- asked to complete a questionnaire assessing (90-480 min) were analyzed in the lab, and thesized to determine the correlation between participants’ educational opinions. However, times and behaviors were recorded for each Hammett parameters of the substituent and only half of the participants were asked to parental visit. Several types of vocalizations the magnetic coupling of the compound. complete a questionnaire assessing partici- were given by adult wrens. Both male and In addition to the synthesis of manganese pants’ social policies opinions and general female adults that entered boxes with food compounds, preliminary results on vanadium attitudes about teenage pregnancy. generally gave calls. We hypothesized that complexes will also be presented. Vanadium this call is a feeding call, given to announce 17 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

the presence of food to still-blind hatchlings. be paid less because they were already poor. and archaeological site locations to identify We predicted that this feeding call would not Moreover, braceros seemed willing to tolerate settlement patterns which can reconstruct be given in the absence of food, that the call abusive labor conditions. the geography and networking of this region would elicit begging from the hatchlings, and my research seeks to reconstruct a as it was during the height of the Indus. that the occurrence of this call would decrease bracero voice. Too often, braceros had no Analyzing these data also helps archaeologists as hatchlings aged and could use other cues say in agricultural business decisions. The to distinguish between coastal and inland to detect parental visits. All of these predic- men neither controlled the type of crops they archaeological sites which could serve a more tions were supported. We also hypothesized picked, the number of hours they worked, useful purpose in understanding the Indus that eggs would tend to hatch between 0800 nor the deductions taken from their pay. civilization than current categorizations of and 1800h. Because house wrens are diurnal, Braceros were men without a community, sites. Using defined coastal sites, approximate hatchlings would be fed most adequately at literally transplanted across an international coastline reconstruction was calculated for the hours when the parents are most active. border, who sought to leave a mark. I inter- Gujarat. Coastline reconstruction was then Our data supported this hypothesis as well. rogate false projections of Mexican workers used to analyze connectivity between Indus and deconstruct myths in order to form an sites via water-based routes which seem to Supported by: FURSCA-Robert J. Gardner account faithful to braceros’ experience and strengthen possible trade routes and site Summer Research Endowment, Chickering identity. connections. Ultimately, these analyses will Professorship specify areas with qualities which indicate ______Supported by: Philip H. and Shirley Kennedy high possibility of Indus settlement which LOUIS KRAUS, ’10 Battershall Scholarship archaeologists can use for thorough survey to ______locate new sites and further the understand- Ser Bracero: The Mexican KYLE KUBITZ, ’10 ing of the Indus civilization. Perspective of Guest Worker ______Using GIS to Investigate the Programs Inside the U.S. from CHARLIE LANOUE, ’11 1951 to 1964 Trade and Settlement Networks (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: of the Indus Civilization in Optimizing Internet Marketing through Faculty Sponsor: Deborah Kanter Order to Identify New Areas of Google Adwords) Majors: History, Spanish Archaeological Interest in Gujarat, ______Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. India RACHEL LEADS, ’12 In 1942 the United Faculty Sponsor: Bradley Chase Behavioral Variation in Drosophila States offered a tem- porary guest worker Majors: Anthropology, Geology Due to Wolbachia Localization in program called the Hometown: Dearborn, Mich. Specific Adult Brain Regions Mexican Labor Program. More Gujarat, located in Faculty Sponsor: Roger Albertson commonly referred northwest India, is home to an incred- Major: Biology to as the Bracero Hometown: Farmington Hills, Mich. program (bracero ible history of early means manual human civiliza- Parasites alter host laborer in Spanish), tion. The amount behavior in order this bilateral agree- of land covered by to increase the rate ment transported over four million Mexicans this civilization was of parasite trans- into the U.S. from 1942 until 1964. Most larger than contem- mission (Dobson braceros spent from six weeks to a couple of porary Egyptian and 1988). In labora- months working on American farms, usually Mesopotamian civi- tory research, the performing arduous tasks. Growers consis- lizations combined. fruit flyDrosophila tently defended braceros as ideal for this type The Indus civilization has its roots around can be used as a of work. Growers simply believed Mexicans 7000 B.C.E. up through 1300 B.C.E., thriv- model organism to were willing and able to work jobs most ing during 2600 B.C.E. and 1900 B.C.E. study host-pathogen Americans would not do. Early Indus civilization contained sporadic interactions and to Growers supported the idea that trade network connections among small investigate the influence of the pathogen on Mexicans, as non-white and non-citizens, settlements, but the size of these sites as well the development of the host. The current could be paid less. Given that most braceros as their connections drastically increased and study considers the interaction between left home because of joblessness, growers saw became more complex with the Integration Drosophila and the bacterium Wolbachia. A Mexicans as accustomed to poverty. Thus, Era of 2600 B.C.E. Trade networks were a majority of research has focused on how the growers allowed for sub-standard wages, piti- vital component to the Indus civilization and bacterium Wolbachia alters the reproductive ful housing conditions, and less than nutri- necessary for its existence. Using a geographic processes of Drosophila. Less is known about tious food for braceros. Essentially, growers information system (GIS), it is possible to the effects of Wolbachia on host behavior convinced themselves that braceros could analyze data such as digital elevation maps and the behavioral adaptations of the host to reduce the costs associated with infection. This study is unique because it analyzes how 18 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

Wolbachia induce host behavioral changes at it is most likely that the two reagents. The syntheses and the evaluation both the organismal and cellular level. Procaimanoidea forms are distinct and repre- of these compounds as novel organocatalysts Five populations of Drosophila melano- sent valid species. P. kayi was described from will be presented. gaster were collected. PCR analysis verified the early Bridgerian (Br1b), while P. utahensis that each population was infected with was described from the later Uintan (Ui1). Wolbachia. A portion of these populations Specimens from this study show that the two were cured using the antibiotic tetracy- species overlap temporally, so the differ- cline, allowing a direct comparison between ences cannot be ascribed to within-lineage infected and uninfected (cured) lines. The evolution. Since sexual dimorphism is rare in Figure 1. General structure of chiral “salen- behaviors of infected populations and cured crocodylians, it is unlikely that the differences like” bis aryl iodides of interest. populations will be compared in order to represent males and females of the same spe- determine whether behavioral differences cies. Since all specimens are clearly assignable Supported by: FURSCA-Bruce A., ’53, and exist between infected and cured flies. If to one of the two forms, it is unlikely that Peggy Sale Kresge, ’53, Science Fellowship, behavioral differences are observed, these the differences represent variation within a Mellon Faculty Development Fund changes can be attributed to the presence of single species. Finally, the two morphologies ______Wolbachia in the Drosophila. The next step can be identified regardless of the size of the ADAM LOMASNEY, ’11 is to analyze the brain of the infected flies to individual, eliminating ontogentic change as determine where the Wolbachia are localized. an explanation. Investigations and Solutions: The Testing will then be conducted to deter- Procaimanoidea is distinct from closely Mexican Drug War mine whether there is a correlation between related alligatorids by at least four autapo- behavioral variation in the fly andWolbachia morphies of the skull alone. Faculty Sponsor: Deborah Kanter localization in specific brain regions. If a Major: International Studies correlation exists, it is possible that Wolbachia Supported by: FURSCA, Taylor Undergraduate Hometown: Rochester Hills, Mich. are localizing in specific areas of the brain Research Fund (Geology Department), Langbo in order to change a specific host behavior Trustees’ Professorship, University of Michigan Since President which would promote parasite transmission. Museum of Paleontology Felipe Calderón’s ______military inter- vention against ALLIE LEWIS, ’10 MATTHEW LOGAN, ’10 narco-traffickers in (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: the Mexican state Optimizing Internet Marketing through Synthesis and Evaluation of Chiral of Michoacán in Google Adwords) Salen-like Hypervalent Iodine 2006, Mexico has ______Compounds as Organocatalysts been fully engulfed MELISSA LIGHT, ’10 in a war between Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French government forces Evolution and Systematics of the Major: Chemistry and the highly Eocene Alligator Procaimanoidea Hometown: Brooklyn, Mich. powerful drug cartels that operate throughout the entire country. In the four years that the Faculty Sponsor: William Bartels The synthesis and drug war has been raging, tens of thousands evaluation of chiral of lives have been claimed in addition to the Major: Geology hypervalent iodine Hometown: St. Clair Shores, Mich. collateral damage that has negatively affected compounds as chiral the security of Mexican citizens and has Two species of the small Eocene alligato- transfer reagents raised questions about Mexico’s legitimacy rid Procaimanoidea have been described in have been of inter- as a nation. Even with the unprecedented the past. The relationship between these est to the French aggressiveness of the Mexican government two species and the relationship between research group and aid from the United States, the drug Procaimanoidea and other alligatorids is for many years. trade continues to thrive and see high profit poorly understood. Recently, French and margins. This study analyzes the previously Wirth have shown This research was conducted to identify described Procaimanoidea species and new that chiral aryl problems that plague Mexico and the United specimens collected from the Wasatch and iodides can act as organocatalysts in alpha- States alike and find viable policy solutions Bridger formations of South Pass, Wyoming. oxytosylations of enolizable ketones with that can fix them. The primary areas of focus Skulls of the two Procamainoidea species, modest enantioselectivity. Current research for this research are: the historical develop- P. kayi and P. utahensis, show uniform dif- has focused on chiral, “salen-like” bis aryl ment of Mexico’s political structure and drug ferences in their boney characteristics. The iodides (Figure 1) as a potential new class of history, the illicit drug trade, gun smuggling most dramatic of these are that P. kayi is from the U.S. to Mexico, profiling of active characterized by having a frontal with a broad drug trafficking organizations, and the cur- interorbital plate and a jugal that vertically rent multinational policies that perpetuate thins posteriorly, while P. utahensis has a the problems seen in Mexico today. frontal with a narrow interorbital plate and a vertically subequal jugal. Supported by: FURSCA 19 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______STEVEN MAISEL, ’10 COREY MCCLAIN, ’10 ANTHONY MCCOY, ’11 From Martyr to Dragon-Slayer: Roommate Assessment and Social Sudoku: Memory for Digits and The Myth of St. George Informational Influence Irrelevant Information Faculty Sponsor: Jocelyn McWhirter Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher Faculty Sponsor: Mareike Wieth Majors: Religious Studies, Biology Majors: Psychology, Theatre Major: Psychology Hometown: Grosse Pointe, Mich. Hometown: Parma, Mich. Hometown: Albion, Mich. Since the earliest of This study examined This study was religious traditions, the sources of infor- designed to deter- humankind has been mation about poten- mine the effects of looking for ways tial first-year college task difficulty on to connect to and roommates and how explicit and implicit better understand these various sources memory. Implicit the powers that be. influence perceptions memory is memory Christianity’s early of such potential for information that years were marked roommates. Using is not consciously with persecutions both fact-based paid attention to; and boycotts. People (roommate contract) explicit memory who followed this and descriptive-based is memory for tradition during these times needed inspira- (roommate summary) information sources, information that is consciously paid atten- tion and hope to continue, reassurance that the current study sought to explore percep- tion to. Participants were given two easy their way of life was not in vain. From these tions of a potential college roommate. The and two hard Sudoku puzzles; puzzles were circumstances arise myths of people doing Big Five Personality Factors (agreeableness, presented one at a time. Each puzzle was sur- great things or accomplishing great feats in extraversion, neuroticism, conscientious- rounded by a background which consisted of the name of the Christian God. By tracing ness, and openness) are basic personality a newspaper-like article and Greek symbols. historical records and looking at how myths dimensions that define an individual’s unique Participants had five minutes to complete the develop and change, one can understand personality and serve as the dependent vari- puzzle-solving task while memorizing both the circumstances from which these myths ables for this study. It was predicted that the the given puzzle numbers and the numbers arose. One can then decipher what roles they perceived level of agreeableness of a potential they were generating. After completing the played in people’s lives and what morals and roommate would be influenced more than puzzle, participants were asked to fill in a lessons they were meant to portray. The myth the other dimensions of personality by the blank puzzle grid with the numbers they had of St. George provides an excellent example source of information provided. been asked to memorize (explicit memory). of this process. This presentation will explain With a total sample size of 50 people, After participants completed all four puzzles St. George’s evolution from a martyr to a the current study used both a roommate they were asked to complete the implicit heroic dragon-slayer and how this influenced contract (fact-based information) and a memory task. Participants had to find a given the people who were hearing these myths roommate summary (descriptive-based Greek symbol in the background of each firsthand. information). These were the independent puzzle. variables. Both the contract and summary The results indicated that for easy Supported by: FURSCA were manipulated to provide either positive puzzles participants remembered a greater ______or negative information categories about proportion of generated than given informa- KEVIN MARKEY, ’13 a potential roommate, resulting in a 2 x 2 tion. For the hard puzzles, the results show (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: experimental design. Participants then com- that participants were able to remember a Optimizing Internet Marketing through pleted a personality assessment based upon greater proportion of given than generated Google Adwords) the student they just read about. A between- information. These results indicate that subjects multivariate analysis of variance participants focus more on given information was conducted. Several significant effects when the task is more difficult. The implicit were detected. As hypothesized, perceived memory results showed that participants agreeableness was strongly influenced by both found the symbols paired with easy puzzles sources of information. more quickly than those paired with hard ______puzzles. This indicates that participants need PAT MCCOMBS, ’11 to concentrate less on the easy puzzles than (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: hard puzzles which leads to greater distrac- Optimizing Internet Marketing through tion by other information. Google Adwords)

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______which these imposters engaged in self-presen- KATIE MEIER, ’10 DAVID MENDRYGAL, ’10 tational strategies. The Hawaiian Sovereignty Imposter Phenomenon: Genuine Supported by: FURSCA-Jean Bengel Laughlin, Movement: Reconstructing the Feelings of Fraudulence or an ’50, and Sheldon Laughlin Endowment for Student Research Native Hawaiian Identity Attempt to Preserve Fleeting Self- ______Efficacy? Faculty Sponsor: Len Berkey DAVID MENDRYGAL, ’10 Major: Sociology Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher The Imposter Phenomenon Hometown: East Grand Rapids, Mich. Majors: Psychology, Economics and and Subjective Well-Being: Ever since Hawaii’s Management discovery by the Hometown: Dearborn Heights, Mich. The Mediating Effects of Western world and The imposter Conscientiousness colonization by phenomenon (IP) Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher the United States, is a motivational essential elements, disposition in which Majors: Psychology, Economics and such as property, highly success- Management language, environ- ful individuals are Hometown: Dearborn Heights, Mich. mental resources, unable to attribute education, govern- The imposter phenomenon (IP) is a motiva- their accomplish- tional disposition in which individuals expe- ment, and economic ments to personal structure, that the rience feelings of fraud and inadequacy in ability, crediting the face of great success and achievement. IP Native Hawaiian culture thrives on have their achievements been disrupted. As a result, Hawaiians have has been shown to be associated with a host to either overrid- of depreciating attitudinal states, including struggled to sustain their culture as well as ing situational circumstances (e.g., luck) or their identity. increased anger, high levels of depression and superficial character attributes (e.g., charm). anxiety, and lowered self-esteem. Although The history and culture of Hawaii This inability leaves many imposters feeling combined with its current social and political thorough research has been conducted con- that their success has manifested itself into a cerning IP’s depreciative effects on subjective conditions have forced the Hawaiian people fraudulent exterior, a guise that will eventu- to question, recreate, and idealize their well-being (SWB), scant research exists on ally be uncovered and reveal this supposed the potential mediating mechanisms of this identity as Hawaiians. Concerns over their pretense. As a result of this fear, imposters identity have driven Hawaiians to form the relationship. SWB has been found to be might believe that individuals within their strongly correlated to measures of con- Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement with the social environment view them more posi- ultimate goal of salvaging the identity they scientiousness, which is how competent, tively than they perceive themselves to be; efficient, organized, and dutiful a person is. feel has been lost over the years. While those however, limited research has examined this involved in the movement fall along a spec- My research examined if there were correla- potential discrepancy. tions between measures of IP and SWB, and trum from advocating for Hawaii’s complete This study investigated the existence independence from the United States to set- if those relationships were mediated by the of this discrepancy, and whether or not this personality construct of conscientiousness. tling for governmental reparations for ethnic potential incongruity is particularly pro- Hawaiians, the many organizations within A total of 330 participants completed nounced for certain dispositional characteris- indices of IP, SWB, and conscientiousness. the movement are fueled by the same goal of tics. Participants (N = 116) completed several reconstructing the Hawaiian identity. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses questionnaires concerning IP proclivities, revealed that imposter scores accounted for This thesis discusses why the struggle to three multi-dimensional indices that exam- reconstruct the Hawaiian identity is a social significant variability in both positive affect ined their subjective perception of them- (r = -.298, p < .001) and negative affect movement and how various goals, actions, selves, defined as self-appraisals, and how and political pursuits of the Hawaiian (r = .463; p < .001), the two components they believed other people perceived them, of SWB. Additionally, conscientiousness Sovereignty Movement construct and defined as reflective appraisals. Additionally, reconstruct this identity. What are the themes was correlated with imposter scores (r = participants completed measures that evalu- -.493, p<.001) and SWB (PA: r = .445; NA: that illustrate the goals of the movement’s ated the extent to which they engaged in two organizations? How do the common goals, r = -.497; p < .001). A Sobel test revealed prominent strategies of self-presentation. It that conscientiousness fully mediated the actions, and political pursuits stemming was predicted that a significant discrepancy from these themes preserve and recreate an would be witnessed between the self and “ideal” collective Hawaiian identity? Will the reflective appraisals of individuals scoring Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement be success- high on IP measures, and that this relation- ful despite the United States’ imperial claim ship would be mediated by the extent to over Hawaii?

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______relationship between IP and SWB, specifi- cally with IP accounting for less variability BRITTANY MYERS, ’10 ALLISON NEUMANN, ’10 in the affective components (NA: 6.3%, B= 2.98, p<.001; PA: 0.8%, B= -.104, p < Chemical Analysis and Comparison Systematics and Taphonomy of .001) of SWB scores. of White Mountain Aridisols Based Microvertebrate Faunas from the Supported by: FURSCA-Jean Bengel Laughlin, on Vegetation and Rock Type Early Eocene of the Pinnacles, ’50, and Sheldon Laughlin Endowment Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Van de Ven Green River Basin, Wyoming for Student Research, Faculty Development Faculty Sponsor: William Bartels Committee Major: Geology ______Hometown: Northville, Mich. Majors: Geology, Biology COURTNEY MEYER, ’11 The goal of this Hometown: Howell, Mich. study was to evalu- During the Eocene Foreign Aid Does Not Aid ate how three plant Epoch (starting at Economic Growth and species affect soil 55 million years ago) chemistry overlying Development placental mammals two different types underwent a second Faculty Sponsor: Gene Cline of bedrock in the adaptive radiation White Mountains Majors: Economics and Management, in which the archaic in California. The orders of mammals International Studies range is located in Hometown: Prudenville, Mich. were largely replaced the rain shadow of by the earliest Despite 60 years the Sierra Nevada; representatives of the of promises and consequently, the White Mountains experi- modern mammalian billions of dollars of ence a semi-arid climate, and the soils are orders that dominate today. The boundary foreign aid alloca- dominantly aridisols. This study examined between late Wasatchian (Wa7, Lostcabinian) tions, underdevelop- three plants that are common in the middle and early Bridgerian (Br1a) North American ment and poverty to upper elevations of the range: Great Basin Land Mammal Ages (NALMA) documents continue to exist. sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), moun- the first significant radiation or “refinement” While distributions tain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), and within these newly appearing modern mam- are made on the bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva). Soils for malian orders. premise of alleviat- this study were collected from underneath The Pinnacles localities in the northern ing hardships, actual each of these plants and from open ground Red Desert (Green River Basin, southwestern allocations do not on both granitic and dolomitic rock at Wyoming) represent ancient river deposits of follow such logic. Superior motives and elevations between 10,000 and 13,000 feet the Main Body of The Wasatch Formation faulty economic models ensure the continu- (3,000 and 4,000 meters). X-ray diffraction underlying a major lake succession (Tipton ation of check writing, even though studies (XRD) confirmed that the soils were locally Shale of Green River Formation). The prove that aid cannot increase investment, derived, as the dominant soil mineralogy Pinnacles contain the most fossiliferous local- or more importantly, economic growth. Aid parallels the dominant bedrock mineralogy. ities of latest Wasatchian (Wa7) microverte- is found to increase dependency, encourage The differences in whole sample major and brate mammals and reptiles in the world and corruption, and erode policy environments. minor chemical compounds were compared have dramatically expanded the known Wa7 As the case study of Zambia demonstrates, between dolomitic and granitic soils, as fauna. These specimens were collected by economic progress will instead stem from well as between the three plant types and prospecting, screen sorting, and microscope self-development, economic liberalization, open space using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). analysis of anthill concentrations of isolated and the appropriate policy environment. T-tests and ANOVA were performed on the teeth, jaws, and postcrania, which are impera- results (p < 0.05) to test the significance of tive to the description of its ancient fauna. Supported by: SIT Study Abroad: Development the differences. Results showed significant The Pinnacles assemblage does not Studies and Public Health Program dissimilarities between the two rock types for differ significantly from that of the Wa7 ______most chemical compounds. Only very subtle Lostcabinian Type localities in the Wind NATALIE MIKKOLA, ’11 differences were found in the same samples River Basin of Wyoming at the genus level. (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: when comparing vegetation. Results for soils Optimizing Internet Marketing through collected underneath mountain mahogany Google Adwords) plants consistently fell between the results for the open and bristlecone pine soils. This could suggest that bristlecone pine has a greater impact on soil chemistry than moun- tain mahogany. Supported by: FURSCA-Harriett E. Elgin Science Fellowship

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______At the species level, however, the diversity reactions were performed under microwave and abundance of lizards, snakes, and small irradiation which greatly reduced reaction ASHLEY PETERSON, ’10 mammals such as rodents, condylarths, and time. In addition, microwave irradiation primates are quite different. Although some reduced degradation of products and elimi- Communicating in the Information faunal differences between the basins were nated the need to perform the reaction under Age: Examining Communication likely during the Eocene, dissimilar preser- inert gas. Reactant ratios, reaction times, and Apprehension and Changes in vational conditions and collecting methods temperatures were varied to maximize yield Media Use and Appropriateness may explain most of the unique make-up of and purity of the desired product. Effects of the Pinnacles assemblage relative to the Type solvent on the reaction will also be discussed. Faculty Sponsor: Jeremy Osborn Lostcabinian assemblage. Supported by: FURSCA, American Chemical Majors: Communication Studies, Supported by: FURSCA-Bruce A., ’53, and Society Petroleum Research Fund International Studies Peggy Sale Kresge, ’53, Science Fellowship, ______Hometown: Marquette, Mich. Taylor Undergraduate Research Fund (Geology ALEX PARKER, ’11 Growing up in the Department), Langbo Trustees’ Professorship, age of informa- University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology Techniques and Analysis in tion overload, teens ______Immunocytochemistry and and members of ERIKA NICHOLS, ’10 Histology Generation Y (those (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: ages 18-32) cannot Optimizing Internet Marketing through Faculty Sponsor: Tammy Jechura avoid the impact of Google Adwords) Major: Psychology the Internet. The ______Hometown: Ann Arbor, Mich. influx of new types CHRISTOPHER OMERZA, ’12 of computer-medi- The debate of nature ated communication Formylation of Substituted Phenols versus nurture has (CMC) includ- proven to be more ing instant messaging, text messaging, and Using Microwave Irradiation complex than deter- e-mail has caused changes in the way these Faculty Sponsor: Vanessa McCaffrey mining which one or individuals communicate. The Internet and the other influences other forms of CMC have grown to become Major: Chemistry behavior, or which a social hub for these generations. As a result, Hometown: Empire, Mich. one accounts for how these individuals choose to use media to Aromatic alde- what percentage communicate has also shifted. Today, instead hydes are extremely of an organism’s of visiting a clothing store or a bank, one can versatile reagents in actions. Immediate perform these tasks online. organic chemistry. early genes (IEGs) compared to face-to-face communi- Of particular inter- are genes that are expressed in response to cation, CMC does not require the same est are substituted environmental cues, and research on these amount of participation from the individual. dialdehydes because genetic factors suggests that behavior can Previous studies have shown that shifts of their usefulness in be the result of interactions between nature regarding CMC have had positive and nega- the synthesis of sub- (genes) and nurture (the environment). The tive impacts on communication-apprehensive stituted Schiff-base current research examines the expression individuals. How individuals choose to use macrocycles. These of c-fos, an IEG, in the brains of Octodon CMC and what individuals deem appropri- macrocycles are degus, a social, diurnal rodent, that have been ate to communicate within these media has finding uses in such diverse areas as molecu- exposed to stimuli that have been shown also shifted. In order to better understand lar magnetism, organic catalysis, and water to produce specific behavioral responses in the impact of CMC, this study examined splitting. Duff formylation of substituted this species. The goal of this project is to communication apprehension and changes phenols was performed to synthesize a series determine which brain areas are responsive to in appropriateness and likelihood of use. A of n-substituted 2,6-diformylphenols. The discrete olfactory cues that degus can use to survey of 142 students was conducted using substituents range from the electron donating re-entrain their circadian rhythms (get over methoxy group to the strongly withdrawing jet-lag-like symptoms) after changes in their nitro group. Halogens and other moderate light-dark schedules. donors were also explored. Ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted phenols were used in the Duff formylation to determine the effect of substituent location on reactivity. All

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______various interpersonal situations. It is clear ness facets, only deliberation was related to that those surveyed still believe that face- investment risk-taking (r = -.21). Regarding KAYLEE POPE, ’10 to-face communication is most appropriate driving risk-taking, four of the conscientious- Albion College and Sustainability and was rated the most likely used form of ness facets (i.e., order, dutifulness, self- communication for all tested interpersonal discipline, and achievement striving) were Faculty Sponsor: Molly Mullin situations. It was also discovered that there significantly related to these behaviors r( s > are differences between CMC types of media -.24); the other two conscientiousness facets Majors: Anthropology, English use and appropriateness. These results are an were marginally related to these behaviors (rs Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. indicator of the shifts CMC has contributed = -.17 and .19, respectively). Two hierarchi- Whether it be infiltrating the media or curric- and will likely continue to contribute to the cal regressions were used to determine which ulum here on campus, sustainability is a little lives of these individuals. facets of conscientiousness were most predic- word that gets lots of attention. But what ______tive of investment risk and driving risk. No exactly does this word mean and where did COURTNEY PICKWORTH, ’13 facets of conscientiousness predicted invest- it come from? I interviewed several key stu- ment risk-taking. Regarding driving risk, the dents, staff, and faculty members as to what Conscientiousness Facets Predict regression revealed that order (B = -.197, SE their personal definition of sustainability was, Driving Risk-Taking, but Not = .071, = -.364, p = .007) and self-discipline where those ideas may have come from, and (B = -.187, SE = .092, = -.347, p = .046) whether or not they felt that sustainability Investment Risk-Taking were both negatively predictive of driving was a buzzword. In doing both academic Faculty Sponsor: Andrew Christopher risks, whereas achievement striving (B = .165, research and interviews, I came to understand SE = .087, = .309, p = .063) was positively that sustainability is a multi-faceted concept. Major: Psychology predictive of driving risks. The results suggest It is a word that having gained considerable Hometown: Columbus, Ohio that conscientiousness is predictive of only clout has become impossibly complicated. Previous research has some forms of risk-taking. Disagreement and distrust of its popularity established an inverse Supported by: Student Research Partners Program abound. What this study sought to find out relationship between ______was how sustainability worked on campus. conscientiousness Engaging my interviewees in one-on-one as and risk-taking LAUREN PONTA, ’10 well as group discussions about their work and their opinions, I gathered a wealth of behavior, with a To Oxford and Grenoble and focus on health risks. information not only about Albion College’s The current research Back: Réflexions sur une année à sustainable world, but also created a snapshot examined six facets l’étranger of a particular moment in time. In this pre- of conscientiousness sentation, I will compress my findings Faculty Sponsor: Dianne Guenin-Lelle (competence, order, and attempt to explain where the word dutifulness, achieve- Majors: French, English sustainability came from and how it made its ment striving, self-discipline, and delibera- Hometown: Grosse Ile, Mich. way onto campus, working to define what tion) to predict investment and driving risk sustainability is on Albion’s campus. behaviors, controlling for sensation seeking This presentation in and socially desirable responding. English and French eighty college students completed mea- is the continued sures of conscientiousness, sensation seeking, exploration and socially desirable responding, investment risk, reflection upon a and driving risk. Conscientiousness facets year shared between were generally related to sensation seeking Oxford, England (Mr = -.37) and socially desirable respond- and Grenoble, ing (Mr = .21). Sensation seeking was related France in 2008-09. to both investment (r = .26) and driving Examination of these risk-taking (r = .28). Of the conscientious- cities as academic environments and as veritable sister cities serves as a framework through which I present my memoir of cultural observations experienced during the year abroad.

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______KAITLYN POSPIECH, ’13 ELIZABETH REIMANN, ’10 JACOB RINKINEN, ’11 (See Erica Tauzer, ’10, Kaitlyn Pospiech, ’13) ______Maria Sibylla Merian Homogenous Faith, Ethnic KAYLEIGH PUNG, ’11 Faculty Sponsor: Bille Wickre Diversity: Desirable and Undesirable Traits in a Marital (See Erin Goldman, ’11, Kayleigh Pung, ’11) Major: Art History ______Hometown: Albion, Mich. Partner in Nigeria REBECCA PUTANS, ’10 Maria Sibylla Faculty Sponsor: ‘Dimeji Togunde Fabrication and Characterization Merian’s Majors: Chemistry, Anthropology and of Supported Metallic Nanoscale Metamorphosis Sociology Insectorum Hometown: Highland, Mich. Catalysts: Toward ex situ Surinamensium Remediation Technology represents a union of This study draws on scientific and artistic survey data gathered Faculty Sponsor: Kevin Metz study, analysis, and in 2007 from over Major: Chemistry creativity. Merian’s 2,000 students in six Hometown: Kentwood, Mich. accomplishment Nigerian universities is remarkable for a to investigate desir- New technology that number of reasons. able and undesirable uses nanoparticle- Merian was one of a very few women work- traits in a future loaded filtration ing in either scientific research or botanical marital partner and membranes has illustration. She traveled to Suriname to how these traits emerged as a route to pursue her research and used art to generate vary by gender. water remediation. a body of knowledge in relation to plants, Until now, there is There are currently animals, and natural processes that had not no single study in the African context that multi-stepped been previously studied. She was successful examines how measures of Westernization fabrication methods in finding patrons and sponsors to finance and globalization impact qualities desired in to deposit metal the Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium a mate. Findings indicate that a vast majority nanoparticles onto through more than five editions in four of respondents prefer to select their future membrane supports. languages. Merian’s success and struggles in marital partner on their own rather than We have devised a new method to deposit both art and science cast light on conditions through an arranged marriage. Yet an over- palladium nanoparticles onto porous filtra- for seventeenth-century women of intel- whelming proportion of students are unwill- tion membranes in one step. This one-step ligence, talent, and ambition. Her work was ing to marry someone without the consent method has the potential to increase surface accomplished with great diligence, spirit, and of their parents. Respondents would prefer coverage of the membrane and inside the grace. This study discusses Merian’s rights not to marry a partner who: does not possess pores. as a woman living in the seventeenth and a comparable university education, does not want to have children, lacks domestic skills, is Supported by: FURSCA, American Chemical eighteenth centuries, how her financial status not good at cooking, does not believe in God, Society Petroleum Research Fund propelled her learning and achievement in the world of natural history, modern ento- and practices a different religion. However, mology and zoology, as well as the illness she respondents are more willing to marry a contracted during her travel to Suriname. spouse who: comes from a different tribal/ ethnic group or nationality, and has had Supported by: FURSCA previous sexual relations. Significant gender differences were found to exist in traits such as domestic skills, age difference between spouses, level of education, parental socio- economic status, and desire to have children. The conclusion is that a simultaneous opera- tion of traditional and contemporary mating dynamics is taking place in Nigeria. The urban-based respondents seem to hold on to some aspects of African traditional culture and practices regarding desirable and undesir- able traits in a marital partner. At the same

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time, the criteria for mate selection are being This indicates an increase in available habitat day, suggesting that testosterone is necessary impacted by forces of Westernization and for avian species. Human awareness of the for males to perform this task, whereas ovar- globalization, such as the Internet and foreign importance of native habitat, the develop- ian hormones are not essential for completion mass media. ment of parks, and human planting of of the non-time-dependent task. trees in the urban landscape seem to have Supported by: FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin increased the area and number of riparian Supported by: FURSCA, Neuroscience Research Fellowship habitat patches. Concentration ______ALLISON ROBBINS, ’10 Supported by: National Science Foundation JACKIE ROLLIN, ’10 Research Experiences for Undergraduates, Riparian Change in an Expanding University of Nevada, Reno; Great Basin The Effects of Incentive Framing Institute Urban Environment: A Study of ______and Motivational Orientation on Historic Habitat Change along the Proofreading MEGAN ROBERTS, ’10 Truckee River Faculty Sponsor: Mareike Wieth Time-Dependent Spatial Learning Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Van de Ven Majors: Psychology, English in the Octodon degus Major: Biology Hometown: Waterford, Mich. Hometown: Chardon, Ohio Faculty Sponsor: Tammy Jechura Would you be more Riparian habitat Majors: Psychology, Biology motivated by the provides important Hometown: Roseville, Mich. prospect of win- resources for many ning five dollars or Octodon degus are plants and animals. avoiding a five- diurnal rodents, dollar fine? This In semiarid climates, native to South riparian zones study was designed America. They live in to investigate the provide a concentra- burrowing commu- tion of food and effects of motiva- nities with few males tional orientation water resources and in a predominantly vital habitat which (i.e., a preference for female social system. approaching positive attract unique native This research exam- populations of avian outcomes or avoiding negative outcomes) ines the ability of and incentive framing (i.e., phrasing) on the species. The city of Reno, Nevada lies in such degus to demonstrate a semiarid climate. It has grown greatly in the ability to detect errors in proofreading tasks. time-space learn- Participants were randomly assigned either last few decades, dramatically affecting the ing. This type of learning requires an animal Truckee River and the native riparian habitat a gain-framed or loss-framed incentive and to use an internal sense of time paired with asked to complete a set of proofreading tasks. along its floodplain. Since its initial settle- spatial navigational memory ability. In this ment in the nineteenth century, Reno and The gain-framed incentive was phrased in experiment, degus were trained to find food terms of how many five-dollar gift cards one other communities have altered the amount rewards with two different patterns of loca- and distribution of riparian habitat as well as could gain while the loss-framed incentive tions at two different times of day, morning was phrased in terms of how many gift cards altering the flow of the Truckee by means of or afternoon, in a six-arm radial maze. There diversions. Large remnant patches of native one could lose. The number of correctly and were three phases of training. First, animals incorrectly identified errors was recorded. To habitat encourage native bird species and are learned to find a food reward at one time of better able to support diverse avian popula- assess motivational orientation, participants day. Then they learned to find a food reward completed the 20-item Behavioral Inhibition tions than patches dominated by nonnative in different arms of the maze at the opposite vegetation. Photos from 1940, 1965, and System/Behavioral Activation System Scale. time of day. Finally, degus went on to the results indicated that participants whose 2006 showed the habitat changes. Evaluating more complex task, the time-dependent the historical aerial photographs with GIS, I incentive frame matched their motivational task. It was predicted that degus would learn orientation identified fewer errors than par- identified riparian zones. Landscape metrics the time-space task and that there would including the area, perimeter, and proximity ticipants whose incentive did not match their be sex differences in their performance. In motivational orientation. In addition, results of habitat patches were measured, and the addition, castration would reveal hormonal perimeter-area ratio was calculated. Over indicated that those individuals whose incen- effects. Overall, intact degus were able to tive frame matched their motivational orien- the three time periods from 1940 to 2006, learn the time-place task, as predicted, with there is an increase in the number of patches tation were more likely to incorrectly identify no significant sex differences in performance. errors than those whose incentive frame did and total riparian area over the entire length When comparing intact degus to gonadecto- of the Truckee River. The mean patch area not match their motivational orientation. mized animals, the intact animals learned the These results suggest that when incentive underwent a significant decrease from 1940 time-space task significantly faster than the to 1965 with a slight recovery in 2006. frame matches motivational orientation, par- gonadectomized animals. In addition, ova- ticipants are more likely to take risks. These Nearest neighbor distance and perimeter- riectomized females, but not castrated males, to-area ratio decreased from 1940 to 2006. risks result in a greater number of incorrectly were able to complete the basic task of find- identified errors and a fewer number of ing a food reward at one particular time of 26 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______correctly identified errors. When incentive story of cultural assimilation through these frame mismatches motivational orientation, ethnic communities while still maintaining a NICOLE SIMONE, ’09 participants appear more conservative, result- sense of ethnic heritage. ing in a fewer number of incorrectly identi- ______Theory or Practice: Discerning a Better Way to “Teach” Leadership fied errors and a greater number of correctly ELIZABETH SCHULHOFF, ’10 identified errors. Faculty Sponsor: Vicki Baker The Strange Case of Adaptations Supported by: FURSCA-Vernon Lawson Major: Economics and Management Research Endowment Faculty Sponsor: Ian MacInnes Hometown: Romeo, Mich. ______Majors: English, Theatre This study involves a three-piece comparative KATHERINE ROSS, ’10 Hometown: Novi, Mich. analysis of two different styles of leadership A Tale of Two Enclaves: The Robert Louis education: the theoretical approach and the more practical approach. Popular movies Stevenson’s The Development and Disappearance were shown to undergraduate manage- Strange Case of Dr. of Two Spanish Enclaves in West ment students after being exposed to both Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Virginia during the Twentieth examines the age-old popular leadership theories and The 50 Do’s Century conflict of good for Everyday Leadership, a self-help leader- versus evil. Through ship book containing a list of 50 successful Faculty Sponsor: Molly Mullin the text, Stevenson leadership behaviors. Students were asked demonstrates a belief to comment on leadership behaviors in the Majors: Anthropology, Spanish movies and were tested on the ability to recall Hometown: Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. that man is a product of both savagery and information presented in the “50 Do’s” and/ This study consid- civilization, a belief or the leadership theories (without being spe- ers two Spanish- that was influenced by his religious upbring- cifically instructed to recall information from American enclaves ing, the Victorian society he lived in, and his either of these sources). Part 1 of the student that were formed in time in the South Seas islands. The resulting study was done one week after the presenta- the beginning of the work is a complicated text which challenges tions of the “50 Do’s” and the leadership twentieth century readers to question their own notions of what theories, and part 2 took place approximately in the two small makes us human. four weeks after these presentations, in order towns of Anmoore The story is popular and has been retold to test the students’ recall ability across a and Spelter in West many times since its publication. But how period of time. Surveys were also sent out to Virginia. These do adaptations for children work when the business professionals to gather information towns were once core of the story is so complex? How can about their own beliefs regarding successful thriving Spanish Wishbone or VeggieTales even attempt to leadership behavior. Their responses were communities, yet today there is barely any re-imagine Stevenson’s work without either analyzed for connections to the “50 Do’s” trace of the Spanish people who used to be oversimplifying the text or creating some- and/or the popular theories of leadership. the ethnic majority. The two main questions thing too mature for young readers? These professionals were not educated on addressed in this research were, “Why did This thesis proposes that the adaptability the styles of leadership education used in this the Spanish settle here and what happened to of the text can be ascribed to the three roles research in order to ensure that they provided these enclaves?” To answer these questions I Stevenson plays: psychologist, Gothic writer, unbiased and useful information. According used anthropological methods of interview- and architect of childhood. Through a close to the students’ recall ability, the results of ing various sources including those from the examination of how Stevenson plays these this study determine that the more effective communities as well as my Spanish relatives roles, I seek to answer the question of how way to ‘teach’ leadership behaviors identified from the province of Asturias in Spain. I also Stevenson creates a text that is multidimen- as successful by the surveyed business execu- looked at memoirs and other authentic docu- sional in a way that appeals to both children tives is by using a more practical approach ments and pictures left behind by the inhab- and adults. I have chosen six adaptations to (such as the “50 Do’s”). itants of these enclaves, and I reviewed and serve as a representative sample of retellings referenced scholarly material on the subject. I for children: a book from the Zach Files found that many, if not most, Spaniards came series, a Batman comic book, a “Tom and to these towns for work in zinc smelting. The Jerry” cartoon, a book from the Goosebumps closure of the zinc smelting operations in series, a book from the Wishbone series, and these towns, along with other economic and a cartoon from VeggieTales. educational opportunities elsewhere, caused ______the disintegration of the towns. My study tells the story of a complex immigration his- DANNY SEIKEL, ’12 tory of a group of people whose story was not (See Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial written down before. For many, the immigra- Exchange) tion story of their ancestors is similar; it is the

27 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______catalytic behavior of Group I introns. The TIMOTHY STEVENS, ’10 models for RNA catalysis under develop- SABRINA SUTHERLAND, ’10 ment are applicable to all living organisms, Fluorescence Analysis for Group I and contribute to our understanding of the “Living in the Body”: Poems Introns Using an ABI Prism 310 biochemistry that makes life possible. Faculty Sponsor: Helena Mesa Genetic Sequencer Supported by: FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin Major: English Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Rohlman Research Fellowship Hometown: Battle Creek, Mich. ______Majors: Biochemistry, Biology We live our lives Hometown: Grosse Pointe, Mich. MARK STEVENSON, ’12 within, or as part of, (See Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial physical bodies. We Introns are linear Exchange) are subject to their sequences of ribo- ______limitations and their nucleic acid (RNA) MARK STEVENSON, ’12 transcendence; they that are spliced out are an extension of after their biosynthe- (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet Marketing through our identity and sis, or transcription, also separate entities from a DNA tem- Google Adwords) ______entirely. Our hands plate. RNA splicing move up into the is one of many RNA RYAN STOWE, ’10 air when we reach processing reactions to pick an apple, but we don’t command our that must take place Structure-Activity Relationships bodies to digest. They do so independent of before the RNA for a Small Molecule AIF-DNA our opinion. “Living in the Body” is a col- can be used in our cells. Group I introns are Inhibitor lection of poems exploring what it means to members of a family of catalytic RNA that dwell within a physical body as a conscious- are capable of performing a range of reactions Faculty Sponsor: Andrew French ness both separate from and intrinsically part including self-splicing and the cleaving of of it. Through the exploration of the many RNA in two. This self-splicing reaction takes Major: Chemistry Hometown: Jackson, Mich. physical moments of life, such as birth, sex, place in the cell without the aid of protein- disease, and death, these poems help us arrive based enzymes, which serve as catalysts in the Apoptosis induc- at a greater understanding of how the body majority of metabolic reactions. A modified ing factor (AIF), a informs our identities and our reaction to the version of the introns was used in order to flavoprotein which world around us. follow the first cutting reaction involved in plays a vital role in ______splicing. Therefore the RNA molecule serves caspase-independent as a catalyst and is called a ribozyme. cell death, presents ELIZABETH SYLAK, ’10 my research focused on the develop- a promising target ment of techniques which utilize capillary for small molecule An Examination of Jesuit electrophoresis and fluorescence spectroscopy inhibition. The (Iconographic) Rings from the Fort to understand ribozyme chemistry. Group I Hergenrother lab, St. Joseph Site in Niles, Michigan ribozyme cleavage chemistry was followed using photonic using an ABI 310 genetic sequencer. The crystal biosensors, Faculty Sponsor: Bradley Chase sequencer depends on capillary electropho- identified the first small molecule inhibitor of Majors: Anthropology, Psychology resis to separate DNA or RNA molecules AIF in 2008. Now, using the same method, Hometown: Bluffton, Ohio based on size. This process allows the bound a more clinically relevant inhibitor has been ribozyme, unbound ribozyme, and the discovered which warrants further SAR stud- First circulated by substrate to separate due to their differing ies. This presentation shall show the initial Jesuit missionaries lengths. Fluorescent molecular tags were results of this study. on their visits to used to label and track the RNA molecules New France in the through the experiment and during their Supported by: National Institutes of Health, seventeenth and trip though the sequencer. A laser in the Michael J. Fox Foundation, Snyder Summer eighteenth centuries, sequencer emits a light of appropriate wave- Fellowship copper-alloy finger length to donate a photon to the fluores- rings bearing Jesuit cently labeled RNA. The excited fluorescent and secular iconog- tag then emits light that the sequencer uses raphy are found to detect, track, and measure the amount of wherever French RNA present in its different forms during the traders or colonists chemical reaction. As the reaction progresses, ventured. Fort St. Joseph was a Jesuit mission kinetic data can be recorded under varying and later both a trading post and a military reaction conditions. This information allows garrison near the modern city of Niles, us to better understand the binding and Michigan. The fort allowed the French to gain better control of southern Michigan, 28 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

easier access to the Mississippi River, and a variety of factors which includes but is not total building space for both 1990 and 2007. greater control of important trade routes. limited to lot area, lot isolation, lot shape, Results from this work have been published The Jesuit rings found at Fort St. Joseph and relative species richness and diversity. online at the Web site of the Association for constitute a unique and large assemblage that the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher adds to a growing body of knowledge on Supported by: National Science Foundation Education (AASHE) and will provide a way Jesuit rings and allows for further speculation Research Experiences for Undergraduates, Cary to measure future decisions made on campus as to their exact function. Because the rings Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Albion’s effort to become climate neutral. are religiously, economically, and politically ______charged objects they can be used to better ERICA TAUZER, ’10 Supported by: National Wildlife Federation understand the places and people from which Majors: Biology, Spanish Campus Ecology Fellowship, Institute for the they were recovered. This study presents a Hometown: Gladstone, Mich. Study of the Environment review of previous literature on Jesuit rings, ______specifically their manufacture, use, and distri- KAITLYN POSPIECH, ’13 SEAN THORNTON, ’11 bution. In addition, it provides an analysis of Major: Geology the rings from Fort St. Joseph and a compari- Hometown: Grand Rapids, Mich. Chaos Theories: Tapping into the son of Fort St. Joseph’s assemblage to other Modern Music Industry sites where the rings have been found. Albion College’s Contribution ______to Climate Change: Calculating Faculty Sponsor: Anne McCauley ERICA TAUZER, ’10 Campus Greenhouse Gas Emissions Major: Economics and Management from 1990 to 2008 Hometown: Buchanan, Mich. A Case Study of Urban Ecological Faculty Sponsor: Timothy Lincoln Music. The art of Analysis: The Phytogeography sound. An audi- of Vacant Lots in Southwestern In summer 2007 the tory expression Baltimore, Maryland American College of emotion. The and University modern music Faculty Sponsor: Sheila Lyons-Sobaski Presidents’ Climate industry is alive and Majors: Biology, Spanish Commitment was evolving. It is no Hometown: Gladstone, Mich. signed by Albion longer necessary for College. As part of musicians to belong Prior analysis of that commitment, to a record label in vegetative species Albion College order to have people richness has sug- is committed to across the planet gested that urban developing and listen to their creations. One click of the vacant lots act as implementing a plan Pospiech mouse separates an artist in Michigan with “islands in space and for climate neutrality a listener in Madrid. With this concept in time amidst a sea of and completing an inventory of all green- mind, I have launched a musical persona. impervious sur- house gas emissions which is to be updated Piece by piece I am constructing the fabric faces,” fitting within every other year thereafter. Over the last two of an Internet-based musical artist, from the the framework of the years, we have collected over 18 years’ worth writing and composition of the music, to the equilibrium theory of data ranging from annual demographic viral marketing, to the accompanying video of island biogeog- and budgetary information, various forms images, to the Internet tracking of frequency. raphy. The relative abundances of forbs and of energy consumption on campus, student The goal of this project is essentially quite trees within 31 vacant lots were sampled in a and faculty transportation, fertilizer use, and simple, to be heard by as many people across nine-block-square area in the neighborhood even the number of horses housed at the the world as possible, who wouldn’t have the of Harlem Park in southwestern Baltimore, Held Equestrian Center. This resulted in the opportunity to listen to these creations with-

Maryland. Regression analysis indicated no calculation of annual measurements of CO2 out the Internet. The album, entitled “Chaos significant correlation of species richness and and other greenhouse gases (which include Theories,” is a collection of songs focused on species diversity on isolation and a significant N20, CH4, HCFCs, O3, PFCs, HFCs, and many different uncertainties in the world, negative correlation with area, suggesting SF6) for all of the campus, along with calcula- but wrapped in hopeful and uplifting themes. that the theory of island biogeography does tions for specific sectors of total campus The music industry is under transformation, not adequately explain the species variation greenhouse gas production (eCO2). Trends and the ability for an independent artist to be within this set of vacant lots. Canonical surrounding this greenhouse gas production heard is growing significantly. correspondence analysis was used to show were then extrapolated back to 1990 using all clustering of individual species within the lots available records from years prior to 2007. In as driven by known variables which included 2007, net emissions calculated to be 24,465 area, isolation, lot shape, species diversity, metric tons (MT) eCO2 and 12.46 MT and species richness. From this analysis, sev- eCO2/student. This was an increase of 5,202 eral clusters appeared, indicating that overall MT eCO2 net emissions and 0.84 MT eCO2/ species richness and diversity may depend on student from 1990. Building efficiency has

remained unchanged, with 16.5 kg eCO2/ 29 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______SANDRA TURAY, ’10 KATHRYN WAGNER, ’10 QIAN WANG, ’10 Long Live the Cedars of Lebanon: Trigonometric Functions in the Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopy The Stories of Five Generations of a Biangular Plane Faculty Sponsor: Craig Bieler Lebanese Family in Three Nations Faculty Sponsor: Mark Bollman Major: Chemistry Faculty Sponsor: Laura Williams Majors: Mathematics, Economics and Hometown: Jinan, China Major: Ethnic Studies Management Cavity ring-down Hometown: Ishpeming, Mich. Hometown: Fort Wayne, Ind. spectroscopy A coordinate system (CRDS) is a tech- For many years, the nique based on the Arab American pop- is a set of rules or methods used to measurement of the ulation of Michigan time rate of decay has been an invisible indicate a specific location in space. of a pulse of light population. Having trapped in a high never been acknowl- While commonly used in academic reflectance optical edged as a significant cavity. Because of part of the popula- fields, coordinate systems are also a its high sensitivity, tion, numerically or this technique can culturally, the ways foundation for many daily activities and be used to detect molecules at extremely low and extent to which concentration, which has allowed it to be Arab Americans have technologies. Of the many different types of coordinate systems, used in a variety of applications such as atmo- assimilated is still debated by many research- spheric monitoring and the study of chemical ers today. In an effort to add to the Arab two of the most familiar are the Cartesian or rectangular coordinate system, which employs reaction dynamics. For this reason, we have American literature, this paper addresses the designed and constructed a CRDS system in key moments in the lives of Lebanese indi- two distances to denote a point, and the polar coordinate system, which employs one angle order to take advantage of the benefits of this viduals as they navigate their identity through technique. time and space. and one distance to depict a point. Related to these two systems is the biangular coordinate our CRD spectrometer consists of The stories of the Joseph family span a vacuum tight optical cavity, two highly three countries as well as five generations in system, which employs two angles, φ and θ, to describe the location of a point. reflective mirrors, a nitrogen laser (337 nm), an effort to encapsulate how being Lebanese a photodiode detector, and an oscilloscope. plays out in different ways. Tracing the Joseph in this study, families of functions that are well-known within the Cartesian and Data collection is computer-controlled using family from Lebanon to the United States a program written using the LabView® and Scotland, this paper aims to recreate their polar systems are reconsidered by converting and plotting them in the biangular coordi- software package. Examples will be shown life stories as they navigate what it means to of a typical spectrometer signal, the decay of be Lebanese in their respective communities nate system. With Mathematica used as a plotting device, many of these graphs can be that signal, and data analysis for a test system, and generations. Through a narrative voice methyl vinyl ketone. that captures the essence of Lebanese identity, examined in a reasonable amount of time. readers are able to explore and understand on The limitations and successes of the biangu- Supported by: FURSCA a personal level the pressures that transform lar coordinate system can then be observed, ______the way in which ethnic identity is displayed. and the relationships best represented by two angles can be determined. Many new shapes TIM WASMER, ’10 This paper tells the story of how one family, (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: the Joseph family, has adapted and main- and graphical characteristics result from the conversion into this new coordinate system. Optimizing Internet Marketing through tained their Lebanese identity while trying to Google Adwords) find the balance between what was and what Functions common in the rectangular plane is in regard to time and space. have diverse counterparts when translated into a biangular relation. The system has many possible applications, but the develop- ment of these uses is left for another study. Supported by: FURSCA-Bruce A., ’53, and Peggy Sale Kresge, ’53, Science Fellowship

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______dance can communicate cultural ideals which KRISTINA WEAGE, ’10 SARAH WENNER, ’10 might not be understood in their original Synthesis and Characterization Mimetic Alethia: Using Dance artistic context. of Palladium Nanoparticles on as a Catalyst for Archaeological Supported by: FURSCA-James W. Hyde Endowed Student Research Fellowship Functionalized Glassy Carbon Comprehension of Culture ______Faculty Sponsor: Kevin Metz Faculty Sponsor: Heather Vaughan-Southard CHRISTOPHER WHITE, ’12 Major: Biochemistry Majors: Economics and Management, Hometown: Baroda, Mich. Anthropology Personality and Nest Defense in Hometown: Rochester, Mich. House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) in Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) can be This thesis argues the Whitehouse Nature Center grown directly on that an archaeologi- Faculty Sponsor: Douglas White substrates for use as cal comprehension supported catalysts, of cultural norms Major: Biology but this approach and underlying Hometown: Midland, Mich. typically does not beliefs cannot be Behavioral person- allow for signifi- obtained without alities in birds may cant control over the understanding of involve tradeoffs physical properties the society’s dance. between reproduc- (size and shape) of Archaeology has tive success and the nanoparticles. largely ignored dance survival. This study Another approach, using solution techniques, and even dramatic examined varying is able to produce MNPs with high control practices, with the exception of Greek and shyness and bold- of physical properties. However, the processes Roman theatrical structures, as artifacts ness in 30 female to deposit the nanoparticles onto surfaces are because of their ephemeral quality. However, house wrens in the difficult and time-consuming. A new process closer examination of structured movement Whitehouse Nature has been developed for fabricating palladium is possible by addressing body position in art, Center, with the nanoparticles directly onto chemically modi- common tools used in daily life, cosmologi- hypothesis that bolder females would risk fied carbon surfaces. This process removes the cal conception, and the relationship between their own well-being to defend the nest, problem of post-synthesis attachment and performer and audience. By examining how while shy females would flee to protect allows for control of the size of the palladium dance has been used as a means of expression themselves. Boldness in nest defense was also nanoparticles. in several societies since the Upper Paleolithic expected to increase during incubation as era, it becomes apparent that dance was a female investment in the clutch increased. Supported by: FURSCA-Robson Family central activity and means of self-preservation Three indicators of personality were used: Fellowship, American Chemical Society for multiple societies. In addition, this study fleeing the box during morning census, num- Petroleum Research Fund draws on arguments from post-processualists ber of hops and scolds exhibited while I stood and Pierre Bourdieu to explore the impor- by the nest for two minutes, and gaps during tance of practiced movement. nocturnal incubation. As expected, as nesting With this understanding of dance, it progressed wrens became bolder, exhibiting is possible to recreate, not reconstruct, the a decline in willingness to depart the nest dances used in a culture by seeking inspira- during census, more hops and scolds during tion where it was originally found. The personality assays, and fewer gaps in noctur- Nabataeans, as a case study, illustrate the nal incubation. Most females during nesting shared commonalities between their cul- days 4-6 left the box when approached and ture and their Roman conquerors. In the exhibited few to no scolds or hops. During dance piece I choreographed, I modern- nesting days 8-10, however, females exhibited ized Nabataean gestures so they would have on average 1.4 times more hops and scolds. a greater chance of being understood by Bolder females also exhibited consistently contemporary audiences. While the gestures fewer nocturnal gaps, and more scolds and are modified, the meaning is the same. The hops, compared to shier females. The value piece evolves from traditional Bedouin move- of bold and shy personalities may vary with ment to dance used in contemporary culture, predator risk and weather. Boldness may interspersed with acrobatics and line dance increase during the nesting period as invest- from Egyptian and Greek art, as a reflection ment in the clutch increases and opportuni- of their influence on Nabataean culture. This ties for later clutches decrease. paper further examines how presentation of Supported by: FURSCA-Julia Robinson Burd, ’31, Memorial Fellowship

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______dimensional structures by forming base pairs ANNA WILLIAMS, ’10 MALLORY WOODROW, ’10 within a single polymer chain. In the cell, (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: RNA will often undergo a splicing process “Emma’s Quest: A Children’s Optimizing Internet Marketing through where the “introns” are cleaved at their bor- Novel” Google Adwords) ders and the neighboring “exons” are spliced ______Faculty Sponsor: Kyle Shanton together. RNA splicing is one of many RNA THOMAS WORDEN, ’13 processing reactions that must take place Major: English (See Google Online Marketing Challenge: before the RNA can be used in our cells. Hometown: Wixom, Mich. Optimizing Internet Marketing through Group I introns are members of a family Although the field of Google Adwords) of catalytic RNA that are capable of perform- children’s literature ______ing a range of reactions including self-splicing and the cleaving of RNA in two. Group I has vastly expanded MATTHEW ZABOROWICZ, ’11 in recent years, introns possess the ability to self-splice there remains a stark Optimization of the Fluorescent through folding and phosphotransesterifica- tion reaction. We study Group I introns underrepresentation Labeling of Substrates for the of literature about in the ribozyme form, which is a modified Middle Eastern Tetrahymena and Twort Group I version of the original intron with an “active cultures and ethnici- Ribozymes site” that allows the ribozyme to catalyze the cleavage of another RNA molecule into two. ties, especially with Faculty Sponsor: Christopher Rohlman respect to Armenian The target of this ribozyme is a “substrate” heritage. Being Major: Biochemistry RNA that is designed with fluorescent tags part-Armenian myself, the lack of literature Hometown: Sterling Heights, Mich. to quantitatively study the cleavage reaction. available regarding the culture is personally The substrate itself is designed around the Over the past three principles of fluorescence resonance energy significant. Although not actively involved in decades there has the Armenian community, I consider my own transfer. This substrate is synthesized using a been increasing classic ester leaving group reaction; however, Armenian heritage an important part of my interest in the area cultural identity, and wrote “Emma’s Quest: current protocols prove to be inefficient. We of ribonucleic acid have undertaken a study to find chemical A Children’s Novel” partly as a response to (RNA) biochem- this underrepresentation. The novel tells the reaction conditions that might achieve the istry, due to the ideal, one-to-one stoichiometry between the story of a young American girl who forges a discovery of the relationship with her Armenian grandfather fluorescent label and RNA molecule and multitude of roles therefore eliminate excess waste products. and learns about her cultural heritage when RNA plays in the her grandfather leaves Armenia and joins The goal of this research is the optimization cell. These discover- of the fluorescent labeling reaction of RNA her family to grieve the death of her grand- ies include the ability mother. Through listening to her grandfa- molecules used in our studies of Group I of catalytic RNAs (known as ribozymes) to ribozymes. ther’s personal stories reflecting Armenian catalyze metabolic reactions and the ability traditions and history, ten-year-old Emma of “non-coding” RNAs (ncRNA) to regulate Supported by: FURSCA-Orpha Leiter Irwin comes to a deeper understanding about cellular metabolism and gene expression. Research Fellowship herself, her family, and her culture. A novel Prior to these findings RNA was thought to about identity, cultural understanding, and serve merely as a stepping-stone in the classic relationships, “Emma’s Quest” reflects my expression of genetic material from DNA to desire to engage with my own Armenian RNA to protein. However, this more recent identity. As a future elementary school research has uncovered that RNA does much teacher, I found the writing of this novel also more than just code for proteins. At the heart presented an opportunity for me to pro- of these insights is the structure-function vide further access to cultural pluralism for hypothesis. RNA is typically found in the cell elementary age children. as a single stranded polymer chain, in con- in this presentation I plan to first explain trast to double stranded DNA. This allows my motives for writing the novel. I will then RNA molecules to fold into complex three- read four excerpts from various parts of the novel, and follow up by explaining why each was chosen and discuss its significance. I will conclude by discussing how writing this book has influenced me as both an individual of Armenian descent and a future elementary school teacher. Supported by: FURSCA

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Faculty Sponsors: Charlene Crandell and Thierry Etchebarne (ESCIA)

For the third consecutive year, students from the Gerstacker Institute interested in international business paired with students from France to create an international and intercultural business plan. The Student Entrepreneurial Exchange (SEE) partner- ship, started in 2008 by founding institution ESCIA, brings together students from around the globe for the development of business plans and cultural exchange. The original business plan idea is devel- oped during a weeklong ESCIA seminar in France. After initiation of the project plan in France, further progress continues during Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial Exchange: (left to right) Sam Jabara, Quentin Cigolari, Dan the semester. This ongoing collaboration and Seikel, Xavier Jeger (partially covered), Odile Genet, Carole Focard, Angela Bennett, Sophie Song interaction between the two groups is con- Vilay, Lindsey Keyes, Mark Stevenson ducted through e-mail and videoconferenc- ing in order to finalize the plan. During this ______time, students further develop the product Albion/ESCIA Student Entrepreneurial Exchange (SEE): concept identified at the seminar, conduct An International Partnership internal capabilities and external environ- mental analyses, complete market research, and develop a marketing and financial plan ANGELA BENNETT, ’12 QUENTIN CIGOLARI (ESCIA) for the business. Then the French students Major: Economics and Management Major: International Business pay a visit to their American counterparts to Hometown: Lake Orion, Mich. Hometown: Pontoise, France put the final touches on the plan and to make a final presentation, including at the Isaac SAM JABARA, ’12 CAROLE FOCARD (ESCIA) Research Symposium. Major: Economics and Management Major: International Business The 10 Albion and ESCIA students Hometown: Boyne City, Mich. Hometown: Paris, France incorporated each culture’s diverse skill set to develop a plan for customized wine labeling. LINDSEY KEYES, ’12 ODILE GENET (ESCIA) The business, “Wine is Mine,” imports well Major: Economics and Management Major: International Business known French wine with a customized label Hometown: Chelsea, Mich. Hometown: Pontoise, France for celebratory occasions in the United States. The Albion students and ESCIA guests will DANNY SEIKEL, ’12 XAVIER JEGER (ESCIA) present a plan that will demonstrate that Major: Economics and Management Major: International Business “Wine is Mine” is a promising business ven- Hometown: Rochester, Mich. Hometown: Paris, France ture. see, a name coined by the students MARK STEVENSON, ’12 SOPHIE SONG VILAY (ESCIA) participating in the first seminar, is driven by Major: Economics and Management Major: International Business values those students identified and defined: Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. Hometown: Paris, France discover, create, share, and empower. The partnership provides a unique opportunity to grow as an individual, a student, and an entrepreneur. The most valuable aspect of SEE is the opportunity to become familiar with cultures from around the globe and to make lasting friendships. The goal of the partners is to expand to include more schools from more regions around the world. Supported by: Gerstacker Institute, ESCIA, other SEE partners

33 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

______selected one of our group members’ busi- Google Online Marketing Challenge: Optimizing Internet nesses, Wasmer Brothers Lawn Care and Marketing through Google Adwords Landscaping, as our business. In the process of optimizing we had to research what key Faculty Sponsor: Charlene Crandell words would be most influential for this type of business on a Google search and use that Team 1 The business we chose was Stevenson knowledge to increase the traffic that would Arbor Care, LLC in Clinton, Michigan. go to the company’s Web site. Once we deter- With the company’s recent development of a mined what key words to focus on we had Web site, it is expanding its area of market- to manage and optimize a budget given to ing and advertising to reach a larger audience us by Google to increase the standing of our at a lower cost. Through the use of Google company in various Google searches in hopes Analytics, our team will modify the Web site of increasing business traffic for the company. to optimize potential clients’ search results, In our presentation we will discuss the basics and through the use of Google Adwords we of the competition, how we performed our will create an enticing marketing campaign to research and optimized our campaign, and convert those results into new clientele and finally our successes and failures before, dur- revenue. ing, and after the campaign. Team 2 Mark Stevenson, Kevin Markey, and David Team 3 Budka. Missing: Alex Archer.

ALEX ARCHER, ’13 Majors: Economics and Management, Biology Hometown: Grand Ledge, Mich. David Budka, ’13 Major: Economics and Management Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. KEVIN MARKEY, ’13 Major: Economics and Management Hometown: Rochester Hills, Mich. MARK STEVENSON, ’12 Major: Economics and Management Erika Nichols, Kasey Kaplan, and Ashley Hayes. Hometown: Tecumseh, Mich. Pat McCombs, Thomas Worden, Tim Wasmer, ASHLEY HAYES, ’10 Businesses today are making budget cuts and Josh Freeland. Major: Economics and Management across the board, from personnel to adver- Hometown: Plymouth, Mich. tising. However, often a reduction in the JOSH FREELAND, ’11 advertising budget can impact profits as Major: Marketing Management KASEY KAPLAN, ’10 well. Despite the current economic down- Hometown: Coopersville, Mich. Majors: Economics and Management, turn, companies still hope to acquire new Communication Studies customers without spending an unreason- PAT MCCOMBS, ’11 Hometown: St. Charles, Ill. able amount of their budget on advertising. Major: International Studies Thanks to the use of Google Ads, this has Hometown: Brook Park, Ohio ERIKA NICHOLS, ’10 become a possibility. Major: Economics and Management When over half of the world’s popula- TIM WASMER, ’10 Hometown: Greenville, Mich. tion uses the Internet, marketing a company’s Major: Economics and Management The Google Online Marketing Challenge service to a specific audience becomes a Hometown: Farmington Hills, Mich. major problem. Advertising through Google’s is an international competition for students to learn about Internet marketing. For our AdWords program offers significant cus- THOMAS WORDEN, ’13 tomizability and uses specific criteria to drive project we have chosen a business in Jackson, Major: Economics and Management Michigan that could benefit from our work. a company’s message and services to the Hometown: Drummond Island, Mich. intended audience. With limiting factors such Step One is a sporting goods store carrying as geographic area, age-range, and household Our goal in the Google Online Marketing athletic shoes, clothing, and uniforms, and income, targeting that audience has become Challenge was to select a business and they also do their own screen-printing. Over much simpler. optimize its Internet-based marketing. We

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the course of the semester, we will be setting With new, innovative services being future in the field of online marketing. The up a Google Analytics account to help gain released each year, Google is undoubtedly sit- goal of the competition is to have student information about the current Web site traffic ting at the top of the online advertising world teams work with a local business to organize, and to monitor the traffic throughout the in 2010. The main service they provide is manage, and optimize an interactive, online campaign. We will also be setting up a new Google AdWords, a keyword-targeted adver- marketing campaign using Google’s AdWords Web site to help create more business in the tising program utilized by businesses all over application. screen-printing division of the company, and the world. AdWords is popular and effective after researching some local businesses, we will offer new ideas for the current Web because each business, large or small, has we selected Michigan Prints, a local art site. At the end of our campaign we would control over its own budget and can instantly business. Our primary goals for the project like to have raised the number of “hits” to get feedback to change its strategy as needed. will be to develop a targeted ad campaign to the site, built awareness of the company, and To further our understanding of the drive traffic to Michigan Prints’ well designed increased the number of customers coming to phenomenon that is Google AdWords, we Web site, while gaining exposure to a broad the store, leading to increased profits. participated in the Google Online Marketing audience of potential customers. In order Challenge. This worldwide competition is to achieve our goals we will conduct market Team 4 designed to be a hands-on exercise for under- research, perform a competitive analysis, and graduate or graduate students interested in a test unique keywords relevant to our target audience.

Foundation for Undergraduate Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity (FURSCA)

The Foundation for Undergraduate Research Grants—Students may apply Research, Scholarship, and Creative for funds to support research or other creative projects. Students must work Natalie Mikkola, Charlie LaNoue, and Allie Activity (FURSCA) was established to closely with a faculty adviser; however, Lewis. Missing: Mallory Woodrow. promote and support student research, original scholarship, and creative efforts projects are not limited to any particular in all disciplines. Through a number of discipline. Grants may be awarded CHARLIE LANOUE, ’11 programs, taking place at all points in to pay for supplies, printing costs, Major: Economics and Management a student’s career at Albion, FURSCA subject payments, software, or other Hometown: Albion, Mich. can help students pursue independent costs associated with completion of the study in their areas of interest. Students project. ALLIE LEWIS, ’10 work closely with a faculty mentor to Major: Economics and Management develop and carry out research or other Travel Grants—Students may be Hometown: Novi, Mich. creative projects. Participation in such awarded travel funds to help cover projects provides valuable experience expenses associated with travel to attend NATALIE MIKKOLA, ’11 beyond the scope of classroom work, and professional meetings at which they will Majors: Economics and Management, enhances a student’s preparedness for present the results of their research or Psychology future employment or graduate studies. creative projects. Hometown: Clinton Township, Mich. Some examples of FURSCA programs are listed below. Summer Research Fellowship MALLORY WOODROW, ’10 Program—A select number of students Major: Political Science Student Research Partners Program— may remain on campus during the Hometown: Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Geared toward first-year students, this summer, earning a stipend, to work on In today’s economy, businesses need to program pairs a student with a faculty research or creative projects. In addition allocate money wisely within their marketing mentor to work on a project related to working closely with a faculty adviser, mix. One of the easiest and most effective to the faculty member’s research or students participate in weekly seminars channels to use in marketing today is online creative area. Students gain hands-on with other students in the program. advertising. Through online advertising, busi- experience with scholarship in a specific nesses are able to reach their target audience field, and may elect to continue during while obtaining beneficial success metrics that their sophomore year. Participation help them constantly modify their strategy. is selective, based on high academic achievement, and stipends are awarded.

35 elkin r. isaac STUDENT research symposium

The Elkin R. Isaac Endowment PAST ISAAC SYMPOSIUM SPEAKERS

The Elkin R. Isaac Endowed Lectureship was created in 1991 by Elkin R. Isaac Alumni Lecture Albion College alumni in honor of their former teacher, coach, and Emilio DeGrazia, ’63 (1999) mentor, Elkin R. “Ike” Isaac, ’48. Isaac taught at Albion from 1952 to 1975 and coached basketball, track, and cross country. He led his James Misner, ’66 (2000) teams to one Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association basketball John Vournakis, ’61 (2001) title, six consecutive league championships in track, and three cross Joseph Serra, ’56 (2002) country championships. He also served as the College’s athletic director and created Albion’s “Earn, Learn, and Play” program and Denise Cortis Park, ’73 (2003) the “Albion Adventure Program.” In 1975, Isaac joined the faculty John Porter, ’53 (2004) at University of the Pacific and became athletic director in 1979. He Elkin Isaac, ’48 (2005) retired there in 1984. He now lives in Florida. Joseph Calvaruso, ’78 (2006) reflecting Elkin Isaac’s lifelong interests in higher education and research, proceeds from the endowment are used to bring a noted Eileen Hebets, ’94 (2007) scholar or public figure to campus each year to offer the Isaac Lecture James Beck, ’97 (2008) and to visit with classes. In 1997, the Isaac Lectureship was expanded James Gignac, ’01 (2009) and is now associated with Albion College’s annual Student Research Symposium, featuring presentations by students recommended by their faculty sponsors for outstanding independent study and research. Joseph S. Calvaruso Keynote Address The symposium now bears Isaac’s name. Wade Davis (1999) Stephen Jay Gould (2000) Doris Kearns Goodwin (2001) The Isaac Endowment Committee Kurt Vonnegut (2002) Salman Rushdie (2003) Cedric W. Dempsey, ’54 Gloria Steinem (2004) Ben E. Hancock, Jr. Edward O. Wilson (2005) T. John Leppi, ’59 Regina Carter (2006) Thomas G. Schwaderer, ’56 Steven Pinker (2007) Leonard F. “Fritz” Shurmur, ’54 (deceased) Carl Hiaasen (2008) John R. Taylor, ’55 David Trimble (2009)

THE JOSEPH S. CALVARUSO KEYNOTE THE 2010 ISAAC STUDENT RESEARCH ADDRESS ENDOWMENT SYMPOSIUM COMMITTEE Joseph S. Calvaruso, ’78, and his wife, Donna, established an endowment fund in 2005 to support the annual Elkin R. Isaac Craig Bieler (Chemistry) Symposium keynote address. The keynote address now bears Sarah Briggs (Communications Office) Calvaruso’s name. Jeffrey Carrier (Biology) an Albion native, he currently serves as executive director of the Gerald R. Ford Foundation in Grand Rapids. Before joining Gene Cline (Philosophy/Brown Honors Institute) the foundation, he was senior vice president and director of risk Chelsea Denault, ’12 management for Mercantile Bank in Grand Rapids. Lisa Lewis (Chemistry) active in the Republican Party on the state and national levels, Beth Lincoln (Geological Sciences/Academic Affairs) Calvaruso is a member of the Gerald R. Ford Institute for Public Policy and Service Visiting Committee at the College. Vanessa McCaffrey (Chemistry/FURSCA) in keeping with Calvaruso’s personal goal to “try different things Anne McCauley (Art and Art History) in life,” the keynote endowment ensures the symposium will continue Dean McCurdy (Biology/Brown Honors Institute) to provide an exceptional variety of presenters from the arts, sciences, Ryan Stowe, ’10 social sciences, and humanities. Michael Van Houten (Stockwell-Mudd Libraries)

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