Wakefield’S Labour Market

Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets

Gender Profile of Wakefield’s Labour Market

Centre for Social Inclusion Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street Sheffield S1 1WB

Tel 0114 225 5786 Fax 0114 225 5706 E-mail [email protected] Web www.shu.ac.uk/research/csi Dr Lisa Buckner Dr Ning Tang ISBN 1 843 87102 5 Professor Sue Yeandle © Sheffield Hallam University 2004

Centre for Social Inclusion

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Preface

Gender Equality: Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets

Wakefield Council is delighted to be involved in the Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets project with Sheffield Hallam University. The benefits that result from such a high profile, prestigious research project have been acknowledged from the outset and the outcomes of the research project will be used to inform policy and practice across the Council.

Additional benefits will arise from the case studies chosen for the Wakefield area, which are: 1 Part-time Work and Women Working Below Their Potential, which will examine the relationships between such issues as gender and equal pay. This case study will complement the work already under way on an equal pay review within the Authority. 2 Building Bridges to Work, which will focus on the transition from economic inactivity to employment and will be particularly advantageous to our initiatives around recruitment. 3 Women’s Career Development in Local Authorities, a case study, which will inform and assist the work of the Stepping Forward initiative.

The Regional Project Group for Wakefield, which supports the work of the research project, also provides an excellent forum for sharing ideas and good practice with partners from the public and private sectors in the local area, including Jobcentre Plus and Fujitsu.

The dissemination event will provide us with an extremely detailed series of statistical profiles of the labour market in the Wakefield District. The associated workshops will be used as a forum for policy debate and will provide a significant contribution to the development of Wakefield Council as an employer of choice.

John Foster

Chief Executive Wakefield Metropolitan District Council

Acknowledgements

This Gender Profile for Wakefield, one of eleven Gender Profiles being published in autumn 2004 as part of the national Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets (GELLM) project, is the product of team work at the Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield Hallam University, carried out in close partnership with the eleven local authorities concerned1. The GELLM team at the Centre for Social Inclusion is directed by Sue Yeandle, and includes the following staff, all of whom have played important roles in sustaining the project: Ian Chesters (administrator), and, in a variety of research roles, Lisa Buckner, Karen Escott, Pamela Fisher, Linda Grant; Anu Suokas, and Ning Tang. We are also grateful for the support of our Faculty's Deputy Dean, Professor Christine Booth and of Tim Strickland of the University's Enterprise Centre, and for the assistance of Ryan Powell, Lorna Hewish and Bernadette Stiell. The authors of the Gender Profile would also like to thank the project's national partners, especially David Darton and David Perfect of the Equal Opportunities Commission, and Rebecca Gill and Richard Exell of the TUC, for their guidance and suggestions, as well as the project's academic advisers, Professors Ed Fieldhouse, Damian Grimshaw and Irene Hardill. We acknowledge with thanks the co-operation of our contacts at DWP, ONS, DfES and other government departments2, and of course the financial support of the European Social Fund, without which this project could not have been developed. Publication of the Gender Profiles completes Phase 1 of the GELLM project, which in autumn 2004 moves into Phase 2, during which Local Research Studies will be completed in the participating local authorities, covering the following topics. The reports of these studies will be published in summer 2006. 1. Low Paid, Part Time Work - Why do Women Work Below their Potential? 2. Building Bridges to Work: Gender, Local Labour Markets and Neighbourhood Projects. 3. Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Women from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups. 4. Career Development in the Local Authority Sector in England: Opportunities and Constraints. 5. Women’s Poverty and Economic Disadvantage: the Impact of Regeneration Initiatives and Developments. 6. Local Challenges in Meeting Demand for Domiciliary Care.

Sue Yeandle on behalf of the GELLM research team Sheffield, September 2004

1 These authorities are: Wakefield City Council, East Staffordshire Borough Council, Leicester City Council, the London Borough of Camden, Newcastle City Council, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, Thurrock Council, Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council, Somerset County Council, Wakefield Metropolitan District Council, and West Sussex County Council. All the eleven local authorities are making match funding contributions to support the ESF grant funding the GELLM project, and we would like to take this opportunity to publicly thank these authorities for their engagement in and support of the project.

2 Crown Copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO.

Contents

1. Introduction and Executive Summary 2 2. The Local Setting 6 The City of Wakefield 6 The People of Wakefield 7 Households and Housing 9 3. Education and Skills 10 Educational Indicators in Wakefield 10 Educational Attainment: Ages 7-16 11 Destination of pupils after age 16 18 A/AS Level Attainment 19 Higher Education 21 Qualifications and Skills in the Working Age Population 21 Key Points 22 4. Trends and Patterns in Women's and Men's Employment 23 Structure of Employment Opportunities 23 People and Employment 27 Key Points 33 5. The Gender Pay Gap 34 Causes of the Gender Pay Gap 35 Pay In Wakefield 35 Key Points 37 6. Unemployment and Economic Inactivity 38 Unemployment 38 Economic Inactivity 41 Key Points 45 7. Women, Men and Diversity 46 The Employment Circumstances of People from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups 46 Wakefield's Pakistani Population 46 Wakefield's White Other Population 47 Wakefield's Indian Population 52 Wakefield's White Irish Population 53 Key Points 54 8. Work-Life Balance 55 Flexible Working Patterns 55 Barriers to Employment 56 Key Points 60 9. Looking Forward 61 Appendix A Glossary of Census Terms 63 Appendix B Examples of Occupations in each of the main 2001 Census Occupational Categories 65

gender-disaggregated statistics in analysis and decision- 1. Introduction and making. Executive Summary It is widely recognised that participation in formal labour markets is highly gendered at all levels of analysis - international, national, regional and local. This means This Gender Profile of Wakefield's Labour Market that women and men tend to predominate in different explores the relative situation and resources of women occupations and industries, and to have different and men in Wakefield, compared with the Yorkshire and working patterns. Some of this arises from personal The Humber region and England as a whole. It focuses choices, but it is also known that stereotyping, on how women and men in Wakefield experience the discrimination, recruitment practices and promotion labour market, both in working within it and seeking to arrangements can and do come into play. Where this enter it. The profile draws attention to features which are happens, the result can be indefensible differences in particularly important in Wakefield as well as to features men's and women's pay, a concentration of women in which are experienced in similar ways across the lower level jobs which do not make full use of their skills country. or potential, and difficulties for both men and women who wish to enter occupations not typical for their sex. In preparing the Profile, we have used the most up-to- We also know that most women and men aim to access date information available, and relied upon a wide range employment which is local to where they live: for of official statistics. The 2001 Census has been used example, in England as a whole only 16 per cent of men extensively, and we have commissioned special tables and 9 per cent of women usually travel more than 20 from it, since for many aspects of labour force behaviour kilometres each day to work. this is the most reliable available source of information. It is also the only major data-set which can be used to Given these two factors - the gendered nature of labour examine labour force participation by the combined force participation, and the local nature of most factors of gender, age and ethnicity at district level. employment - it is perhaps remarkable that so little attention has been given in analysis of labour force The Profile is organised in chapters which focus on participation and behaviour to gender-disaggregated specific topics relevant to women's and men's data at the sub-regional level. The research team participation in the labour market, described in more responsible for producing this Gender Profile of detail below. It includes some data on those who are still Wakefield (alongside comparable documents for ten in full-time education and therefore not yet in the labour other local authorities drawn from every one of the nine market, because indicators of their performance are English regions) believe that it represents a major step important in understanding the attributes of, and choices forward in developing evidence-based policy in this field. made by, labour market entrants. It also includes Our work has been inspired by the challenge of 'gender information about people of working age who are not mainstreaming'. This is a relatively new approach to currently in paid work or economically active. Again, this tackling sex discrimination and gender inequality, which is because it is important to know more about the simply asks that, in whatever policy field, an accurate situation of the large numbers of working age men and assessment of men's and women's situation is made, so women who are not employed or self-employed, and to that policy can be developed to address any unfairness consider whether they are encountering any barriers to and inequality which disadvantages either women or employment or forms of discrimination which need to be men, and that the circumstances, views and aspirations addressed in employment or social policy. of both women and men are taken into account when The Gender Profile thus offers an extensive description decisions are made. and commentary on the position of Wakefield's men and The remainder of this Gender Profile is organised in nine women, and is being made available to employers, trade Chapters, which are briefly summarised here: unions and policy-makers to enable them to make evidence based decisions about their policies and priorities. Although a very comprehensive document, the The Local Setting Gender Profile cannot provide absolutely exhaustive detail about all aspects of the labour market; in cases The Wakefield District comprises a mix of rural areas, where we have selected examples (as in looking at former mining communities and urban centres, with the selected subjects studied by pupils in schools, or in City of Wakefield at its heart. With the decline of the examining features of selected occupations), we hope mining industry in the south east, and decreasing the Profile will alert interested parties to the full scope of numbers of full-time jobs in manufacturing across the the available data, and encourage greater use of district, the local labour market has undergone a period of significant change. Growing numbers of people in

Wakefield are now finding jobs in service industries such employment than nationally and regionally. 24 per cent as distribution, hotels, restaurants, the transport and of boys entered the labour market at 16, compared with communications sector and the public sector. 13 per cent of girls at this age. Compared with England as a whole, Wakefield has Among Wakefield's working age population, both men proportionally more people in the age group 35 - 64, and and women are less well qualified than at the regional fewer pre-school children and young people aged 20 - and national level. This is particularly notable among 24. men and women over 50, with high percentages having no qualifications. Wakefield also has comparatively high Wakefield has relatively high levels of social and percentages of young people under 25 with no economic deprivation. Some parts in the north east of qualifications. In addition, Wakefield's residents are less the district, in particular the Castleford Ferry Fryston likely to hold degree level qualifications than people ward, and parts of the south east of the district, notably across the region and in England. the Hemsworth and South Kirby wards, show high levels of deprivation. Overall, Wakefield ranks 54 out of the 354 local authorities in England in terms of deprivation, Trends and Patterns in Women's and Men's where 1 is the most deprived. Employment General indicators of health and well-being in the city Wakefield experienced a significant increase in part-time are relatively poor. Wakefield has lower than average life jobs for both sexes between 1991 and 2002. In total, expectancy at birth, and a high proportion of people who nearly 10,000 part-time jobs were created, a 33 per cent have a Limiting Long-term Illness (LLTI), especially increase. Almost half of these jobs went to men. These among men and women over 50. However, although new jobs were concentrated in service sector industries there is a high teenage conception rate compared with such as finance, distribution, restaurants and England as a whole, this has been declining since 1996. communications. Wakefield has very small numbers of people from Black In this same period there was also a 3 per cent increase and Minority Ethnic groups amongst its population. The in full-time employment, representing over 2,000 full- largest ethnic minority group is the population of time jobs. However, the increase in full-time Pakistani origin, but even this group represents only 1.1 employment was not shared equally between the sexes. per cent of the population. The proportion of full-time jobs held by women declined By comparison with the English average, a high by 3 per cent, while for men there was a 6 per cent proportion of households in Wakefield rent from the increase. The loss of female full-time jobs was council and there is a low level of owner occupation. concentrated in manufacturing. In this sector women lost Average house prices in Wakefield are below the about 4,000 full-time jobs between 1991 and 2002. national average level, but have risen sharply since These shifts in employment have resulted in a lower 2000. proportion of men and women working full-time in Wakefield, and the growing importance of part-time

employment. Education and Skills A marked gender difference exists in the industries in Wakefield's recent official education statistics show a which men and women work, with men tending to work mixed picture. Although at Key Stage 1 girls' in manufacturing, construction and in transport, storage performance was equal to that of girls' at the regional and communications, while women are more likely to and national level, at Key Stages 2 and 3 girls tended to work in wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels and in perform below girls at the regional and national levels. public administration, education, health and social work. Boys also did less well compared with the region and In Wakefield, a high proportion of women live close to England in some subjects at Key Stages 1, 2 and 3. their place of work. 27 per cent of women work within Results at GCSE were also below the national average 2km of home, compared with 15 per cent of men. 56 per for boys and girls. In Wakefield, 9 per cent fewer boys cent of women work no more than 5km from home, than girls achieved 5 A* - C grades in 2002/03. At ‘A’ compared with about 40 per cent of men. Wakefield’s Level boys achieved lower average point scores than workforce includes a high proportion of men who travel boys in England as a whole, while at this level girls in to work by car, with only 6 per cent of men travelling by Wakefield achieved, on average, better results than girls bus. Growing numbers of women in Wakefield drive to in England. work, with a 12 per cent increase between 1991 and 2001. In 2003, a lower proportion of pupils stayed on in education in Wakefield, and a higher proportion entered

The Gender Pay Gap Women, Men and Diversity In Wakefield, low pay is prevalent and a significant Amongst the young (16-24) Pakistani population in feature of the local economy for both men and women. Wakefield, a high percentage of men are students and a 10 per cent of men and 34 per cent of women were lower percentage are in full-time employment, compared earning less than £250 a week in 2003. Women working with the young population of Wakefield as a whole. full-time in Wakefield earned on average £9.16 an hour, Among those aged 25 to retirement age, Pakistani compared with £10.98 for men, both amounts lower than women are less likely to be in full-time or part-time in the region and England as a whole. employment than all women across the district. They are There is a significant pay gap between men’s and also more likely to be looking after their home or family women’s weekly pay in Wakefield. This pay gap is full-time than women across the district. particularly marked in full-time managerial and senior Amongst Pakistani men aged 25 years to retirement professional jobs, where women earned only about two age, rates of full-time self-employment are nearly three thirds as much as men. times higher than for all Wakefield’s men. Of those Pakistani men in employment, over 40 per cent work as process, plant or machine operatives, in one of the lower Unemployment and Economic Inactivity paid sectors of the local economy. Across all age groups in Wakefield, the level of unemployment is similar to that in the region and nationally. However, there are differences from the Work-Life Balance national picture. There are higher levels of Analysis of working time patterns in Wakefield shows unemployment amongst young men and women aged that full-time and part-time women workers are 16-24 in Wakefield. Over 9 per cent of men and nearly significantly less likely than their regional and national 6% of women in this age group are unemployed. counterparts to have a flexi-time arrangement in place. Despite this, Wakefield has relatively low percentages of Amongst men in Wakefield, part-time workers are more unemployed people of all ages who have never worked, likely than men in England and the region to have a flexi- and relatively low levels of long-term unemployment, time arrangement, but this does not apply to full-time compared with the region and England as a whole. male workers in Wakefield. Wakefield’s economically inactive population includes Term-time only contracts are held by 7 per cent of higher percentages of men and women who are women employed full-time and part-time in Wakefield. permanently sick or disabled than are found at the For men, no term-time working arrangements were regional and national levels. recorded in Wakefield, either for men working full-time or part-time. A relatively low proportion of women aged 50-59 in Wakefield are economically active (59 per cent) In Wakefield, both women and men provide more hours compared with similar women in the region (64 per cent) of ‘unpaid’ care to family members, friends and and England as a whole (65 per cent). Amongst men of neighbours than people in the region and nationally. this age, the economic activity rate in Wakefield is Amongst the Pakistani population the tendency for men similar to that found in the region and in England. and women to provide unpaid care is particularly marked. Qualifications have a marked effect on employment status This has particular significance for women in By national standards, Wakefield has a low level of Wakefield. The district's unqualified women are less childcare provision. There are fewer places available for likely to be employed than unqualified men, and more children under 8 per 1000 of the population in all types likely to be looking after their home or family full-time. of registered care than in the region or England. Large areas of the district have no day nursery provision. Wakefield has a relatively high percentage of households with dependent children where no adults are employed. 22 per cent of children under five in Wakefield are growing up in households where no-one has a job. Rates of economic inactivity amongst lone parents are also slightly higher than those in the region and nationally, and there are significantly lower percentages of female lone parents working full-time than in England as a whole.

Using the Gender Profile3

The Gender Profile has been designed as a resource for all those interested in Wakefield's men and women. It provides a detailed picture of how Wakefield's people, in all their diversity, are faring in relation to the district's labour market at the start of the 21st century. Recent labour market changes and trends, particularly in Wakefield's industries, occupations and patterns of employment are highlighted in the profile. Uniquely in a document of this type, the Gender Profile also provides evidence relevant to the provision of other services provided in Wakefield - for example in education, transport, childcare, and care support - and offers insight into continuing difference between men's and women's participation in the labour market and in the experiences of men and women of different ages and from different Black and Minority Ethnic groups. The Gender Profile has been produced using the full range of available official statistics, and includes presentations of data specially commissioned for this study. Almost all data of this type can be disaggregated by sex, although analysis of gender differences has only rarely been a feature of previous local labour market analysis. We hope that this profile (alongside the ten others being produced for other English local authorities in autumn 2004) will be a major resource for, and stimulus to, the gender mainstreaming of public policy. By demonstrating the range and scope of data available on women and men, we believe the Gender Profile can also ensure that, in future, the differences and similarities in women's and men's labour market circumstances will be the focus of documentation, policy development and decision-making at local, regional and national levels.

3 Every effort has been made to check the accuracy of the data presented in this document, and to use the latest data available during its preparation (spring/summer 2004). The data from the 2001 Census will remain the latest source for much analysis at district level until the 2011 Census results are released. Other data is produced on an annual basis, and data users should consult the source agency concerned for relevant updates. The Centre for Social Inclusion's work in Wakefield on the Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets project continues until summer 2006, and from autumn 2004 onwards will focus on the collection of new data through three new local research studies: "Low Paid, Part Time Work - Why do Women Work Below their Potential?", "Building Bridges to Work: Gender, Local Labour Markets and Neighbourhoods Projects" and "Career Development in the Local Authority Sector in England: Opportunities and Constraints". The Centre for Social Inclusion welcomes enquiries from organisations and individuals interested in commissioning future work of this type.

Wakefield Council and its partner organisations are 2. The Local Setting making great strides in bringing new life to the old mining communities of the south east. Significant achievements have already been made in reclaiming former colliery sites for both leisure and industrial use. The City of Wakefield4 The district is also home to major tourist attractions such Wakefield is a district with a proud heritage, covering as the Yorkshire Sculpture Park, National Coalmining some 350 square kilometres. It is home to 315,000 Museum, Sandal Castle and Pontefract Castle. It also people in a diverse range of city, urban and rural has two museums and an art gallery, and the Council is communities. It brings together what were previously 14 developing a cultural strategy for the District. different local authorities, with the City of Wakefield at the district's heart, and the focal point for shopping, Figure 2.1 shows the wards in Wakefield, indicating the markets, theatre and entertainment. Index of Deprivation 2004 scores for the areas within them. This shows that within Wakefield the areas of The north west of the district includes Horbury, Ossett, greatest deprivation are in Castleford Ferry Fryston Wrenthorpe, Stanley and Altofts, while Normanton, ward. One of the areas within this ward is ranked 265 Castleford, Pontefract, Knottingley, Featherstone and a out of 32,482 sub-Ward areas in England, known as host of smaller settlements make up the Five Towns. In Super Output Areas (SOAs), where 1 is the most the south east, there are the towns of Hemsworth, South deprived. 12 of Wakefield's 209 SOAs are in the 5 per Kirby and South Elmsall as well as other communities. cent most deprived areas in the country, and none of Some 70 per cent of the rural communities of the district Wakefield's SOAs is in the 10 per cent least deprived is designated as Green Belt. Dotted about the rolling areas. Overall, the average of the scores for Wakefield countryside are villages like Middlestown, Crigglestone, rank it 54 out of 354 local authorities, where 1 is the Crofton, Woolley and Ackworth. most deprived and 354 the least.

Figure 2.1 Index of Deprivation 2004

4 Source: Wakefield Metropolitan District Council - www.wakefield.gov.uk

Wakefield's Industrial Structure and Labour Market5 Figure 2.3 Difference between the percentage of the population in each age band for Wakefield and England The Wakefield District is centrally located at the heart of the UK's communications network. Its position at the 1.0 Males Females intersection of the A1, M1 and M62 motorways provides excellent access to all parts of the country by road, rail 0.5 air or sea. 0.0 The District has emerged from over a century of reliance 0-4 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65-74 75+ on coal mining to become a thriving manufacturing, -0.5 shopping and distribution centre, taking full advantage of its place at the heart of the region's transport network. -1.0 Difference from national profile national from Difference

Further information about the Industrial Structure and -1.5 Labour Market in Wakefield is presented Chapter 4. Agebands

Source: Registrar General's Mid 2002 Population Estimate, Crown Copyright 2003 The People of Wakefield Wakefield has a population of 316,4006. Figure 2.2 Population Change and Migration shows the population profile for Wakefield, and Figure Between 1991 and 2002 the population of Wakefield 2.3 the difference between the profiles for Wakefield and increased by 2,100 people, or 0.7 per cent of the total. England. Although the profile in Wakefield is similar to However, as Figure 2.4 illustrates, this was mainly as a the national picture, there are proportionally: consequence of an increase in the number of people over retirement age. This is in contrast to the pattern in • fewer pre-school children, but more children of the region and in England as a whole. school age

• fewer people aged 16-34, especially those aged 20- Figure 2.4 Change in population 1991 to 2002 24 Area Total Change in the proportion in each change age group (%) • more people aged 35-64, especially men (%) 0-15 16-64/59 65/60+ Wakefield 2,100 -1,000 -200 3,400 • fewer people aged 75 and above (0.7) (-1.5) (-0.1) (6.3) Yorkshire 46,400 -2,100 32,600 15,900 & The (0.9) (-0.2) (1.1) (1.7) Figure 2.2 Wakefield's population profile by age and sex Humber

25.0 Males England 1,686,800 171,500 1,241,000 274,200 Females (3.5) (1.8) (4.2) (3.1)

20.0 Source: Registrar General's Mid 2002 Population Estimate, Crown Copyright 2003. Registrar General's Mid 1991 Population Estimate revised, Crown Copyright 2003. 15.0 Note: 16-64/59 are people of working age and 65/60+ are those people of retirement age and above. Numbers may not sum due to rounding. 10.0

Percentage of population of Percentage 5.0 Using data from the 2001Census, it is also possible to

0.0 explore the patterns in migration into and out of 0-4 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65-74 75+ Wakefield in the year prior to the Census. In Wakefield, Agebands 10 per cent of people had moved in the year before the

Figure 2.5 shows the percentage of people in Wakefield who were migrants (those with a different address one year before the 2001 Census) by gender, age and

5 whether the person was resident in a household or Wakefield Metropolitan Borough Council. www.wakefield.gov.uk 6 Source: Registrar General's Mid 2002 population estimate, communal establishment (CE), e.g. nursing home, hall Population Estimates Unit, ONS, Crown Copyright 2003.

of residence, residential care etc In Wakefield, 1.3 per Figure 2.6 Difference between the percentage of the cent of the population are resident in Communal population in each age band with a Limiting Long-Term Establishments, compared with 1.7 per cent in the Illness (LLTI) for Wakefield and England Yorkshire and The Humber region, and 1.8 per cent in Males 16.0 England. Females 14.0 For people resident in households in Wakefield, the key age group for migrants was 16-24 for women and 25 to 12.0 34 for both men and women. For communal 10.0 establishment residents, the key age groups are 0-15 for 8.0 men and 16-24 for both men and women. Overall a higher proportion of men in communal establishments 6.0 had a different address one year ago than women in 4.0 communal establishments. 2.0

0.0 Figure 2.5 Percentage of people in Wakefield with a All 0-4 5-9 10- 16- 20- 25- 35- 50- 65- 75+ Difference from National Percentages in Ageband Percentages National from Difference different address on year ago, by age and sex 15 19 24 34 49 64 74

Males Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 90.0 Females 80.0 In Wakefield, the conception rate amongst 15-17 year 70.0 old girls was 51.1 per 10007,1 (with 34 per cent ending in 60.0 abortion) in 1999-2001, compared with 57.2 per 1000 in 50.0 1996-1998 (with 31 per cent ending in abortion). This 40.0 was higher than the rate for both the Yorkshire and The 30.0 Humber region (48.6 per 1,000 women with 39 per cent 20.0 ending in abortion) and in England as a whole (43.5 with 10.0 45 per cent ending in abortion). 0.0 People in Wakefield have a reduced life expectancy All All 50- 50- 0-15 0-15 when compared with the Yorkshire and The Humber 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 59/64+ 59/64+

Percentage of age group who are migrants are who group age of Percentage region and England as a whole. In 1999-2001, males in Households Communal Wakefield had a life expectancy at birth of 74.4 years, Establishments compared with 75.1 in the Yorkshire and The Humber

and The Humber region and England respectively. This Selected Health Indicators ranks Wakefield as 309 for men and 319 for women for life expectancy out of 374 local authorities, where the Figure 2.6 shows that the proportion of people with a local authority where men and women have the highest Limiting Long-Term Illness (LLTI) in Wakefield (22 per life expectancy is ranked as 1. cent of males and 22 per cent females) is higher than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (18 per cent of males and 19 per cent of females) and in England (17 Minority Ethnic and Religious Groups per cent of males and 18 per cent of females). The proportion of people aged 50 and over who have a LLTI Figure 2.7 shows that 3.4 per cent of males and 3.2 per is much higher, particularly in men aged 65-74, where cent of females in Wakefield are from Black and Minority 13 per cent more suffer from a LLTI than men in the Ethnic groups8. This is lower than in the Yorkshire and same age group in England. The Humber region (8.5 per cent of males and 8.1 per cent of females) and in England (13 per cent of men and

13 per cent of women). In Wakefield, the largest Ethnic

Minority groups are people of Pakistani origin (3,173

people, 1.1 per cent of the population), the White Other

population (2,052 people, 0.7), and the White Irish Households and Housing group (1,264 people, 0.4 per cent). There are 132,213 households in Wakefield9, of which

28 per cent are single person households. This is lower Figure 2.7 Percentage of the population from Black and than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (30 per Minority Ethnic groups by sex cent) and in England as a whole (30 per cent). Wakefield 14.0 has a proportion of lone parent households with 0.8 0.9 12.0 dependent children (7 per cent) that is similar that in 2.2 2.4 Yorkshire and The Humber (7 per cent) and in England 10.0 (6 per cent). The other main differences are: 0.4 8.0 0.4 0.7 4.8 4.4 0.7 • a higher proportion of married and cohabiting couple 6.0 households (50 per cent) compared with the region 4.6 4.3 0.2 1.3 1.3 4.0 0.3 (46 per cent) and England (45 per cent) 0.2 0.1

Percentage of the population the Percentage of 2.8 1.5 0.9 0.9 2.5 2.0 1.3 fewer 'other' households which includes extended 0.5 0.4 1.1 1.2 • 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.4 families and student households (4 per cent) Males Females Males Females Males Females compared with the Yorkshire and The Humber Wakefield Yorks & Humber England region (6 per cent) and England (7 per cent). In Wakefield, 65 per cent of households are owner White Irish White Other Mixed Ethnic Group Asian or Asian British Black or Black British Chinese/Other Ethnic Group occupied, 28 per cent are rented from a social landlord (26 per cent rented from the council) and 6 per cent are Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 privately rented. In the Yorkshire and The Humber region the figures are 67 per cent, 21 per cent (17 per cent rented from the council) and 9 per cent respectively The 2001 Census also provides information about and in England 68 per cent, 19 per cent (13 per cent religious groups. The largest minority religious groups in rented from the council) and 10 per cent. Thus, Wakefield are Muslims (3,589 people or 1.1 per cent of Wakefield has: the population) and Hindus (617 people or 0.2 per cent of the population). 76 per cent of males and 80 per cent • a low proportion of owner occupied households of females state that they are Christians, which is higher than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (70 per • a high proportion of households that rent from the cent of males and 76 per cent of females) and England council as a whole (69 per cent of males and 75 per cent of females). 14 per cent of men and 10 per cent of women • low levels of private renting. said that they had no religion, and 9 per cent of men and Data from the Land Registry for the last quarter of the 8 per cent of women did not state a religion. years 2000 and 2003 show that house prices in Wakefield have risen substantially. The average house price rose from £63,800 to £101,700 (a 59 per cent increase), and 1 per cent more houses were sold in 2003 than in 2000. Over the same period, the average house price across England increased from £112,500 to £166,300 (an increase of 48 per cent), with 8 per cent more houses sold in the last quarter of 2003 than 2000.

Humber region and England respectively. In Wakefield's 3. Education and Skills secondary schools, the largest Black and Minority Ethnic groups were Pakistani (1.6 per cent) and White Other (0.5 per cent). Educational Indicators in Wakefield10 In Wakefield, 2.7 per cent of primary school pupils had a Within Wakefield in 2003 there were 127 primary, 18 first language other than English, compared with 9 secondary and 6 special schools teaching 30,680, per cent of pupils in the region and 10 per cent in 22,210 and 450 pupils respectively. There were 12 England as a whole. Among pupils in secondary schools independent schools within the district. Post-16 the figures were 1.9 per cent, 7.3 per cent and 8.8 per education in Wakefield was provided within sixth forms cent in Wakefield, the region and England respectively. in 5 of the 18 secondary schools and 2 further education In maintained nursery and primary schools in Wakefield, colleges, as well as Wakefield College. Of the 59 per 18 per cent of pupils were eligible for free school meals cent of 16 and 17 year olds who were in full-time (FSM) although only 14 per cent of pupils took them, education, 24 per cent were in maintained schools, 10 compared with 17 per cent of pupils eligible (14 per cent per cent attended independent schools, 24 per cent take FSM) in the region and 17 per cent (14 per cent were studying at sixth form colleges and 42 per cent take FSM) in England. In secondary schools in were in other further education establishments. This Wakefield, the corresponding rates of eligibility for and differs from the regional picture, where 60 per cent of 16 uptake of FSM were 16 per cent and 10 per cent and 17 year olds were in full-time education. Of these 24 respectively, compared with 16 per cent and 11 per cent per cent were in maintained schools, 5 per cent in in the Yorkshire and The Humber region and 15 per cent independent schools, 8 per cent in sixth form colleges and 11 per cent in England as a whole. and 24 per cent in other further education establishments. In England as a whole the corresponding figures were 64 per cent, 39 per cent, 9 A higher proportion of boys than girls in per cent, 14 per cent and 38 per cent respectively. Wakefield have Special Educational Needs at In 2003 the pupil to teacher ratio in both primary and age 7, 11 and 14 secondary schools (23.3 and 17.5 pupils per teacher respectively) was higher than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (22.7 and 16.9) and in England as a Figure 3.1 shows the percentages of pupils who had a whole (22.6 and 17.0). In the same year the teacher Special Educational Need (SEN) at each Key Stage. vacancy rate in Wakefield was lower, at 0.3 per cent Children have a Special Educational Need if they have a learning difficulty which calls for special educational compared to 0.6 per cent in the region and 0.9 per cent 13 in England. However, in 2003/2004 Wakefield spent provision to be made for them . For children with a SEN slightly less per pupil (£3,340) than the regional average who require a high level of support, a Statutory (£3,520), or the average across England as a whole Assessment of special educational needs is carried out by the Local Education Authority (LEA). If after the (£3,590). assessment the LEA decides that the child needs more Wakefield has a much lower proportion of people from special education/provision, it must write a Statement of Black and Minority Ethnic groups than the Yorkshire Special Educational Needs, which is usually called a and The Humber region and England as a whole. In 'statement'. It describes the child's needs and all the primary schools in Wakefield, 4.6 per cent of pupils were special help he or she requires. The statement is 11 from Black and Minority Ethnic groups compared with reviewed annually. 13 per cent of pupils in the region and 18 per cent in England12. The largest of these groups were Pakistani At all Key Stages and geographical levels, a much (2.1 per cent), Other Mixed Backgrounds (0.7 per cent) higher percentage of boys than girls had a SEN. At Key and Other Ethnic groups (0.3 per cent). In secondary Stages 1 and 2, significantly more boys than girls in schools the figures were 3.2 per cent, 11 per cent and Wakefield had a SEN, although this was a lower 16 per cent for Wakefield, the Yorkshire and The proportion than in the region and England as a whole. At Key Stages 3 and 4, fewer boys and girls had a SEN in Wakefield than their counterparts regionally and

10 nationally. Statistics of Education 2003, DfES, Crown Copyright 2003 and School Workforce in England, January 2003 (revised), Crown Copyright 2003. 11 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all ethnic groups other than 'White British' 12 Percentage of the total number of pupils whose ethnicity has been 13 classified (not the total number of pupils) in 2003 Special Educational Needs Code of Practice, DfES 2001.

Figure 3.1 Boys and girls with identified Special Educational Attainment at Ages 7 - 16 Educational Needs (SEN) and with a Statement of SEN, by Key Stage in 2003 Girls in Wakefield perform below the level of

25.0 pupils nationally at Key Stages 2 and 3

20.0 Key Stage 1 Tests - Age 7

15.0 Figure 3.3 shows the achievement of pupils in Key Stage 1 tests (age 7) in reading, writing and 10.0 mathematics in 2003. In Wakefield a similar proportion

Percentage of pupils of Percentage 5.0 of girls reached the required standard, compared with girls in the region and nationally, in all the three subjects 0.0 of reading, writing and mathematics. Boys performed

Males Males Males Males Males Males Males Males slightly better in writing, 1 per cent more achieved the Females Females Females Females Females Females Females Females Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 Age 15 Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 Age 15 required standard than their counterparts in the region

SEN no statement SEN with statement and England, but 1-2 per cent fewer in reading and mathematics. Whilst 87 per cent of boys achieved the Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 expected standard in mathematics, fewer boys performed well in reading (79 per cent) and in writing (77 per cent). Girls in Wakefield performed better than boys Figure 3.2 shows that in Wakefield, at all Key Stages, in all three subjects, 88 per cent achieving at least level children with a SEN were more likely to have a 2 in reading, 87 per cent in writing and 91 per cent in Statement of SEN than in the region and England, mathematics. except at Key Stage 3. At all geographical levels and at all Key Stages, girls with a SEN were less likely than Figure 3.3 Boys and girls achieving level 2 or above at boys with a SEN to have a statement. The only Key Stage 1 (age 7) in reading, writing and mathematics in exception was at Key Stage 4 when 40 per cent of both 2003 boys and girls with a SEN in Wakefield had a statement 100 of SEN, compared with fewer than 30 per cent of their 90 counterparts at the regional and national levels. 80 70 60 50 40 Figure 3.2 Boys and girls with Special Educational Needs 30 20 (SEN) and a Statement of SEN, by Key Stage in 2003 10 0 45.0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls 40.0 Reading Writing Mathematics 35.0

30.0 above 2 or level achieving pupils of Percentage Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 25.0

0.0 2 Percentage of pupils that with SEN have a Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

percentage national the from Difference -3 Wakefield Yorks & Humber

Figure 3.4 shows how pupil's performance in Wakefield Figure 3.6 Difference from national levels of pupils and the Yorkshire and The Humber region differed from achieving level 4 or above at Key Stage 2, in 2003 the national percentage of pupils achieving the expected 2 standard at Key Stage 1. Boys in Wakefield performed below the national level in reading and mathematics, 1 whereas girls in Wakefield, and both boys and girls in 0 the region, performed at a similar level to those across Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls -1 England as a whole in all the three subjects. English Mathematics Science -2 Data from previous years indicate that since 2000, proportionally fewer boys and girls in Wakefield have -3 achieved the expected standard at Key Stage 1 in Difference from the national percentage -4 writing. This is similar to the pattern regionally and Wakefield Yorks & Humber nationally, which shows a fall in the proportion of both boys and girls achieving the required level in writing in Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: England: English - Boys 70%, Girls 80%, Mathematics - Boys 2003. However the results for boys' and girls' 73%, Girls 72%, Science - Boys 86%, Girls 87% achievements in reading and mathematics in Wakefield differ from the national trend. While there were no changes in reading for both boys and girls, and no Figure 3.6 demonstrates the difference from the national change in girls' results in mathematics since 2000, the percentage of pupils achieving level 4 or higher at Key proportion of boys achieving the expected standard Stage 2. In Wakefield, girls' performance in English was decreased in mathematics. This contrasts with the 3 per cent below the national level and 2 per cent below regional and national trends, which show a slight the regional level. For boys, the difference was only 1 improvement in boys' performance in reading and per cent below the national level, but 2 per cent above mathematics. the regional level. Boys in Wakefield performed above the national and regional levels in mathematics and at the national level in science at age 7, whereas girls Key Stage 2 - Age 11 performed below the national standard in all the three Figure 3.5 shows the achievements of pupils at Key subjects. Stage 2 in the subjects of English, mathematics and Since 2000, fewer girls in Wakefield have achieved level science in 2003. Fewer pupils in Wakefield achieved the 4 or more at Key Stage 2 in English (down 2 per cent) expected standard at Key Stage 2 than their equivalents and mathematics (down 1 per cent). Only 1 per cent in England. Whilst 86 per cent of both boys and girls more girls achieved the expected level in science in achieved the required level in science, a much lower 2003 than in 2000. The picture for boys over this period proportion of boys achieved this level in English (69 per is of no change in English, up 3 per cent in mathematics cent) and in mathematics (74 per cent). Girls performed and up 2 per cent in science, which is similar to the better than boys in English (77 per cent) and national pattern for boys of a 1-2 per cent increase mathematics (71 per cent), but nevertheless did less between 2000 and 2003. well than girls across England.

Key Stage 3 - Age 14 Figure 3.5 Boys and girls achieving level 4 or above at Key Stage 2 (aged 11) in English, mathematics and science in Figure 3.7 shows pupils' achievements at Key Stage 3 2003 in English, mathematics and science in 2003. Compared

100 with their counterparts nationally, a lower percentage of 90 both boys and girls in Wakefield achieved the expected 80 70 level in mathematics (67 per cent of boys and 70 per 60 cent of girls) and science (64 per cent of boys and 65 50 40 per cent of girls). Even fewer boys achieved the 30 expected standard in English (62 per cent), although this 20 was 1 per cent more than boys at the regional level, and 10 0 similar to boys at the national level. Girls in Wakefield Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls performed better in English (75 per cent) than in English Mathematics Science mathematics and science, similar to the regional Percentage of pupils achieving level 4 or above 4 or level achieving pupils of Percentage Wakefield Yorks & Humber England average but still below the national level.

Figure 3.7 Boys and girls achieving level 5 or above at Key in mathematics and 7 per cent more in science than in Stage 3 (aged 14) in English, mathematics and science in 2000 (up 7 per cent, 6 per cent and 7 per cent 2003 respectively in England). For girls in Wakefield the

100 corresponding figures are 7 per cent, 9 per cent, and 11 90 per cent (3 per cent, 7 per cent and 11 per cent for 80 England). 70 60 50 40 30 Diversity Indicators and Performance at Key Stages 20 1-3 10 0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls It is possible to look at the outcomes for girls and boys at

English Maths Science Key Stages 1, 2 and 3, taking into account other factors, Percentage of pupils achieving level 5 or above 5 or level achieving pupils of Percentage such as ethnicity, whether or not a pupil’s first language Wakefield Yorks & Humber England is English, eligibility for free school meals and Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 assessments of Special Educational Need.

Figure 3.8 shows the difference from the national percentage of pupils achieving level 5 or above at Key Ethnicity Stage 3. While the regional level is below the national level for both boys' and girls' achievements in all the The 2003 educational statistics for Wakefield refer to the three subjects of English, mathematics and science, pupils indicated in Figure 3.9. both boys and girls in Wakefield also performed below Figure 3.9 Wakefield pupils assessed at Key Stages 1, 2 the national level in these three subjects, except for boys and 3, by sex and ethnicity Numbers in English. The greatest difference is in boys' and girls' Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 achievements in science, 4 per cent below the national KS1 KS2 KS3 percentage. Boys White British 1,841 2,036 2,065

Figure 3.8 Difference from national levels of pupils Black and Minority 87 76 65 achieving level 5 or above at Key Stage 3, in 2003 Ethnic Groups Girls White British 1,793 2,035 1,972 0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls

-3 As Figure 3.9 shows, Wakefield has a very small number of pupils from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups. -4 In Wakefield, these pupils are principally concentrated in Pakistani, Other Mixed Background, White other and Difference from the national percentage percentage national the from Difference -5 Any Other Ethnic groups. Although the figures are small, Wakefield Yorks & Humber they provide reliable data as they refer to the results of Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 official tests taken by all pupils, and have not, for Note: England: English - Boys 62%, Girls 76%, Mathematics - Boys example, been generalised from a sample survey of 70%, Girls 72%, Science - Boys 68%, Girls 69% pupils. The test results for 7, 11 and 14 year-old pupils showed: In Wakefield, significant improvements At age 7 have been made in educational attainment at age 14 since 2000. • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did better than Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys. There is clear evidence of recent educational improvements in Wakefield. Since 2000, the proportion • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls of both boys and girls in Wakefield who achieved the did less well than Wakefield’s White British boys and expected standard at Key Stage 3 has in most cases girls. risen faster, especially in English, than improvements at the national level. In 2003, 14 per cent more boys achieved the expected level in English, 6 per cent more

per cent fewer boys and 18 per cent fewer girls • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys achieved the desired level. performed below the level of similar boys nationally, 8 per cent fewer achieving the expected standard in reading, 9 per cent fewer in writing and 12 per cent English as an Additional Language fewer in mathematics. The numbers of Wakefield pupils tested in 2003 at Key • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did less stages 1, 2 and 3 who had English as an additional well than their counterparts nationally, with 10 per language are shown below. cent fewer achieving expected standards in all the three subjects. Figure 3.10 Wakefield pupils assessed at Key Stages 1, 2 and 3, by sex and whether or not English is their First At age 11 language Numbers Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did KS1 KS2 KS3 better than Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic Boys English 1,889 2,094 2,094 girls in all Key Stage 2 subjects. First language 52 39 57 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls other than English did less well than Wakefield’s White British boys and Girls English 1,849 2,074 2,003 girls in all subjects, except in mathematics where a

similar proportion of Wakefield’s Black and Minority First language 46 46 45 Ethnic boys achieved the required level as other than English Wakefield’s White British boys. Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did At age 7 better than Black and Minority Ethnic boys nationally by 2 per cent in mathematics. They reached the • Wakefield’s boys and girls who have English as an same standard as similar boys across England in additional language performed less well in all English, but 2 per cent fewer of them achieved the subjects than those for whom English was their first desired standard in science. language. (13 per cent fewer boys and 16 per cent fewer girls gained expected standards in English, 17 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did less per cent fewer boys and 22 per cent fewer girls in well than Black and Minority Ethnic girls nationally. writing, and 19 per cent fewer boys and 15 per cent In English, 12 per cent fewer achieved the expected fewer girls in mathematics, compared with the standard; in mathematics, 16 per cent fewer; and in majority of pupils for whom English was their first science, 17 per cent fewer. language.)

At age 14 • Boys and girls in Wakefield for whom English is an additional language did less well in all Key Stage 1 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less subjects, compared with their national counterparts. well than Wakefield’s White British boys (8 per cent fewer achieving the expected standard in English, At age 11 13 per cent fewer in mathematics, and 26 per cent fewer in science). • Wakefield’s boys and girls who have English as a second language did less well in all Key Stage 2 • Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did less subjects than those for whom English is their first well than Wakefield’s White British girls (7 per cent language. fewer achieving expected standards in English, 8 per cent fewer in mathematics, and 23 per cent • Wakefield’s boys and girls who have English as an fewer in science). additional language performed below the level of similar pupils nationally. 10 per cent fewer boys and • Wakefield’s pupils of both sexes and from all ethnic 11 per cent fewer girls achieved expected standards groups did less well than their national counterparts. in English, 12 per cent fewer boys and 11 per cent Compared with similar boys and girls nationally, fewer girls in mathematics, and 12 per cent fewer Wakefield’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls boys and 20 per cent fewer girls in science. achieving especially poor results in science, with 20

At age 14 • In English, 8 per cent fewer boys and 13 per cent fewer girls achieved expected standards; in • Wakefield boys' and girls for whom English is an mathematics the figures were 1 per cent fewer boys additional language performed less well in all and 5 per cent fewer girls, and in science 2 per cent subjects than other Wakefield boys and girls at age fewer boys and 8 per cent fewer girls. 14. In science, 33 per cent fewer boys and 30 per cent fewer girls in this group achieved the expected At age 14 standard, compared with boys and girls for whom English is their first language. • Wakefield boys who have a SEN performed below the level of similar boys nationally by 4 per cent in • Boys and girls in Wakefield with English as an reading, 9 per cent in writing and 8 per cent in additional language performed below the level of mathematics. similar pupils nationally, with 6 per cent fewer boys and 5 per cent fewer girls achieving expected • Wakefield girls who have a SEN also performed standards in English, 14 per cent fewer boys and 10 below the level of similar girls nationally, by 7 per per cent fewer girls in mathematics, and 23 per cent cent in reading, 2 per cent in writing and 3 per cent fewer boys and 21 per cent fewer girls in science. in mathematics.

Free School Meals Eligibility Key Stage 4 GCSE/GNVQ - Age 16 In Wakefield proportionally fewer girls and • In Wakefield, the Yorkshire and The Humber region, boys achieved 5 or more passes in and nationally, pupils of both sexes who are eligible GCSE/GNVQ at A*-C grade compared with for free school meals performed less well than other England pupils at Key Stages 1, 2 and 3. GCSE/GNVQ achievements by 16 year olds in • This was especially marked for older Wakefield boys maintained schools in 2002/03 are presented in Figure and girls eligible for free school meals, with 30-32 3.11. In Wakefield, fewer boys and girls achieved 5 or per cent fewer achieving the expected standards in more A*-C grades at GCSE/GNVQ level than at the all subjects at age 14, and compared with other national level, with boys performing less well than girls. Wakefield girls, 38% fewer achieved this level in 41 per cent of boys in Wakefield achieved 5 or more A*- science. C grades, compared with 50 per cent of girls. In Wakefield, 5.4 per cent of boys did not achieve any GCSE/GNVQ passes. This was lower than in the region Special Educational Needs and England as a whole. The figure for girls was 4.7 per At age 7 cent, similar to the regional figure, but slightly higher than the national one. • Wakefield boys who have a SEN achieved less well than their national counterparts in 2003. 10 per cent However, for boys, significant improvement has been fewer achieved expected standards in reading, 9 per made since 2000 at Key Stage 4, when only 36 per cent cent fewer in writing and 15 per cent fewer in of male pupils in Wakefield reached this standard. mathematics. Between 2000 and 2003 the proportion of boys achieving 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE/GNVQ • Wakefield girls who have a SEN also performed increased by 5 per cent. There was no change, * below the level of similar girls nationally, by 5 per however, in girls' achieving 5 or more A -C grades at cent in reading, 6 per cent in writing and 10 per cent GCSE/GNVQ since 2000 in Wakefield. The comparable in mathematics. figures for the region were 4 per cent for both boys and girls, and in England as a whole were 6 per cent for both At age 11 boys and girls. This suggests a need to focus on raising girls' attainment. • Among Wakefield pupils who have SEN but who do not have a statement of SEN, attainment was lower for both boys and girls than the national averages for similar pupils.

Figure 3.11 GCSE/GNVQ achievements by 16 year olds in maintained schools by gender in 2002/2003 LEA Pupils achievements at GCSE/GNVQ, percentages 5+ A*-C grades 5+ A*-G grades 5+ A*-G grades including mathematics and No passes English

Wakefield Males (1,975) 41.3 88.8 86.4 5.4 Females (2,001) 50.0 90.4 88.3 4.7

Yorkshire Males 40.7 85.5 82.6 7.1 and The Humber Females 50.6 89.4 87.2 5.1

Figure 3.12 - 3.15 show pupils' performance in selected Figure 3.13 Pupils entered for GCSE English in maintained subjects at GCSE. Figure 3.12 shows the proportion of schools who achieved A*-C or D-G grades in 2003 pupils entered for GCSE mathematics in maintained 100.0 schools who achieved good grades and other pass 80.0 36.2 37.0 32.8 grades. In Wakefield, proportionally fewer boys and girls 53.0 51.9 48.4 60.0 (about 45 per cent in both cases) achieved good grades D-G than in England. Figure 8 shows that although the 40.0 A*-C 62.1 61.7 66.1 overall pass rate was similar at all geographical levels, 49.8 20.0 43.8 45.7 Wakefield pupils, like their regional counterparts, were Percentage of entrants less likely to achieve a good GCSE pass in this subject 0.0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls than pupils across England. (1,852) (1,899) Figure 3.12 Pupils entered for GCSE Mathematics in Wakefield Yorks & Humber England * maintained schools who achieved A -C or D-G grades in Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 2003 Figure 3.14 shows the achievements of pupils entered 100.0 for GCSE Double Award Science in maintained schools. 80.0 In Wakefield, only 40 per cent of boys and 43 per cent of 51.1 50.5 50.8 49.8 47.2 46.2 60.0 girls obtained good grades, a much lower figure than in D-G the Yorkshire and The Humber region (46 per cent for 40.0 A* -C boys and 47 per cent for girls) and in England (50 per 44.6 45.2 43.6 45.3 48.4 50.1 20.0 cent for boys and 53 per cent for girls). In Wakefield, Percentage of entrants of Percentage 0.0 fewer boys than girls achieved good grades in this Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls subject, similar to both the regional and national (2,044) (2,056) patterns. Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Figure 3.14 Pupils entered for GCSE Double Award Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Science in maintained schools who achieved A*-C or D-G Figure 3.13 shows the proportion of pupils entered for grades in 2003 GCSE English in maintained schools who achieved 100.0 good grades and other pass grades. Although a higher 80.0 proportion of girls than boys achieved good grades, 62 47.3 45.4 56.1 53.5 50.5 50.0 60.0 per cent compared with 44 per cent, the percentages of D-G both boys and girls who achieved good grades in 40.0 A* - C Wakefield were lower than the national averages. Again, 50.2 52.5 20.0 40.3 42.7 46.2 46.9

the overall pass rate was similar at all geographical Percentage ofentrants levels, but Wakefield pupils, especially boys, were less 0.0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls likely to achieve good grades. (1,637) (1,675) Wakefield Yorks & Humber England

Figure 3.15 shows that in Wakefield a much lower • Wakefield boys and girls for whom English is an percentage of pupils entered for GCSEs in a Modern additional language performed less well than their Language achieved good grades than in the region and national counterparts. 9 per cent fewer boys and, England as a whole. Girls (44 per cent) performed better most notably, 18 per cent fewer girls achieved 5 or than boys (29 per cent) in achieving good grades, but more good GCSE/GNVQ grades, compared with still performed below the regional and national averages similar boys and girls nationally. of 48 per cent and 55 per cent respectively. The overall pass rate for boys in Wakefield was also below the national level. Free school meal eligibility Figure 3.15 Pupils entered for GCSE in a Modern Language in maintained schools who achieved A*-C or D- • In Wakefield, the region and nationally, girls and G grades in 2003 boys who were eligible for free school meals were far less likely to achieve 5 or more good 100.0 GCSE/GNVQ passes and far more likely to achieve 80.0 49.7 43.2 no GCSE/GNVQ passes, compared with pupils who 52.5 58.0 60.0 66.5 64.9 were not eligible for free school meals. D-G 40.0 A* - C • Mirroring the national pattern, girls who were eligible 47.9 55.1 20.0 43.9 39.1 28.5 31.0 for free school meals were more likely than boys to Percentage ofentrants 0.0 achieve 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ passes and Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls less likely to achieve no passes. (1,543) (1,752) Wakefield Yorks & Humber England • In Wakefield, boys and girls who were eligible for

Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 free school meals were less likely to achieve 5 or Note: 'Modern Language' includes those pupils who took French, more good GCSE/GNVQ passes, 4 per cent fewer German, Spanish, Italian or 'Other Modern Language' boys and 9 per cent fewer girls, compared with similar boys and girls nationally. The achievements of girls and boys at GCSE/GNVQ level can also be explored in the context of other factors, Special Educational Needs such as ethnicity, whether or not a pupil's first language is English, free school meal eligibility and SENs. • Wakefield's pupils with a SEN but no statement Analysis of these results shows that: performed less well than their national counterparts, with 4 per cent fewer boys and girls achieving 5 or more GCSE/GNVQ passes at grades A*-C. Ethnicity • In Wakefield, 4 per cent more boys and 10 per cent • In Wakefield, fewer Black and Minority Ethnic boys more girls with a SEN but without a statement did and girls achieved 5 or more A*- C grades at not achieve any GCSE/GNVQ passes compared GCSE/GNVQ, compared with Wakefield's White with their counterparts nationally. British boys and girls.

• Fewer of Wakefield's Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls achieved 5 or more A*- C grades at GCSE/GNVQ, compared with similar boys and girls nationally.

English as an additional language • In Wakefield amongst those whose first language is not English, a lower proportion of boys (7 per cent fewer) and girls (13 per cent fewer) achieved 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ grades, compared with Wakefield boys and girls whose first language is English.

Destinations of pupils after age 16 machine operatives, a much higher proportion than in the region (6 per cent) and England (4 per cent). 10 per In Wakefield, many boys who enter cent of young men went into administrative and employment at 16 go into jobs in skilled secretarial occupations, again a higher percentage than trades. at the regional (6 per cent) and national (4 per cent) scales. Many girls in Wakefield who enter employment at 16 go into personal service Nearly 40 per cent of young women in Wakefield who occupations. left school at 16 started work in personal service occupations. This was similar to the national average,

but lower than the regional figure of 42 per cent. 18 per Figure 3.16 shows the situation of pupils after the end of cent young women school leavers entered compulsory education. It indicates that in 2003 fewer administrative and secretarial occupations, a lower students stayed on in education in Wakefield than in the proportion than their counterparts in the regional (20 per Yorkshire and The Humber region and across England. cent) but higher than for England as a whole (15 per In 2003 in Wakefield, most 16 year olds continued in cent). Young women school leavers in Wakefield were education or training, with more female students (69 per also: cent) than male students (56 per cent). Significantly more young men entered the labour market than young • more likely to be employed as process, plant or women, 24 per cent compared with 13 per cent. These machine operatives (14 per cent), than their young are higher proportions than in the region (18 per cent women in the region and England as a whole (2 per and 10 per cent) and England (14 per cent and 8 per cent). cent). Note that 13 per cent of young men and 11 per cent of young women in Wakefield were 'not settled', • less likely to enter sales and customer service again higher figures than regionally and nationally. occupations (12 per cent) than young women in the region (15 per cent) or in England (16 per cent). Figure 3.16 Destination of pupils at the end of compulsory education in 2003 • less likely to enter elementary occupations (12 per Males 56 4 17 7 13 22 cent) than young women nationally (16 per cent).

Females 69 4 9 4 11 21 Wakefield Figure 3.17 Occupations of 16-17 year olds who left Males 61 6 13 5 10 22 education and entered employment in 2003

Yorks & Yorks 74 4 7 3 9 22

Humber Females

Males 67 5 10 4 9 22 Males (589) 4 10 40 8 5 15 18 0 Females (348) 1 18 3 39 12 14 12 0

Females 77 3 6 2 7 22 Wakefield England Males 3 6 43 10 6 6 19 7 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Females 1 20 1 42 15 2 12 7 Yorks & Yorks Percentage of 16 year olds Humber Education Training Males 3 4 43 9 7 4 22 8 Employment with training Employment without training Not Settled Out of contact Females 1 15 4 39 16 2 16 8 England No response Source: ConneXions 2004 0 20406080100 Percentage of those post 16 who are in employment Figure 3.1714 shows the first occupation of those who Managers & Professionals Admin. & Secretarial went into employment after leaving school at 16. In all Skilled Trades Personal Service areas, young men were more likely to be employed in Sales & Customer Service Process; Plant & Machine Operatives Elementary Occupations Unknown skilled trades or elementary occupations, while young women were more likely to enter personal service or Source: ConneXions 2004 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, administrative and secretarial occupations. In Wakefield, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and 40 per cent of young men entered skilled trades, slightly catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, fewer than in the region and England (43 per cent in road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security both cases). 18 per cent entered elementary guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers. occupations, compared with the regional (19 per cent) and national figures (22 per cent). 15 per cent of young men who left school at 16 became process, plant or

14 Note than in Figure 3.17 the 'unknown' data for the region and England may affect the comparisons made in this section.

A/AS Level Attainment Figure 3.19 shows boys' and girls' five most popular subjects at 'A' Level. At the national level, boys' and girls' Fewer boys in Wakefield achieved good preferences differ, except in choosing English and grades at A level than boys in the region and Business Studies. Many boys in Wakefield chose Social nationally. Studies, Psychology and ICT, whereas their counterparts in the Yorkshire and The Humber region Girls in Wakefield outperformed their preferred Physics, Geography and Biological Sciences, regional and national counterparts at 'A' and in England preferred Physics, Business Studies and level.. History, in addition to English and Mathematics. Girls in Figure 3.18 shows the average point score per Wakefield favoured English, Psychology and Social candidate achieving A/AS levels. In Wakefield, while Studies like their English counterparts, but preferred Art boys' average point score was lower than that in the and Design and Biological Sciences over Biology and Yorkshire and The Humber region and in England as a Business Studies. whole, girls' average point score was higher than either the regional or national averages. Wakefield girls' total scores were 50 points higher than those of Wakefield boys.

Figure 3.18 Average GCE/VCE A/AS point scores of 16-18 year old candidates by gender 2002/03 LEA Average point score by candidates achieving A/AS levels

Per candidate Per entry

Males Females Males Females

Wakefield 225.6 276.7 68.7 77.4

Yorkshire & 234.9 262.0 70.2 76.0 The Humber

England 230.1 256.3 70.9 77.1 Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: An A grade at A-level is worth 120 points, a B grade 100, C grade 80, D grade 60 and an E grade 40 points. An AS exam will be worth half the equivalent A-level grade.

Figure 3.19 Five most popular A Levels (excluding General Studies) in 2003 Wakefield Yorkshire and The Humber Region England

Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 Social Studies English English English Mathematics English (excluding Psychology) 2 English Psychology Mathematics Psychology English Psychology

3 Mathematics Social Studies Physics Social Studies Business Studies Social Studies (excluding (excluding (excluding Psychology) Psychology) Psychology) 4 Psychology Art and Design Geography Biological Physics Biology sciences 5 ICT Biological Biological Art and Design History Business Studies sciences sciences Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004

Figure 3.20 shows the results of boys and girls entered entered for 'A' level English in Wakefield performed for 'A' level mathematics in maintained schools. In below the national level. Wakefield, only small numbers of pupils took this Figure 3.22 Pupils entered for 'A' level English in subject, and only 62 per cent of both boys and girls maintained schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades in achieved good grades, compared with 68 per cent of 2003 boys and 74 per cent of girls in the region and 69 per cent of boys and 75 per cent of girls across England. 100.0 28.4 80.0 31.7 35.7 31.9 31.8 Figure 3.20 Pupils entered for 'A' level mathematics in 37.5 60.0 maintained schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades in D-E 2003 40.0 A- C 70.2 60.4 67.6 62.2 67.0 65.9 100.0 20.0

21.8 20.7 of entrants Percentage 80.0 31.2 36.5 25.2 24.7 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females 60.0 D-E (96) (278) 40.0 A- C 68.1 73.7 69.2 75.2 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 62.4 62.2 20.0 Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Percentage of entrants of Percentage 0.0 Figure 3.23 shows the estimates of the proportion of 17 Males Females Males Females Males Females (93) (74) year old boys and girls who took 'A' level English.

Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Proportionally fewer boys (6 per cent) and girls (15 per cent) took A level English, compared with the region (7

Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 per cent of boys and 19 per cent of girls) and England as Using estimates of the population, it is possible to a whole (8 per cent of boys and 20 per cent of girls). In compare the proportion of 17 year olds in Wakefield who Wakefield, girls studying this subject outnumbered boys entered maths 'A' level with that in the region and by approaching 3:1. England. These estimates are presented in Figure 3.21, Figure 3.23 Percentage of the population aged 17 who and show that only 8 per cent of 17 year old boys and 5 were entered for 'A' level English (estimates) in 2003 per cent of girls in Wakefield took A level maths in 2003, Males a similar proportion to the regional average, but lower 25.0 Females than the national percentages of 10 per cent of boys and 20.0 6 per cent of girls. 20.0 18.5 15.4 Figure 3.21 Percentage of the population aged 17 entered 15.0 for 'A' level mathematics (estimates) in 2003

Males 10.0 7.9 12.0 7.0 Females 5.7 9.7 10.0 5.0

7.5 8.0 7.3 0.0 6.0 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 6.0 5.1 of thepercentage oldsEstimate of 17 year 4.7 Source: DfES and ONS Population Estimates Unit, Crown Copyright 4.0 2004 2.0 Figure 3.24 shows the achievements of boys and girls 0.0 who took A levels in maintained schools across all Wakefield Yorks & Humber England subjects. In Wakefield, the percentage of girls achieving Estimate of thepercentage oldsEstimate of 17 year a good pass was almost 2 per cent higher than in the

Source: DfES and ONS Population Estimates Unit, Crown Copyright region, although nearly 1 per cent lower than in England. 2004 The proportion of boys in Wakefield who achieved good Figure 3.22 shows the results of pupils entered for 'A' grades (55 per cent) was lower than both in the level English in maintained schools. In Wakefield the Yorkshire and The Humber region or in England (58 per difference between boys (60 per cent) and girls (68 per cent and 59 per cent respectively). cent) who achieved good grades is greater than in the

Yorkshire and The Humber region (62 per cent for boys and 67 per cent for girls) and England (66 per cent for boys and 70 per cent for girls). Both boys and girls

Figure 3.24 Pupils entered for 'A' levels in maintained with a further 11 per cent of men and 12 per cent of schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades across all women choosing to study in the North West region. 12 subjects in 2003 per cent of Yorkshire and The Humber's men and 11 per cent of women, attended higher education institutions in 100.0 the East Midlands and another 10 per cent of men and 8 80.0 29.9 31.1 28.9 39.2 36.5 34.9 per cent of women studied in the North East region. 60.0 D-E The data on the region in which people from Wakefield 40.0 A-C 66.9 65.3 67.6 reside after completing higher education show that more 55.4 57.8 59.4 20.0 than half of female graduates from Wakefield were living Percentage of entrants of Percentage 0.0 in the region after the end of their course. More men Males Females Males Females Males Females from Wakefield (63 per cent compared with 53 per cent (1,350) (1,805) of Wakefield women) chose to live in the Yorkshire and Wakefield Yorks & Humber England The Humber region after graduating. More females than males from Wakefield lived in London after higher Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 education, 6 per cent compared to 4 per cent. Higher Education Qualifications and Skills in the Working Age Young women from Wakefield are more likely Population than their male counterparts to study at a local higher educational institution. A high proportion of men and women in Wakefield have no qualifications. Figure 3.25 shows that 49 per cent of males and 54 per A low proportion of men and women in cent of females from Wakefield who were participating in Wakefield are qualified to degree level. higher education were studying at an institution within the Yorkshire and The Humber region, with a further 10 Figures 3.26 and 3.27 show, for all men and women of per cent of males as well as females studying in the working age, the highest level of qualification by age. North West region. The other regions where a significant Women are less likely than men to have no number of Wakefield students chose to study are the qualifications at all ages and at all geographical levels. East Midlands (12 per cent of men and 8 per cent of Wakefield has very high percentages of men and women) and the North East region (9 per cent of men women aged 50 or over who have no qualifications, 70 and 10 per cent of women). It appears, therefore, that per cent and 66 per cent, compared with 62 per cent and young women from Wakefield are more likely than their 58 per cent in the region and 56 per cent and 52 per male counterparts to study at a local higher education cent in England. Among young people under 25 in institution. Wakefield, there is also a significantly higher proportion who have no qualifications, 27 per cent of men and 22 Figure 3.25 Students from Wakefield who are undertaking per cent of women. This compares with 21 per cent of higher education, by region of institution of study young men and 18 per cent of young women in the 2001/2002 region, and 19 per cent of young men and 16 per cent of Males (372) 60.0 Females (476) young women across England. 50.0 Wakefield has far fewer men and women with higher 40.0 qualifications than the region and England as a whole. In 30.0 the 25-34 age group, 16 per cent of Wakefield men have 20.0 higher qualifications, compared with 23 per cent in the

10.0 region and 30 per cent nationally. The figures for women

0.0 show a similar pattern, 17 per cent in Wakefield, Percentage of HE pupils from the LA the from HE pupils of Percentage compared with 22 per cent in the region and 29 per cent Other Wales in England. In the age 35-49 group, only about 15 per Eastern London Scotland North East North South East South North West North

South West South cent of both men and women have higher qualifications, East Midlands East West Midlands West compared with regional averages of 20 per cent for both Yorks & Humber & Yorks men and women, and national averages of nearly 25 per Source: HESA, 2004 cent for both men and women. Across all geographical Data for all students from the Yorkshire and The Humber areas, more young women (aged 16-24) than young region show that 46 per cent of men and 52 per cent of men have degree level qualifications, 7 per cent women from the region study at a higher education compared with 6 per cent in Wakefield, 10 per cent institution within the Yorkshire and The Humber region,

compared with 9 per cent in the region and 13 per cent • At age 16, fewer boys (41 per cent) achieved 5 or compared with 11 per cent in England. more good grades than girls (50 per cent). This Figure 3.26 The highest level of qualification for men by compares unfavourably with the national averages age of 49 per cent for boys and 58 per cent for girls.

100.0 6.0 14.5 12.0 8.6 15.3 10.7 90.0 15.8 22.6 19.5 17.8 Far fewer boys than girls gained good GCSE grades 29.5 23.8 • 80.0 18.6 22.6 in English and modern languages, mirroring a 70.0 26.1 43.4 60.0 66.9 national gender gap. 56.2 70.5 46.1 70.3 50.0 55.1 47.1 53.1 40.0 Boys aged 16-18 achieved lower point scores at 'A' 69.5 • 30.0 62.1 56.1 level than girls. Their performance was also worse 42.1 20.0 34.4 27.0 28.0 29.1 10.0 20.9 22.3 19.0 17.3 than the regional and national averages.

Percentage of men in ageband 0.0 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- • Boys and girls make strongly gendered choices of 24 34 49 64 24 34 49 64 24 34 49 64 subject for A level study. In Wakefield's schools, Wakefield Yorks & Humber England fewer girls chose mathematics and fewer boys No qualifications Lower Higher chose English, compared to their counterparts in

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 England as a whole. Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to 'A' level and below and higher level to first degree and above • In the 'A' level subjects for which they are entered, almost 67 per cent of girls achieved good grades Figure 3.27 The highest level of qualification for women by (slightly lower than the natioanl average). Far fewer age boys (55 per cent) reached this level of 100.0 achievement, also a lower percentage compared 7.3 11.9 10.0 90.0 16.6 15.2 20.2 15.5 12.5 17.2 22.3 28.9 23.0 with 59 per cent of boys across England. 80.0 21.7 26.7 70.0 30.8 46.1 At the end of compulsory education, more than 1 in 60.0 70.9 • 59.2 72.0 48.5 50.0 58.1 71.6 50.8 10 boys and girls in Wakefield are listed as not 56.6 40.0 settled, a higher proportion than at the regional and 30.0 66.4 57.8 52.0 20.0 38.7 national levels. 31.2 21.8 24.2 26.3 10.0 18.0 19.6 16.0 14.5 0.0

Percentage ofwomen Percentage in ageband • More boys than girls (24 per cent compared with 13 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 24 34 49 59 24 34 49 59 24 34 49 59 per cent) enter employment at age 16. Boys and girls in Wakefield are more likely to enter Wakefield Yorks & Humber England employment without training than their regional and No qualifications Lower Higher national counterparts. Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to 'A' level and below In Wakefield in 2003, 589 boys and 348 girls left and higher level to first degree and above • school and entered employment at 16. Most of these young people entered occupations which are typical for their sex. Most boys entered skilled trades or Key Points labouring and other elementary occupations. Most girls gained personal service or administrative and • In Wakefield, at Key Stages 1 and 2 (ages 7 and 11) clerical jobs. a significantly higher proportion of boys than girls have Special Educational Needs (SEN). At Key • Wakefield's men and women are less well qualified Stages 3 and 4 (ages 14 and 16) fewer boys and than men and women regionally and nationally. girls have a SEN in Wakefield than their Although in part a historical legacy, especially visible counterparts at the regional and national levels. amongst older women and men, levels of qualification are also low at younger ages, especially • In reading and mathematics at age 7 achievement among young men. among boys in Wakefield was low in comparison with the Yorkshire and The Humber region and England as a whole.

• Wakefield girls' achievements in tests at ages 11 and 14 are low compared with the national level.

by men had increased to 58 per cent, with fewer men - 4. Trends and Patterns 86 per cent - working full-time. For women, the percentage of jobs that were full-time fell sharply from 52 in Women's and Men's per cent in 1991 to 46 per cent in 2002. Figure 4.1 Employment summarises the actual numbers of jobs held, and confirms a large percentage increase in part-time employment for men in Wakefield but a decrease in women's full-time jobs over the same period. This fall (by This part of the profile explores trends and patterns in 3 per cent) contrasts with a 13 per cent increase in full- women's and men's employment in Wakefield, time employment for women at the national level. compared with the Yorkshire and The Humber region and England as a whole. Its focus is on the proportions Figures 4.2 and 4.3 show details, for 1991-2002, of of men and women in employment and self-employment. employed men and women in Wakefield, by the industry The profile discusses the hours they work, the in which they work. occupations and industries in which they work, how far For Wakefield's men, there was: they travel to work, and whether they have more than one job. It also explores the changing structure of • A notable and continuing decline in employment in Wakefield's labour market opportunities, showing which manufacturing. kinds of jobs have been declining and which increasing. • A marked decline in employment in the energy and Structure of Employment Opportunities water industries between 1991 and 1995.

Large increases in part-time employment for • An increase in employment in public administration, men education and health and in distribution, hotels and A fall in women's full-time employment restaurants. Between 1991 and 2002 (the latest available data) there For Wakefield's women there was: was a net increase of 12,152 jobs in Wakefield. Over the same period, the working age population resident in • A very marked reduction in the proportion of Wakefield decreased by 200 people. Underlying this women's employment in manufacturing. significant job growth, analysis by gender, industrial • An increase in the share of women working in public sector and working hours reveals some marked administration, education and health, with a peak in differences in the situation of men and women. 1998. In 1991, men held 51 per cent of all jobs in Wakefield, 93 per cent of them working full-time (7 per cent part- • An increase in employment in transport and time). In contrast, 51 per cent of working women worked communications and in banking finance and full-time, with 49 per cent in part-time employment. Just insurance. over a decade later in 2002, the percentage of jobs held

Figure 4.1 Changes in employment in Wakefield 1991-2002 by full-time/part-time status and sex15 Job Type Sex Number of jobs Change in number Percentage change 1991- 2002 1991 2002 of jobs 1991-2002 Wakefield Yorkshire and England The Humber Full-time Female 28, 381 27, 490 -891 -3.1 11.4 12.7 Male 53, 284 56, 358 3, 074 5.8 6.9 9.3 All 81, 665 83, 848 2, 183 2.7 8.5 10.6 Part-time Female 26, 341 31, 709 5, 368 20.4 7.9 30.8 Male 3, 957 8, 558 4, 601 116.3 96.8 103.1 All 30, 298 40, 267 9, 969 32.9 19.9 43.6 All All jobs 111, 963 124, 115 12, 152 10.9 12.0 19.2 Source: AES/Census of Employment 1991, ABI 2002, ONS

15 These data relate to jobs located in Wakefield. Some of these jobs may be held be men or women who live elsewhere.

Figure 4.2 Men of working age in employment by industry, Wakefield, 1991-2002

100.0 3.2 3.9 4.5 4.2 4.1 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.2 3.7 12.5 90.0 14.6 14.2 14.1 13.8 15.1 15.5 14.3 14.3 14.8

80.0 8.5 8.5 8.6 9.3 9.7 9.0 9.9 11.0 11.0 9.8 70.0 8.7 9.4 10.0 8.4 9.8 9.0 9.2 11.6 11.6 11.7 60.0 17.2 21.6 22.0 22.1 21.5 50.0 21.9 21.6 22.4 22.4 23.6 11.5 40.0 10.6 9.3 9.6 9.6 10.0 10.4 9.5 9.5 9.4 Percentage of male jobs 30.0 28.5 20.0 27.0 29.4 28.3 28.8 27.3 26.7 24.4 24.4 24.4 10.0 9.7 4.1 2.7 2.4 0.0 2.6 2.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1991 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Energy & Water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants Transport & Communications Banking, Finance & Insurance Public Admin., Education & Health Other Services

Source: Census of Employment, AES/ABI 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996-2002 Note: ‘Other’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

Figure 4.3 Women of working age in employment by industry, Wakefield, 1991-2002

100.0 4.6 5.0 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.5 90.0

80.0 31.4 35.4 34.4 32.6 35.6 35.8 42.4 40.0 38.3 39.7 70.0

60.0 9.1 8.2 9.9 12.2 1.6 11.2 13.0 50.0 2.1 2.2 10.4 10.3 11.0 2.1 2.3 8.8 2.6 2.5 4.3 4.1 4.7 40.0 28.2 29.4 29.7 31.4 30.0 30.2 Percentage of female jobs 26.8 29.0 30.0 30.3 30.0 6.3 20.0 3.2 3.9 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.6 10.0 17.9 1.1 1.3 16.2 14.9 14.8 13.9 1.4 12.1 11.4 10.5 10.2 8.2 0.0 1991 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Energy & Water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants Transport & Communications Banking, Finance & Insurance Public Admin., Education & Health Other Services

Figure 4.4 Change in the number of jobs held between 1991 and 2002 by industry in Wakefield Full-time Agriculture, fishing Part-time Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications Males Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total Agriculture, fishing Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications

Females Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total

-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Increase/decrease in the number of jobs held

Source: Census of Employment, AES/ABI 1991, 2002

Figure 4.5 Percentage change in the number of jobs held between 1991 and 2002 by industry in Wakefield Full-time Agriculture, fishing Part-time Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications Males Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total Agriculture, fishing Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications

Females Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total

-100 0 100 200 300 400 Percentage change

Source: Census of Employment, AES/ABI 1991, 2002

Data for the Yorkshire and The Humber region and for more detail. There are marked differences in England as a whole over this period show a similar employment patterns between men and women. Figure decline in male manufacturing jobs (from 30 per cent to 4.6 confirms that men working full-time still held the 24 per cent in the region, 27 per cent to 20 per cent majority of jobs in manufacturing, although their nationally) and an increase in men's employment in number declined from 16,000 in 1991 to 14,000 in 2002. distribution, hotels and restaurants (18 per cent to 22 per By 2002, only around 4,000 full-time manufacturing jobs cent in the region, 19 per cent to 23 per cent in England were held by women, with about half of all full-time jobs as a whole). There was also a significant increase in held by women lost between 1991 and 2002, a loss of men employed in banking and finance (up from 8 per almost 4,000 posts. cent to 15 per cent in the region, and 15 per cent to 21 Figure 4.6 Change in the number of jobs in manufacturing, per cent nationally). In Wakefield, men's employment by employment status and sex, 1991-2002 rose only slightly in this sector from 9 per cent to 10 per cent. 18,000 16,000

For women in the region and nationally the decline in 14,000 manufacturing was more pronounced (from 12 per cent 12,000 to 7 per cent in both the region and in England). Women 10,000 too have experienced an increase in employment in 8,000 6,000 distribution, hotels and restaurants (25 per cent to 27 per Numberjobs of cent in both the Yorkshire and The Humber region and 4,000 in England). Women's employment in banking and 2,000 finance increased in Wakefield (9 per cent to 11 per 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 cent), and in the region and England (both 17 per cent to Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time 19 per cent). Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996-2002 Figure 4.4 shows the change in the number of full-time Figure 4.7 shows the continuous strong increase in and part-time jobs in Wakefield between 1991 and men's full-time employment in transport and 2002, by industry and by sex. (Due to the extremely communications. Men's part-time opportunities also small number of jobs in agriculture data for this industry increased steadily, although men still held fewer than are excluded from the analysis.) This shows: 1,000 part-time jobs in this sector by 2002. Both part- • A very significant fall in full-time and part-time jobs in time and full-time jobs held by women in this area manufacturing for women and in full-time increased slightly over the same period. manufacturing jobs for men. Figure 4.7 Change in the number of jobs transport and communications, by employment status and sex, 1991- • A fall in construction jobs held by men, (almost all 2002 full-time) and women (almost all part-time). 8,000 • A strong increase in both full-time and part-time 7,000 jobs, for men and women, in distribution, hotels and 6,000 restaurants 5,000 4,000 • Among women, a significant growth in full-time and 3,000 jobs of Number part-time jobs in public administration, health and 2,000 social care, alongside a smaller increase in both full- 1,000 time and part-time jobs for men in this sector. 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Figure 4.5 presents the same data as in Figure 4.4, but Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time this time shows the percentage change in the number Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996-2002 of jobs. The large increase in jobs for women in transport and communication needs to be seen in the Figure 4.8 shows the changes in employment in public context of very small numbers at the start of the period. administration, education and health. While women, Nevertheless, these are very marked changes, both full-time and part-time, held the majority of jobs, full- suggesting a very dynamic situation in the Wakefield time employment in this sector showed some volatility for labour market. both men and women. Note the particularly dynamic picture for part-time jobs held by women. Their number Figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 highlight changes in the soared after 1997, reaching numbers above that of female numbers of jobs in selected industries in Wakefield in full-timers, totalling some 12,000 female jobs by 2002.

Figure 4.8 Change in the number of jobs in public Employment Status administration, education and health, by employment Many self-employed men in Wakefield have status and sex, 1991-2002 low or no qualifications 14,000 In Wakefield, 72,160 men and 59,545 women of working 12,000 age were in employment in 2001. More men were full- 10,000 time employees in Wakefield (59 per cent) than in the 8,000 Yorkshire and The Humber region (57 per cent) or 6,000 nationally (58 per cent). For women in Wakefield, 34 per

Number of jobs of Number 4,000 cent worked full-time, a similar figure to that in the region but lower than in England as a whole (36 per cent). This 2,000 is illustrated in Figure 4.10, which also shows that in 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Wakefield:

Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time • despite the big increase in part-time jobs, few men Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996-2002 of working age worked part-time (4 per cent compared with 5 per cent in the region and in England as a whole) People and Employment • more women were employed part-time in Wakefield In Wakefield a high proportion of young men than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region and in and women are economically active England as a whole

The 2001 Census showed 100,060 men and 93,660 • fewer men and women were self-employed (10 per women of working age in Wakefield, of whom 79 per cent of men and 3 per cent of women) than in the cent of men and 69 per cent of women were Yorkshire and The Humber region (12 per cent and economically active (either in employment, economically 16 4 per cent) and nationally (13 per cent and 5 per active students or unemployed) . Economic activity is cent) lower for both sexes in Wakefield than in the region and England, and varies by age, as can be seen in Figure 4.9. Higher economic activity rates among 16-24 year Figure 4.10. People of working age by employment status olds, as in Wakefield, reflect low numbers of students, 80.0 1.7 1.2 1.5 and should not necessarily be seen as a positive 3.4 70.0 3.2 3.6 1.4 1.9 2.3 indicator. 8.5 10.2 11.5 60.0

22.9 Figure 4.9. Percentage of men and women of working age 50.0 26.6 25.7 who are economically active 40.0 2.6 Age Economically active (%) 1.9 2.4 30.0 59.3 56.9 57.8 group Wakefield Yorks & Englan 20.0 36.4 Humber d 33.6 33.2 10.0 Men 16-24 74.8 67.5 68.3 Percentage of people of working age working of of people Percentage 25-34 90.9 90.5 91.0 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females 35-49 87.6 89.5 90.2 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 50-64 61.9 69.7 72.8 Employed full-time Self-employed full-time Employed part-time Self-employed part-time Working Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 age 79.1 80.3 81.9 Women 16-24 64.0 59.4 62.1 Figure 4.11 shows that the proportion of people who 25-34 72.8 72.6 73.7 work part-time also varies significantly with age, with 35-49 75.9 76.6 75.8 more young men (16-24) and older men (50 to 50-59 58.6 63.9 65.3 retirement age) working part-time, and more women Working aged 35 to retirement age working part-time. In age 69.3 69.6 70.6 Wakefield, the highest proportion of part-time working is Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 seen in women aged 50 to retirement age, which is the same as in the region and nationally. 16 The data in this section, drawn from the Census, relate to the population resident in Wakefield, some of whom will work in other areas.

Figure 4.11 Men and women in employment who work Figure 4.13 Men and women who are self-employed by age part-time, by age 14.0

60.0 12.0

50.0 10.0

8.0 40.0 6.0 30.0 4.0

20.0 2.0

0.0 10.0 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 24 34 49 RA 24 34 49 RA 24 34 49 RA

0.0 ageband in people self-employed of Percentage Wakefield Yorks & Humber England WA WA WA Males Females 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 50-RA 50-RA 50-RA Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 20031 Percentage of employed people who workpart-time Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Males Females

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 Figure 4.14 shows the proportion of people of working Figure 4.12 refers to men and women who are self- age who work part-time by whether they are employees employed. It shows that the majority of self-employed or self-employed. For both men and women, self- men, across all geographical levels, are self-employed employed people are more likely to work part-time than full-time, without employees. The majority of self- employees, at the regional and national levels, although employed women in the region and England are also in Wakefield more women employees than self- self-employed without employees but many more work employed women work part-time. part-time. In Wakefield 31 per cent of self-employed women are self-employed full-time with employees.

Figure 4.12 Self-employed men and women by full and Figure 4.14 Employees and self-employed men and part-time working and employees women of working age who work part-time Percentage of all men and women who are self-employed 50.0 Area Self employed Self employed

with employees without 40.0 employees Part- Full- Part- Full- 30.0 time time time time Wakefield Males 2.1 37.0 9.9 51.0 20.0 Females 14.2 30.8 27.6 27.4 self-employed people people self-employed 10.0 Yorkshire Males 2.5 36.2 10.3 51.1 Percentage of employees and and of employees Percentage & Humber Females 13.3 27.9 31.1 27.7 0.0 England Males 2.2 33.6 10.6 53.5 Males Females Males Females Males Females Females 11.6 23.5 35.2 29.7 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Employee - Part-time Self-employed - Part-time

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 The variation in self-employment by age is shown in The 2001 Census gives information about the level of Figure 4.13 In Wakefield the peak age for self- qualification of employees and those who are self- employment among men is 50 to retirement age, which employed. This is shown in Figure 4.15. In Wakefield, a is the same as in the region and England. A similar, but very high proportion of self-employed men have no less pronounced, pattern is seen in self-employed qualifications (47 per cent) compared with self-employed women. men in the region (41 per cent) and England as a whole (36 per cent). Few men and women employees, or self- employed men and women, in Wakefield are qualified to degree level and above.

Figure 4.15 Employees and self-employed men and Young men in Wakefield work longer hours than in the women of working age by qualification level region and nationally. Just 20 per cent of 16-24 year

60.0 olds work 30 hours or less per week, compared with 22 per cent in the region and 23 per cent in England, and 50.0 10 per cent work over 48 hours (10 per cent in the 40.0 region and 11 per cent in England). 30.0 Older men in Wakefield also work longer hours, with just 20.0 10 per cent of men aged 50 to 64 working less than 30 10.0 hours per week (11 per cent in both the region and in 0.0 England) and 25 per cent working over 49 hours per week (25 per cent in the region and 26 per cent nationally). Percentage of people in employment of people Percentage Self- Self- Self- Self- Self- Self- employed employed employed employed employed employed Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Women in Wakefield work shorter hours than men. Males Females Males Females Males Females However young women aged under 25 work longer Wakefield Yorks & Humber England hours than older women. About 59 per cent of them

No qualifications Lower level Higher level work between 31-48 hours, compared with 46 per cent

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 of women aged 35 to 49 and 42 per cent of women over 50. A similar pattern is seen in the region and nationally, although only 57 per cent of young women in the region Working Hours (and 59 per cent nationally) work 31-48 hours per week. Fewer young women in Wakefield work 30 hours or less Figure 4.16 illustrates the long working hours of men. per week (38 per cent) compared with those in the Men of working age in Wakefield work very long hours, region (41 per cent) and in England (38 per cent). with 54 per cent working between 38-48 hours per week, a higher proportion than in both the Yorkshire and The Comparing the data from the 1991 and 2001 17 Humber region (52 per cent) and in England (52 per Censuses , it is possible to look at the change in cent). 23 per cent of Wakefield men work above the working hours over that period. This is shown in Figure threshold of 48 hours, including 9 per cent who work 4.17. There was a fall in the proportion of men working over 60 hours per week, a figure similar to those for the more than 31 hours per week (4 per cent in region (10 per cent) and England (9 per cent). Wakefield,and about 5 per cent in the region and in England). For women, there was a drop in the Figure 4.16 People of working age in employment by proportions working more than 31 hours per week and hours worked and sex working 1-15 hours per week. Both of these changes 60.0 were greater in Wakefield than in the region and nationally, and consequently there was a significant rise (over 4 per 50.0 cent) in the proportion of women in Wakefield working 40.0 16-30 hours per week compared with the region (nearly 4 per cent) and England as a whole (3 per cent). 30.0 Figure 4.17 Change in men's and women's weekly working 20.0 hours 1991 to 2001

10.0 1-15 hours 5.0 16-30 hours 0.0 4.0 31+ hours Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England 3.0 Percentage of employed people of working age Humber Humber 2.0 Males Females 1.0 1-5 hours 6-15 hours 16-30 hours 31-37 hours 0.0 38-48 hours 49-59 hours 60+ hours -1.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 -2.0 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Women in Wakefield work shorter hours, with 12 per -3.0 -4.0

cent working fewer than 15 hours, and 32 per cent Change percentage in 1991-2001 -5.0 working 16 to 30 hours per week, a similar picture to that -6.0 in the region and in England. Fewer women in Wakefield work over 48 hours (5 per cent) than in the Yorkshire Source: 1991Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993, 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 and The Humber region (6 per cent) or England (7 per cent). 17 Source: 1991 Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993. 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.

Travel to Work and with 14 per cent of women aged 25-34, 4 per cent of men and 12.5 per cent of women aged 35-49, and 4 per In Wakefield a high proportion of men travel cent of men and 14 per cent of women over 50. Young to work by car people are also the most likely to travel to work as A large minority of women walk to work passengers, 17 per cent of men and 16 per cent of women aged under 25, compared with 7 per cent of men Figure 4.18 shows the mode of travel to work by men and 9 per cent of women aged 25-34. and women of working age. In Wakefield: In Wakefield, only 12 per cent of young men and 15 per • Fewer men and women work at home, compared cent of young women walk to work, compared with much with the Yorkshire and The Humber region and higher figures in the region (17 per cent and 18 per cent) England. and in England as a whole (15 per cent and 18 per cent). • More men drive to work, 67 per cent compared with 62 per cent in the Yorkshire and The Humber region 71 per cent of men over 50 drive to work, compared with and 59 per cent in England. only 40 per cent of men under 25. This is considerably higher than the figures for older men in the region (66 • Fewer men, but more women, walk to work (7 per per cent) and England (64 per cent). cent of men and 16 per cent of women) compared Comparison of data from the 1991 and 2001 Censuses18 with 8 per cent and 15 per cent in the region and 7 shows the change in method of travel to work by people per cent and 13 per cent in England. of working age. In Wakefield, there was a big increase (12 per cent) in women driving to work, and a fall in • Proportionally fewer men and women cycle to work travelling to work by train, bus, as a passenger in a car Figure 4.18 Men's and women's travel to work by method or on foot. By contrast, fewer men drove to work in 2001 of travel (1 per cent fewer). More men and women, at all geographical levels, worked at home in 2001. 100.0 2.3 1.2 2.6 1.1 2.9 1.1 6.5 15.5 7.7 14.5 7.1 13.2 90.0 2.4 3.7 3.8 Figure 4.19 shows the estimated distance travelled to 6.7 0.4 5.9 2.0 4.9 1.6 80.0 10.4 8.9 7.4 work. Men in Wakefield tend to travel longer distances to 70.0 work, with 41 per cent working 5-20km away from home, 60.0 compared with 35 per cent in the region and 34 per cent 50.0 58.7 51.3 66.6 51.2 61.8 50.5 in England. 13 per cent of men work more than 20km 40.0 away, compared with 14 per cent in the region and 16 30.0 per cent in England. 20.0 5.0 10.5 14.5 4.7 5.9 13.8 7.1 3.8 10.0 1.8 1.6 3.1 3.3 2.1 1.4 Women in Wakefield tend to work closer to home, 27 per 7.9 9.4 6.6 9.7 7.7 0.0 5.4 cent of them working within 2km, compared with just 15 Males Females Males Females Males Females per cent of men. However, in Wakefield fewer women Percentage of employed people of working age of working people employed of Percentage Wakefield Yorks & Humber England than men work at home (5 per cent compared with 8 per Home Underground/metro Train cent) and fewer women work at home than in the region Bus Driving Passenger Bicycle On foot Other (7 per cent) and in England (8 per cent). Fewer women

in Wakefield travel over 20km to work (6 per cent) than Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (7 per cent) and There are significant differences in the way men and England (9 per cent). women travel to work, and women continue to work closer to home. 14 per cent of women in Wakefield go to work by bus (compared with 6 per cent of men), 10 per cent of women travel as passengers in cars (compared with 7 per cent of men) and 16 per cent of women walk to work. Fewer women drive to work, 51 per cent compared with 67 per cent of men, although in Wakefield slightly more women travel to work by train 2.1 per cent (compared with 1.8 per cent of men). Young people tend to travel to work by public transport. In Wakefield, 20 per cent of men and a third of women

(33 per cent) aged under 25 travel by bus, train or 18 underground. This compares with just 8 per cent of men, Source: 1991 Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993. 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.

Figure 4.19 Distance (km) travelled to work by people of About 35 per cent of women in Wakefield work in sales working age, by sex and customer services and administration and 4.1 secretarial occupations, as in the region and in England Males 7.9 14.9 17.5 41.4 9.0 5.2 1.5 as a whole. Fewer women in Wakefield work as Females 5.4 27.0 23.5 36.8 4.6 1.2 managers, senior officials, professionals, associate Wakefield professionals and in technical occupations, a total of 28 Males 9.4 16.0 20.6 34.7 7.9 5.75.8 per cent compared with 32 per cent in the region and 36 2.6 per cent in England. Humber Yorks & Females 6.6 26.0 25.4 33.0 5.0 1.5 In Wakefield the proportion of men working in skilled Males 9.7 15.4 17.7 34.0 9.4 6.6 7.2 trades fell from 28 per cent in 1991 to 21 per cent in 3.0 19 1.8 2001 . There was also a small drop in the proportion of England Females 7.7 25.1 23.0 33.4 5.9 men employed as process, plant and machine 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 operatives (19 per cent in 1991 to 18 per cent in 2001). Percentage of people of working age in employment Over the same period there was also a fall in the Home <2km 2-5km 5-20km 20-40km 40+km Other proportion of men working in the skilled trades in the Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 region and in England as a whole (25 per cent to 21 per Note: Distance travelled to work is estimated as a straight line between cent in the region and 25 per cent to 19 per cent in home and workplace postcodes England). Men under 25 in Wakefield are more likely to work within

5km of home (43 per cent), compared with around 30 per cent of older men. This figure is much lower than for men under 25 in the Yorkshire and The Humber region (49 per cent) and in England (47 per cent). Like young men in Wakefield, fewer young women work within 5km of home (49 per cent) compared with the region (55 per cent) and England (53 per cent). In Wakefield the proportion of women aged 16-34 who work within 2km of home (around 22-24 per cent) is considerably lower than for women aged 35 to 49 (29 per cent). This differs a little from the patterns at regional and national levels.

Occupation and Industry In Wakefield many men are employed in skilled trades, and as process, plant and machine operatives A high proportion of women work in administrative and secretarial occupations and in elementary jobs Figure 4.20 shows gendered occupational distribution. Men in Wakefield work mainly in skilled trades (21 per cent); process, plant and machine operations (18 per cent) and in elementary occupations (16 per cent). Whereas many women work in administration and secretarial (21 per cent); sales and customer service (14 per cent) and in elementary occupations (17 per cent). Slightly more men work in elementary occupations in Wakefield (16 per cent) compared with the region (13 per cent) and England (12 per cent). In Wakefield fewer men are professionals, 8 per cent compared with 10 per cent in the region and 12 per cent in England. 19 Source: 1991 Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993. 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.

Figure 4.20 Occupations of people of working age, by sex

100.0 Elementary occupations 13.2 11.8 14.1 11.7 90.0 16.1 16.8 3.1 Process, Plant & 3.7 13.0 4.4 Machine 80.0 16.1 11.9 13.4 Operatives 18.4 4.1 Sales & Customer 70.0 2.0 14.4 4.1 12.7 Service 3.8 1.9 1.8 13.6 60.0 19.3 13.4 2.3 Personal Service 21.3 2.5 50.0 20.8 2.3 5.4 22.8 Skilled Trades 21.1 40.0 4.8 4.4 13.6 20.9 12.2 30.0 Admin. & 11.5 14.3 Secretarial 12.2 12.9 10.2 11.7 20.0 8.2 10.0 Associate Prof. & 7.0 9.0 Technical

Percentage of employedof working people age 10.0 15.0 16.2 18.7 9.2 9.7 11.2 Professionals 0.0 Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England Humber Humber Managers & Senior Officials Males Females

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers.

Figure 4.21 Industry of people of working age, by sex

100.0 3.1 3.6 4.4 4.9 5.4 6.0 Other 3.7 4.0 3.8 90.0 3.2 4.4 4.1 5.5 Health and Social Work 5.6 5.8 19.1 20.4 18.6 80.0 11.4 13.2 Education 18.1 10.8 70.0 9.5 12.4 12.1 8.6 Public Administration & 6.2 60.0 9.5 5.4 5.6 Defence; Social Security 23.6 13.7 Finance, real estate etc 50.0 20.4 15.0 18.1 19.7 3.7 Transport; Storage and 40.0 3.6 4.4 Communication 12.6 11.8 30.0 11.2 Wholesale, Retail, 29.3 Restaurants, Hotels 25.8 23.6 20.0 Construction 22.7 24.3 20.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 Percentage of employed people of working age of working people of employed Percentage 10.0 Manufac ture 9.7 9.3 8.8 0.0 1.1 2.2 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.7 Energy and water Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England Humber Humber Agriculture; Hunting; Men Women Forestry; fishing

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: ‘Other’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

Over the same period, there was a fall in the proportion Key Points of women working in administrative and secretarial occupations (down from 24 per cent to 21 per cent in • Between 1991 and 2002 there was a net increase Wakefield, 25 per cent to 21 per cent in the region and of just over 12,150 jobs in Wakefield. This varied 29 per cent to 23 per cent nationally). from a 6 per cent increase in male full-time jobs, a Figure 4.21 shows the industry in which people worked 116 per cent increase in male part-time jobs, a 3 per in 2001, with again marked differences between men cent loss of female full-time jobs and a 20 per cent and women. In Wakefield, more men worked in increase in female part-time jobs. construction (13 per cent) and in transport, storage and communication (10 per cent) than in the region or in • Between 1991 and 2002 about 2,000 male jobs and England as a whole. A high proportion of women in nearly 5,000 female jobs in manufacturing were lost Wakefield worked in wholesale, retail, hotels and in Wakefield. There was also an 8 per cent decrease restaurants (29 per cent compared with 26 per cent in in jobs in energy and water. the region and 24 per cent England). • More than 8,000 new jobs were created in 20 Between 1991 and 2001 there was a fall in the distribution, hotels and restaurants. More of the new proportion of men employed in manufacturing (from 26 full-time jobs went to men, and more of the part-time per cent to 23 per cent in Wakefield, 26 per cent to 24 jobs to women. per cent in the region and 27 per cent to 20 per cent in England) and an increase in men working in wholesale, • New jobs were also created in Wakefield in banking retail, hotels and restaurants (up from 18 per cent to 24 and finance and in transport and communications. per cent in Wakefield). The proportion of men employed Women mostly gained part-time jobs in these in finance and real estate went up from 6 per cent to 11 sectors, while the majority of new jobs taken by men per cent in Wakefield, 10 per cent to 13 per cent in the were full-time. region and 12 per cent to 18 per cent in England. The proportion of women in this sector also rose from 9 per • A relatively low proportion of women aged 50-59 in cent to 14 per cent between 1991 and 2001, compared Wakefield and a high proportion of both men and with from 10 per cent to 14 per cent in the region, and women aged 16-24 are economically active. from 14 per cent to 18 per cent in England. • In Wakefield, comparatively high percentages of

male and female employees and of self-employed Second Jobs men and women have no qualifications.

The census data relates to the main job that men and • Men in Wakefield work longer hours than their women are employed in. A major limitation of this source counterparts in the region and nationally. is that it does not collect information about men and women who have more than one job. Estimates for the • Between 1991 and 2001 there was a 1 per cent drop number of people with a second job can be obtained in the proportion of men driving to work in Wakefield, from the Labour Force Survey (LFS), a sample survey compared with a 12 per cent increase in the which is carried out annually. This shows that in proportion of women travelling to work by car. Wakefield in 2002/2003, 3.1 per cent of people had a second job21. In Yorkshire and The Humber 2.9 per cent of men and 6.1 per cent of women had a second job and in England as a whole the figures were 3.1 per cent of men and 5.4 per cent of women.

5. The Gender Pay Gap

The Kingsmill Review 200123 In the last few years, renewed attention has been given to the continuing 'gender pay gap' in the UK, which has "The 18 per cent headline wage gap is an indicator of persisted despite the introduction of the Equal Pay Act the extent to which businesses and organisations in the 1970 (implemented from 1975 onwards), and which is UK are mismanaging their human capital…. Clustering still very wide by comparison with most other European of women in lower status and lower paid jobs … countries. A number of major national reports have suggests that businesses are failing to properly develop recently reviewed the evidence on this question, and and utilise the skills and talents of women." have confirmed that there is an entrenched problem in the UK, which is damaging not only for the individual "Most organisations think there is no gender pay gap in wage earners affected, but also for organisations and their organisation, but they have no evidence to support businesses, and for the country as a whole. The boxes this." alongside include quotations from three important reports which have recently been commissioned or "When considering full-time employees, the worst supported by central government departments and industries were financial intermediation (65 per cent), the bodies, highlighting key issues. electricity, gas and water supply industry (69 per cent), and agriculture, hunting and forestry, etc. (73 per cent). This part of the profile provides for the first time details Additionally, there were variations between the public about this question at district and regional level, and the private sector. The gender pay gap for full-time indicating the extent to which this problem is of concern employees was smaller in the public sector than in the in Wakefield. private sector, with the ratio of women’s earnings at 86 per cent in the public sector compared to 78 per cent in the private sector. However, when comparing the pay of 22 Women's Incomes over the Lifetime male and female part-timers, the gap was wider in the "About half of the gender earnings gap is explained by public sector. Female part-timers earned 75 per cent of the fact that married, childless women work fewer hours male counterparts in the public sector, compared with 99 over their lifetimes than comparable men; about half is per cent in the private sector." due to the hourly pay gap between men and women. The size of the gender earnings gap also varies by educational level, with low- and mid-skilled women losing out most, but even highly-skilled women

(graduates) experience a lifetime earnings gap of 24 NIESR Report 2001 £143,000. In addition to the gender earnings gap, women who have children experience a ‘mother gap’ "In spite of legislation aimed at securing equal pay and which represents the difference in lifetime earnings employment opportunities for women, the gender pay between equivalently educated women with and without gap has persisted into the twenty-first century. .. The children. For two children these figures are: low-skilled position of women who work full-time has improved women, £285,000; mid-skilled women, £140,000; and compared with that of men, with the gender pay gap high-skilled women, £19,000. High-skilled mothers forgo falling from 36 per cent of the full-time male wage in less income than low- or mid-skilled mothers as they 1973 to 18 per cent in 2000." tend to retain their place in the labour market. However, this does not recognise any childcare costs they may incur. Delaying childbirth has a significant, positive impact on lifetime earnings. It is estimated that a mid- skilled woman who starts her family at 24 and has two children forgoes more than twice as much as if she started her family at 30."

23 Kingsmill, D. (2001), The Kingsmill Review of Women's Pay and Employment, London, DTI 24 Anderson, T., Forth, J., Metcalf, H. and Kirby, S. (2001) The Gender 22 Rake, K. (2001) Women's Incomes over the Lifetime. London: The Pay Gap: final report to DfEE London, National Institute for Economic Stationary Office and Social Research.

Causes of the Gender Pay Gap earnings, as shown in the government's report, "Women's Earnings over the Lifetime", published by the This part of the profile explores the patterns in the gross Cabinet Office in 2000. Breaks in employment and weekly and hourly pay of people in Wakefield, compared changes of employer can also lead to women being with the Yorkshire and The Humber region and England placed lower on pay scales when returning to work as a whole. following a period of childcare or caring. One of the causes of the gender pay gap is gender Furthermore, much part-time work is low paid. Women segregation in the labour market. Women and men tend often work part-time in mid-career while male part-time to work in different occupations, or are concentrated at workers are often students or older men who are exiting different levels within occupational hierarchies. Jobs in the labour market. Rapid changes in the proportion of which men predominate tend to be better paid, and often women returning to employment after maternity leave offer bonuses and pay incentives which are less may affect this situation for today's younger women. common in jobs where most employees are women. Pay systems can also contribute to the gender pay gap. Data on the segregation of women and men by Job grading practices, appraisal systems, reward occupation and industrial structure were presented in schemes, individualised wage negotiation practices and Chapter 4, and for Wakefield showed significant retention measures have all been found to have an differences. adverse effect on women's wages. The impact of women's family and care responsibilities and inadequacies in the supporting services available, Pay in Wakefield especially in some localities, are also important. The gendered impact of these factors is discussed in In Wakefield, hourly pay is lower for both Chapters 6 and 8 on 'Unemployment and Economic men and women than in England as a whole Inactivity' and on 'Work-Life Balance'. Not only do these Figure 5.1 shows gross weekly and hourly pay for men factors influence women's choice of jobs/careers, they and women in Wakefield, the Yorkshire and The Humber can also affect the number of hours they are able to region, and England as a whole, together with the work, and the distance they are prepared to travel to number of hours they work each week. While the their place of work. The differences in the way men and average full-time male worker in England earned £13.10 women in Wakefield travel to work have already been per hour, and those in the Yorkshire and The Humber discussed in Chapter 4. region earned £11.24 per hour, men in full- time Interrupted employment patterns and part-time working employment in Wakefield earned only £10.98. are also strongly linked to women's lower lifetime

Figure 5.1. Gross weekly pay, hourly pay and the total hours worked for all workers and for those who work full-time Area Gross Weekly Pay (£) Hourly pay including Total hours worked overtime (£) weekly (hrs) Males Females Males Females Males Females Wakefield All 436.24 247.08 10.89 8.52 40.2 30.3 Full-time 459.79 340.14 10.98 9.16 41.9 37.1 Part-time ** 126.59 ** 6.82 ** 20.5 Yorkshire and All 442.47 262.16 11.12 ** 40.2 29.7 The Humber Full-time 467.63 357.68 11.24 ** 41.5 37.4 Part-time ** 144.49 ** 7.33 19.5 20.0 England All 503.00 297.00 12.90 10.00 39.1 30.1 Full-time 535.00 402.00 13.10 10.70 40.9 37.4 Part-time 169.11 151.40 9.05 7.86 18.9 19.5 25 Source: New Earnings Survey 2003, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: ** Missing values are based on very small numbers of people and therefore cannot be included, as such data is not reliable in the statistical sense.

25 The New Earnings Survey is based on a 1% sample of employees in employment. These data relate to people who are resident in Wakefield.

Women at all geographical levels earned much less than Figure 5.3 Gross weekly pay ratios - Administrative and their male counterparts, and women in full-time secretarial occupations employment in Wakefield earned less than comparable 1.40 women nationally, just £9.16 per hour. However, women 1.20 employed part-time were paid even less, £6.82 per hour, compared with their counterparts in the region (£7.33 1.00 per hour) and in England (£7.86 per hour). 0.80 Average weekly pay is affected by the hours that men 0.60 and women work. Normal basic hours of work across 0.40 both full-time and part-time employment averaged 40.2 0.20 each week for men, and 30.3 per week for women in 0.00 Wakefield. This is similar to men and women in the Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT region (40.2 and 29.7 hours per week) and England as a Wakefield Yorkshire & Humber England whole (39.1 and 30.1 hours per week). Although the Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 number of hours worked each week is similar at all geographical levels, low hourly pay in Wakefield Figure 5.4 Gross weekly pay ratios - Personal services contributes to lower gross weekly pay. This is shown in 1.20 Figure 5.1. Men and women in Wakefield earned less than their counterparts in the region and England, with 1.00 women earning less than men. 0.80

Figures 5.2 - 5.6 show women's weekly pay as a ratio of 0.60 men's weekly pay in selected occupations. In these 0.40 figures, equal pay exists if the bar is at 1.00. Bars below 1.00 indicate that in that occupation on average 0.20 women's pay is only a proportion of that of men. Bars 0.00 above 1.00 indicate that women are earning more than Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT men. Wakefield Yorkshire & Humber England

Pay data for all occupations (Figure 5.2) show that Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 Note: Missing 'bars' occur where data are based on very small patterns of pay in Wakefield vary only slightly from the numbers of people and therefore cannot be included regional and national pictures. In all categories of employment women earn less than men. Figure 5.5 Gross weekly pay ratios - Sales and customer service occupations Figure 5.2 Gross weekly pay ratios - All occupations 1.20 1.00 1.00 0.90

0.80 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.10 Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT 0.00 Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT Wakefield Yorkshire & Humber England

Wakefield Yorkshire & Humber England Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003

Note: Missing 'bars' occur where data are based on very small Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 numbers of people and therefore cannot be included In Wakefield the gender pay gap is larger than the The pay data for different occupations show that women national average among managers and senior and men come closest to equal pay in administrative professionals (Figure 5.6). Full-time women in and secretarial occupations, as shown in Figure 5.3. Wakefield in this occupation earned less than 70 per Men in this occupation tend to be paid low wages, like cent of full-time men. In personal services (Figure 5.4) women. In this occupation, women earned more than and in sales (Figure 5.5) it can be seen that, in men in Wakefield in part-time employment. This is also Wakefield, women full-time employees earned only consistent with the regional and national pattern. about 80 per cent as much as male full-time employees.

Figure 5.6 Gross weekly pay ratios - Managers and senior £250 per week, rather more than at the regional level professionals (29 per cent), and in England as a whole (24 per cent).

0.90 By contrast, only 10 per cent of Wakefield men working 0.80 full-time earned less than £250 per week, a little lower 0.70 than the proportions in the region (12 per cent) and in 0.60 England (11 per cent). 0.50 Among full-time men in employment, while the top 10 0.40 per cent in England earned £870 or more per week, and 0.30 in the region the top 10 per cent of men earned at least 0.20 0.10 £727, the top 10 per cent in Wakefield earned only £709 0.00 or more per week. Among full-time women in Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT employment, the top 10 per cent of earners earned £610

Wakefield Yorkshire & Humber England or more in Wakefield, compared with £583 or more in the region, and at least £644 in England as a whole. The Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 Note: Missing 'bars' occur where data are based on very small earnings level for women in the bottom 10 per cent of numbers of people and therefore cannot be included earners was lower in Wakefield than in the Yorkshire and The Humber region and in England as a whole, Low pay is much more prevalent for women full-time £171 compared with £193 or more in the region and workers in Wakefield than in the Yorkshire and The £203 or more nationally. At all geographical levels, the Humber region and England as a whole. Figure 5.7 bottom 10 per cent of full-time women earners earned shows the percentages of women and men whose less than the bottom 10 per cent of full-time men. weekly pay falls into different wage bands. A third of Wakefield women working full-time earned less than

Figure 5.7. Distribution of weekly earnings: Men and women in full-time employment Area Percentage of people earning under: 10% earn £250 £350 £460 Less than More than Wakefield Males 9.9 34.2 56.9 £251.10 £709.10 Females 33.5 60.0 72.6 £171.00 £610.20 Yorkshire and The Males 12.1 38.0 61.9 £238.00 £727.90 Humber Females 28.9 59.7 77.9 £193.90 £583.60 England Males 10.6 32.4 53.8 £246.60 £870.20 Females 23.6 51.9 71.5 £203.10 £644.40 Source: New Earnings Survey 2003, Crown Copyright 2004 senior professional occupations and narrowest in Wakefield: Key Points administrative and secretarial occupations.

• In Wakefield, hourly pay rates for both men and • The top 10 per cent of earners in Wakefield who women who work full-time are lower than in the work full-time earned much less than their region and England as a whole. counterparts in England, especially among men. The bottom 10 per cent of female earners working full- • Weekly pay rates for both men and women are time in Wakefield earned less than their counterparts lower than regionally and nationally. in both the region and England as a whole. • Women in full-time employment earn less than their male counterparts at all geographical levels.

• Although for full-time workers across all occupations, the ratio of women's to men's gross weekly pay is similar for Wakefield, the region and nationally, there is significant variation by occupation. The pay gap is widest for women in Wakefield in managerial and

Another measure of unemployment is the number of 6. Unemployment and people claiming unemployment-related benefits (the claimant count). In certain circumstances people may be Economic Inactivity unemployed but not appear in the claimant count, thus masking the true extent of unemployment. Figure 6.2 shows the claimant count and an alternative estimate of Unemployment the 'real' unemployment rate. Researchers at Sheffield Hallam University have used a range of measures to Unemployment in Wakefield is particularly estimate a 'real' level of unemployment, which includes marked amongst young men and women not only the claimant count but also large numbers of people diverted onto other benefits (e.g. Incapacity Although assessing the level of unemployment and Benefit) or outside the benefits system altogether. economic inactivity is notoriously difficult, data from a number of sources can be used to show proportions of The 'real' unemployment rate of just under 12 per cent men and women of working age who are unemployed in for men and 11 per cent for women in Wakefield is Wakefield compared with the region and England as a higher than the regional and national equivalents. While whole. 'real' unemployment is higher amongst men in Wakefield, the difference between the claimant count Figure 6.1 shows the percentages of men and women and the 'real' unemployment rate is greatest for women who described themselves as unemployed when they – by almost 9 per cent. This suggests that more women completed their 2001 Census return. This showed an may experience 'hidden' unemployment. unemployment rate for working age men of over 5 per cent in Wakefield, which was slightly lower than that for Figure 6.2 Claimant count and ‘real’ unemployment Yorkshire and The Humber (5.5 per cent) but higher Claimant Count than in England as a whole (4.8 per cent). This equated 12 Real Unemployment to 5,043 unemployed men. For women of working age 10 the unemployment rate was 3.2 per cent (almost 3,000 women), consistent with the regional picture but 8 marginally higher than the corresponding rate for 6 England. 4 Figure 6.1 Self described unemployment by age and sex 10.0 Wakefield 2 Yorks & Humber Percentage of people working age of 8.0 England 0 Male Female Male Female Male Female 6.0 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 4.0 Source: Beatty, C., Fothergill, S., Gore, T. and Green, A. (2003) ‘The 2.0 Real Level of Unemployment 2002’, Sheffield Hallam University Percentageage of group 0.0 Another measure of unemployment is the 'Want Work Rate'26 (WWR). The TUC has estimated 'want work' Males Males Males Males Males

Females Females Females Females Females rates that include all those who say they want a job. The 16-24 25-34 35-49 50- Working working age 'want work' rate takes those who are Retirement Age Age unemployed plus the inactive who want work as a share

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 of the active labour force plus the inactive who want work. Using this methodology it is possible to produce The highest levels of unemployment were found WWRs for Wakefield, the Yorkshire and The Humber amongst those aged 16-24, where the rates for men and region and England. These are presented in Figure 6.3. women were 9.4 per cent and 5.6 per cent respectively, This shows that although the unemployment and 'real significantly above the regional and national rates. This unemployment' rates are usually higher for men than suggests a particular unemployment problem among the women, the converse is true of the WWRs at all younger workforce, as Wakefield's unemployment rates geographical levels. The WWR in Wakefield is lower for all other age bands are below or in line with the than in the region and nationally. regional average. At all ages and across all geographical levels the self-described unemployment rate for men is higher than that for women. 26 'Inactive Britain' - TUC report on working age inactivity in Britain and the rest of Europe, January 2004.

Among the inactive who wanted a job the most common amongst women, and particularly younger women. Over reason given for not looking for employment was long- 20 per cent of 16-24 year olds had never been in paid term sickness and disability, covering about 34 per cent employment. This is consistent with the situation in the of the total27. The next most common reason was family wider region and England, both of which exhibit similar and care responsibilities, accounting for another 32 per trends. cent. There was also a small group of students, about 13 Figure 6.5 suggests relative success on the part of per cent of the total. However, nearly 20 per cent gave Wakefield in terms of long term unemployment rates. 'some other reason' (including a small number of Less than 18 per cent of unemployed males in Wakefield discouraged workers (about 2 per cent) who think there had been out of work for more than 5 years compared are no jobs available. with just under 20 per cent in the wider region and 19 Figure 6.3 Want Work Rates per cent nationally. Figures for Wakefield women (23 per All Males Females cent) also compared favourably with the averages for Yorkshire and The Humber (24 per cent) and England Wakefield 10.9 ** ** (23 per cent). However, as mentioned above, estimates Yorkshire & of the ‘real’ level of unemployment suggest a more The Humber 11.6 10.9 12.3 severe problem of labour market detachment in Wakefield that is masked by a focus only on those England 11.1 9.9 12.5 claiming unemployment-related benefits. Source: LFS 2002, ONS and Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield Hallam University Many unemployed women last worked in sales, clerical and in personal service occupations. In contrast a large number of Length of time since last worked and former men were formerly in skilled trades or occupation and industry working as process, plant and machine In Wakefield, a comparatively small operatives. proportion of unemployed men and women Figure 6.6 shows the former occupations of those have never been in paid employment. people of working age who said they were unemployed. Among unemployed men in Wakefield over 56 per cent Figure 6.4 The percentage of unemployed people who formerly worked in elementary occupations (typically low have never been in paid employment by age and sex paid, low skilled posts) or as plant and machine operatives. In the wider region this figure was just under 25.0 50 per cent, and in England, less than 43 per cent. A

20.0 large proportion of Wakefield's unemployed women (30 per cent) were also previously employed in elementary 15.0 occupations – 8 per cent higher than the equivalent national figure. Just over 15 per cent of unemployed 10.0 men in Wakefield formerly occupied managerial, 5.0 professional, and associate professional or technical posts. This compares with 18 per cent for the region and 0.0 Percentage of unemployed people over 23 per cent nationally. This difference is similar for Males Females Males Females Males Females women. Just 13 per cent of unemployed women in Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Wakefield formerly held posts at this level, compared Working Age 16-24 25-34 35-49 50-Retirement Age with 1 in 5 in England. 19 per cent of unemployed

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003. women last worked in sales and customer services and 15 per cent in administrative and secretarial posts. Figure 6.4 shows that Wakefield had a relatively low percentage of unemployed people of working age who had never been in paid employment. The figures for men (8 per cent) and women (almost 10 per cent) compare favourably with the regional and national picture. Lack of participation in the labour market was more acute

Figure 6.5 Unemployed people of working age by length of time since last worked and sex

100.0 e 90.0 32.4 31.8 29.4 29.3 32.2 32.3 80.0

70.0

60.0 27.2 30.5 26.2 30.2 29.4 29.6 50.0

40.0 9.3 8.9 8.7 10.1 9.5 9.8 30.0 4.8 4.6 3.6 5.2 2.9 2.3 2.3 5.0 2.8 5.5 2.0 2.8 2.1 2.7 2.2 6.4 2.7 20.0 1.9 6.1 2.1 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 6.4 6.3 6.5 10.0 4.6 5.1 4.5 Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working of people unemployed of Percentage 7.9 9.7 9.2 11.4 8.8 10.4 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females Wakefield Yorks & Humber England

Never worked Pre 1991 1991-1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Figure 6.6 Unemployed people of working age by former occupation and sex

100.0 Elementary Occupations e 90.0 22.4 30.5 27.2 30.4 27.6 Process, Plant & 80.0 36.2 Machine Operatives 5.9 Sales & Customer 70.0 7.2 Service 15.5 9.9 18.5 60.0 18.6 19.4 Personal Service 20.4 7.3 50.0 18.8 6.6 2.1 12.0 1.9 Skilled Trades 4.3 40.0 1.7 19.1 12.5 2.9 10.4 19.6 2.9 30.0 18.4 2.4 17.7 Admin. & Secretarial 5.2 14.4 20.0 4.2 9.2 15.0 3.7 7.5 9.0 Associate Prof. & 5.2 6.5

Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working of people unemployed of Percentage 5.1 10.0 3.7 4.9 4.6 Technical. 3.5 2.0 3.4 6.6 7.4 9.2 6.2 5.9 7.0 0.0 Professional Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England Humber Humber Managers & Senior Males Females Officials

Figure 6.7 Unemployed people of working age by former industry and sex

100.0 1.62.4 3.6 5.0 5.6 5.8 5.0 Other 2.21.7 2.4 2.6 2.6

e 2.3 90.0 2.2 2.4 2.4 10.0 2.4 11.3 13.2 2.4 Health & social work 11.5 80.0 14.2 4.8 14.2 8.4 3.0 6.2 Education 7.3 2.3 70.0 5.0 8.3 14.1 8.3 Public administration 6.8 13.9 etc 60.0 7.5 3.6 7.5 24.1 3.4 Financial & Real 20.1 11.2 Estate 50.0 19.7 13.6 19.7 Transport storage & communications 40.0 14.6 14.7 Hotels & restaurants 27.5 30.0 13.9 25.3 13.9 Wholesale & retail 20.0 26.2 25.2 1.3 Construction 20.8 1.5 20.8 Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working of people unemployed of Percentage 10.0 16.6 13.5 Manufacture 0.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 0.4 0.8 2.0 Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England Energy and Water Humber Humber Agriculture, fishing etc Males Females

Figure 6.7 shows the former industry of unemployed Economic Inactivity people of working age. Almost a quarter of unemployed men in Wakefield were previously employed in the In Wakefield, students account for a wholesale and retail sector, higher than the percentage comparatively small proportion of the for the region and England (both 20 per cent). 26 per economically inactive. cent of unemployed men formerly occupied positions in Wakefield's economically inactive population manufacturing industry, slightly more than the regional includes a relatively high proportion of equivalent (25 per cent) but markedly higher than in people who are permanently sick or England (21 per cent). The wholesale and retail sector disabled. also accounts for a large proportion of the former industries of Wakefield women, (28 per cent) compared Figure 6.8 shows the different categories found among with 25 per cent in the Yorkshire and The Humber region men and women who are economically inactive. This and 24 per cent in England. 17 per cent of unemployed shows that: women in Wakefield last worked in manufacturing and 14 per cent in finance and real estate. • Wakefield has a below average proportion of students, just 3.3 per cent of working age males and

4 per cent of females. This is significantly less than the regional average of 5.5 per cent for males and almost 6 per cent for females.

• 14 per cent of women of working age in Wakefield were looking after a home or family full-time, similar to the regional and national trends.

• 10 per cent of men and over 7 per cent of women of working age in Wakefield were inactive in the labour market because of sickness or disability. These figures are considerably higher than the corresponding regional and national figures.

Figure 6.8 People of working age by economic inactivity, Figure 6.9 Percentage of women who look after their sex and reason for inactivity home/family full-time within each age group

35.0 20.0 30.0 4.1 3.8 3.6 25.0 16.0 7.1 5.3 4.7 20.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 15.0 13.9 14.1 12.0 10.0 7.0 6.0 14.0 10.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 5.0 3.3 5.5 5.3 8.0 4.0 5.9 5.7 3.4 3.1 3.0 their home/family 0.0 1.5 1.5 1.4

4.0 Percentage of people of working age working of people of Percentage Humber Humber Yorks & Yorks Yorks & Yorks England England Wakefield Wakefield 0.0 Percentage of women in ageband who look after after look who ageband in women of Percentage Males Females 16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 WA

Retired Student Home/family Sick/disabled Other Reason Wakefield Yorks & Humber England

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Data from the 1991 and 2001 Censuses show a large increase in Wakefield in the proportion of men of Figure 6.10 Percentage of working age population who are working age who were economically inactive, from 16 claiming Incapacity Benefit 28 per cent in 1991 to 21 per cent in 2001 . Similar Males increases occurred in the region (14 per cent to 20 per 14.0 Females cent) and in England (13 per cent to 18 per cent). By 12.0 contrast, there was a decrease in female economic 10.0 inactivity over the same period, from 34 per cent to 31 per cent in Wakefield, 33 per cent to 30 per cent in the 8.0 region and 32 per cent to 29 per cent in England as a 6.0 whole. There was also a substantial increase in the 4.0 proportion of people of working age who were permanently sick or disabled in Wakefield (up 3 2.0

percentage points for both men and women). This was a age working of people of Percentage 0.0 larger increase than for the region (1 percentage point Wakefield Yorks & Humber England for both men and women) and in England (1 percentage point for men and 2 for women). Source: Claimants of Key Benefits, DWP, August 2003 Figure 6.9 provides an age breakdown of women who look after their home or family full-time. At all The proportion of working age men and women geographical levels, women aged 25-34 are most likely receiving Incapacity Benefit are relatively high in to be in this situation. Young women (aged 16-24) in Wakefield compared with the Yorkshire and The Humber Wakefield, were rather more likely than young women in region and England. Figure 6.10 shows that in the region or in England, and women aged 35-49 rather Wakefield more than 13 per cent of men and nearly 10 less likely, to be looking after their home and family full- per cent of women of working age were claiming time. Incapacity Benefit in August 2003.

Qualifications and Economic Activity Figure 6.12 Women of working age and their level of qualification by economic activity Qualifications have a significant effect on employment status especially for women. 100.0 6.4 7.3 5.8 6.0 5.9 5.5 6.4 8.1 For women, a lack of qualifications is 90.0 22.6 20.6 20.2 5.5 11.6 11.7 2.8 12.9 strongly linked to looking after a family or 1.5 5.3 5.1 80.0 1.9 2.2 home. 9.7 13.5 12.5

70.0 3.3 21.2 Figures 6.11 and 6.12 show the difference qualifications 19.9 21.8 3.2 3.0 make to employment status and highlight the difference 82.9 60.0 80.4 79.0 in the positions of men and women holding the same 4.0 68.9 4.9 5.5 3.5 65.9 65.8 level of qualification. 50.0 3.7 3.5 50.1 Percentage of women of working age 49.0 49.6 In Wakefield: 40.0 None None None Lower Lower Lower • only 50 per cent of women with no qualifications Higher Higher Higher were in employment compared with almost 62 per Wakefield Yorks & Humber England

cent of their male equivalents, and 83 per cent of In Employment Unemployed Student Home/family Inactive Other

women with a degree Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below. • nearly 20 per cent of women with no qualifications Higher level qualifications are those equivalent to degree and above were looking after their home and/or family full-time, compared with under 6 per cent of highly qualified women Families and Economic Activity Many children in Wakefield are growing up in women and men with no qualifications were twice as • workless households. likely to be unemployed as those with a degree Lone parents in Wakefield are less likely to 85 per cent of men holding a higher qualification, and 83 be in employment than their counterparts in per cent of women, were in employment. A higher the region and England. percentage of graduate women in Wakefield were in 29 employment than at the regional or national level. Figure 6.13 Dependent children in households with no However, this different was not evident among graduate working adult and two or more working adults men. 50.0 Level of qualification also varies by age. This was discussed fully in Chapter 3. 40.0 Figure 6.11 Men of working age and their level of qualification by economic activity 30.0

100.0 20.0 6.7 6.8 7.3 9.7 7.9 7.0 0.7 0.5 90.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 4.5 1.9 23.3 5.0 22.3 8.0 10.0 27.1 3.0 12.5 3.1 11.7 3.0 4.6 children dependent of Percentage 80.0 4.5 5.0 1.8 2.0 0.0 1.8 4.3 4.8 70.0 3.4 7.2 6.3 6.0 All 84.9 83.5 85.1 All 60.0 79.3 children children children children children children aged 0-4 aged 5-9 aged 75.1 76.2 0-4 aged 5-9 aged dependent dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent 63.3 64.8 50.0 61.6 No working adults 2 or more working adults

Percentage of men of working age working of men of Percentage Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 40.0 Source: 2001 Census Standard Theme Table on Dependent Children, Crown copyright 2003 None None None Lower Lower Lower Higher Higher Higher Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Figure 6.13 shows that 19 per cent of dependent

In Employment Unemployed Student Home/family Inactive Other children in Wakefield live in households with no working

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown copyright 2003 29 Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below. A dependent child is a person in a household aged 0 to 15 (whether Higher level qualifications are those equivalent to degree and above or not in a family) or a person aged 16 to 18 who is a full-time student in a family with parent(s).

adult. This was a little higher than the percentage for Figure 6.14 Lone parent families with dependent children England as a whole (17 per cent). About half of all by economic activity and sex of lone parent dependent children in Wakefield were living in 100.0 households with two or more working adults, consistent 90.0 32.7 29.1 28.1 80.0 with the regional and national patterns. 47.0 45.4 45.8 70.0 9.1 8.0 8.7 Figure 6.14 shows that both male and female lone 60.0 7.3 5.6 7.1 parents in Wakefield were more likely to be economically 50.0 6.3 6.4 6.1 inactive than lone parents in the region and England. 40.0 29.2 26.2 30.0 29.2 Among lone mothers this arises from the relatively low 53.0 54.7 56.6 20.0

proportion who work full-time - about 17 per cent Percentage of lone parents 22.0 compared with 19 per cent in the region and 22 per cent 10.0 17.5 19.1 0.0 across England. The higher economic inactivity among lone fathers is linked to lower percentages working part- (957) (15,445) Yorks & Yorks Humber (9,046) Yorks & Yorks Humber England (151,057) (140,525) England Wakefield time and higher unemployment than among lone fathers Wakefield (1,354,546) in the region and England. Lone fathers are also far Male Lone Parents Female Lone Parents more likely to work full-time than lone mothers. In Full-time Part-time Unemployed Inactive

Figure 6.15 Couple families with dependent children where none, one or both of the adults are employed, by parental economic activity

100.0 3.1 4.0 4.1 12.2 10.4 9.5 90.0 4.4 5.0 5.3 7.0 80.0 5.7 8.1

70.0 62.6 62.8 60.9 75.1 74.7 70.9 72.3 60.0 77.5 79.9 93.6 92.6 92.6 50.0 96.9 96.0 95.9

Percentage 40.0 77.1 76.2 79.1 30.0

7.3 20.0 6.4 39.1 37.4 37.2 5.9 29.1 10.7 25.3 27.7 10.0 9.3 7.4 6.9 6.4 6.7 7.4 6.7 7.4 0.0 Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Both One None Both One None Both One None

Wakefield Yorks & Humber England

Full-time Part-time Unemployed Inactive

Figure 6.15 shows the economic activity of adults in • Permanent sickness or disability was the reason for couple families with dependent children. In families not participating in the labour market for 10 per cent where both parents worked, 96 per cent of fathers of men and over 7 per cent of women. Both these worked full-time and over 60 per cent of women were figures were higher than the national average. employed part-time. This pattern applied across all areas. In couple families in which only one adult worked, • Qualifications have a marked effect on employment fewer women were economically inactive in Wakefield status. Wakefield's unqualified women were less (75 per cent) than in the Yorkshire and The Humber likely to be employed than unqualified men and region (78 per cent) and England (80 per cent). There more likely to be at home full-time looking after the were thus proportionally more employed females in home or family. Almost 80 per cent of graduate couple families with only one working adult in Wakefield women in Wakefield, compared with just 50 per cent (18 per cent) than in the wider region (16 per cent) and of unqualified women, were in paid employment. England as a whole (14 per cent). • In the 16-24 year old age group the percentage of Key Points women looking after their home or family full-time was higher in Wakefield than in the Yorkshire and • In Wakefield, a higher proportion of young men and The Humber region or England as a whole. women were unemployed than in the region or across England. • Unemployment and economic inactivity have a severe impact on the household. 19 per cent of • Estimates of 'real' unemployment for both men and dependent children in Wakefield live in households women in Wakefield suggest official unemployment with no working adult. data disguise the scale of labour market detachment. For women the estimate of 'real' • Lone parents in Wakefield were less active in the unemployment was 9 per cent higher than the labour market than their counterparts in England. claimant count. About 58 per cent of lone fathers and 47 per cent of lone mothers with dependent children were in • Wakefield has a comparatively low proportion of employment. This compared with national figures of unemployed men and women, across all ages, who 64 per cent and 48 per cent for men and women have never been in paid employment. respectively.

• A high proportion of unemployed people of working age in Wakefield (36 per cent of men and 30 per cent of women) were previously employed in elementary occupations. There were marked differences in the previous occupations of women and men.

• Almost a quarter of unemployed men in Wakefield previously worked in the wholesale and retail sector and another 26 per cent in manufacturing industry. Over 27 per cent of unemployed women also formerly worked in wholesale and retail jobs with another 13 per cent previously employed in manufacturing.

• In 2001, only 3.3 per cent of men and 4 per cent of women of working age in Wakefield were students, significantly below the regional and national percentages.

• For 14 per cent of women of working age economic inactivity was associated with their family and household responsibilities.

cent for women) or in England as a whole (23 per cent 7. Women, Men and and 13 per cent respectively). Diversity A relatively high proportion of young Pakistani men and women in Wakefield were self-employed (9 per cent of men and 1.5 per cent of women) compared with young people across the district (2.2 per cent of men and 0.6 The Employment Circumstances of People per cent of women), and with their counterparts in the from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups region (3.2 per cent of men and 0.6 per cent of women) and nationally (3 per cent of men and 0.2 per cent of women). Black and Minority Ethnic women and men in Economic Activity 25 years - retirement age Wakefield have distinctly different patterns of employment and economic activity. Mature Pakistani men in Wakefield had higher rates of full-time employment than either their counterparts in the As described in Chapter 1, Wakefield has only a small Yorkshire and The Humber region or in England (60 per population of its residents from Black and Minority Ethnic cent for Pakistani men in Wakefield, 49 per cent for groups. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 show young men and Pakistani men in the region and 54 per cent for women by ethnicity and economic activity status as England). However, this figure was lower than for the recorded in the 2001 Census. Some of the ethnicity whole population in the district (71 per cent). Pakistani categories contain very small numbers, with the largest women were less likely than other women in Wakefield groups of young people found among the Pakistani (656 to be in full-time (9 per cent) or part-time (6 per cent) people), White Other (243 people) and Indian (129 employment, and more likely to be looking after their people) population groups. home or family full-time (57 per cent) than women Among mature people of working age (25-59 for women, across the district (15 per cent) or than Pakistani women 25-64 for men), the same ethnic groups have the largest in the region (52 per cent) or nationally (48 per cent). numbers after the majority White British category. Here Full-time self-employment was more prevalent among the numbers are: Pakistani - 566 women and 646 men; Pakistani men in Wakefield than among other Wakefield White Other - 531 women and 536 men and Indian - residents. 27 per cent of Wakefield's Pakistani men were 249 women and 314 men with the addition of White Irish self-employed full-time, compared with 10 per cent of all - 301 women and 428 men. Wakefield men, and with 16 per cent and 8 per cent of The economic activity, occupations and industrial Pakistani men in the region and England respectively. distribution of the above Black and Minority Ethnic Occupations of the employed population groups are the focus of discussion in this section. Data for all Black and Minority Ethnic groups are shown in the Wakefield's Pakistani population contains a higher figures presented. proportion of men who work as process, plant or machine operatives (42 per cent compared with 18 per Wakefield's Pakistani Population cent across the district, and with 30 per cent of Pakistani men in the region and 25 per cent nationally). Economic Activity: 16-24 year olds Consistent with this picture, Pakistani men in Wakefield Compared with other young men in Wakefield, the were less likely than other residents, and than their district's Pakistani population contains proportionately counterparts at regional and national level, to occupy more students (44 per cent, compared with 31 per cent). jobs in administrative and secretarial occupations or in However, among Wakefield's young Pakistani women professional, associate professional or technical jobs. the proportion who are students is just 32 per cent Pakistani women in Wakefield were more likely to work compared with 35 per cent of women in the district as a in administrative and secretarial occupations (28 per whole. cent) than all women across the district (21 per cent) or 30 per cent of young Pakistani men are in full-time than Pakistani women in the region (19 per cent) and employment in Wakefield, and 19 per cent of young England (20 per cent). In Wakefield, proportionally more Pakistani women, compared with 50 per cent and 33 per Pakistani women were employed as managers, cent in the district's overall 16-24 population. Full-time senior officials, professionals, associate professionals or employment among Pakistani young people in Wakefield technicians than women across the district (31 per cent is higher than among this ethnic group in the Yorkshire compared with 28 per cent). This is in contrast to the and The Humber region (23 per cent for men and 12 per picture in the region (29 per cent of Pakistani women compared with 32 per cent of all women) and nationally

(32 per cent of Pakistani women compared with 36 per 35 per cent. In 2001, there was low unemployment cent of all women). among White Other young men in Wakefield (5 per cent, compared with 9 per cent for all young men in the Wakefield's Pakistani women were less likely to have district). A low proportion of young women in this jobs as process, plant or machine operatives (1.4 per category were employed full-time (24 per cent, cent compared with 4.4 per cent of all Wakefield's compared with 34 per cent of all women, and with 16 per women, and with 6 per cent of Pakistani women in both cent and 28 per cent respectively of White Other young the region and England). Pakistani men and women in women in the region and England). Full-time Wakefield were also less likely than men and women employment among White Other young men in across the district, or than other men of their ethnic Wakefield (33 per cent) was higher than that found in group regionally and nationally, to be in elementary this ethnic group in the Yorkshire and Humber region (19 occupations. per cent), or in England as a whole (28 per cent). Industrial distribution of the employed Economic Activity 25 years - retirement age population Among mature working age people, White Other men in By comparison with Pakistani men in England and in the Wakefield had higher rates of full-time employment (71 Yorkshire and The Humber region, Wakefield's Pakistani per cent) than their counterparts in the region (66 per men were less likely to work in wholesale, retail, cent), although this figure was the same as White Other restaurants and hotels sector or in public administration, men in England (71 per cent), and to all men across the education, health and social work, and more likely to district (71 per cent). White Other women were less work in the transport and construction sectors. Over a likely than other Wakefield women to work as part-time quarter of Pakistani men in the district worked in employees (22 per cent, compared with 30 per cent). transport, storage and communications (compared with This also applied to White Other men in the district (4 10 per cent of all men in Wakefield and 18 per cent of all per cent worked part-time compared with 3 per cent of Pakistani men in both the region and in England), and all men in Wakefield). Among women, the figure for part- 28 per cent worked in the wholesale, retail, hotels and time employment was nevertheless higher than that restaurants sector. found for their counterparts in the region or in England Pakistani women in Wakefield were much more likely to (19 per cent and 15 per cent respectively). work in the finance and real estate sector (22 per cent), Among mature White Other people of working age in compared with Pakistani women in the region (16 per Wakefield a similar (very small) number were students cent), and in England (18 per cent). Their stronger (2 per cent of men and 3 per cent of women), compared concentration in this sector meant that they were less with less than 1 per cent of all men and women of this likely to work in other sectors where many Pakistani age in the district, but with higher proportions of those of women are employed at the national level, such as in the White Other population in the region (9 per cent for education (13 per cent in Wakefield, compared with 19 both sexes) or nationally (6 per cent for both sexes). per cent in the Yorkshire and The Humber region and 14 per cent in England), or in manufacturing (4 per cent in Occupations of the employed population Wakefield, compared with 9 per cent in both the region By comparison with all working age people in the district, and in England). Wakefield's White Other population contained a higher proportion of men working as managers and senior Wakefield's White Other population officials, and in professional jobs, than was found in the district's general working age population. Among men, The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, 19 per cent were managers and senior officials and 17 people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of per cent are professionals. The comparable figures for Eastern European origin as well as people from other Wakefield women of this ethnicity were 12 per cent and European countries, the USA, Canada, Australia and 21 per cent, compared with 9 per cent and 7 per cent New Zealand. respectively for all women in the district. White Other Economic Activity 16-24 year olds men in Wakefield were more likely than similar men at regional or national scales to work in skilled trades (15 Compared with other young people in Wakefield, the per cent compared with 14 per cent and 12 per cent district's White Other population includes slightly more respectively). However this figure was lower than that for students - among men, 33 per cent, compared with 31 all men in Wakefield (21 per cent). per cent; and among women 36 per cent, compared with

Figure 7.1 Economic Activity by ethnicity for men aged 16-24 in Wakefield

100.0 3.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.9 6.0 5.3 0.10.4 0.10.4 10.3 0.0 0.9 0.01.6 16.7 90.0 20.5 0.0 33.3 0.0 37.5 36.4 80.0 30.5 29.8 0.0

55.2 56.3 70.0 43.6 0.0 64.3 70.8 70.0 0.0 32.5 51.7 62.0 0.0 38.9 60.0 9.4 9.4 0.3 0.3 4.6 4.5 50.0 1.9 1.7 33.3 27.3 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 40.0 10.3 8.5 2.8 16.7 0.0 0.0 18.8 62.5 2.6 0.0 5.6 9.5 30.0 17.2 6.0 0.0 Percentage of men aged 16-24 6.5 0.0 48.7 0.0 0.0 47.6 6.0 12.5 7.1 20.0 0.0 34.5 36.4 30.8 33.3 10.3 0.0 30.0 25.0 27.8 0.0 23.1 10.0 20.0 16.7 19.0 10.3 0.0 0.0 Indian (50) All (15,390) (18) (29) Chinese (42) Pakistani (321) White Irish (32) Other Black (0) Bangladeshi (0) African (9) Other Asian (24) Other Mixed (16) White Other (117) (29) Caribbean Black African (10) Other Ethnic Group Black (11) Caribbean Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian White British (14,684) Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.2 Economic Activity by ethnicity for women aged 16-24 in Wakefield

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.00.00.00.0 0.0 4.7 4.4 7.1 8.9 1.2 1.2 12.5 12.0 13.3 14.3 15.4 15.2 16.7 90.0 9.0 5.6 20.0 0.0 9.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 33.3 80.0 11.9 10.7 0.0 12.5 40.0 0.0 24.0 0.0 0.0 22.4 50.0 70.0 20.0 34.7 34.3 0.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 48.7 59.5 44.4 77.5 35.7 12.0 66.7 0.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 33.3 50.0 5.6 53.6 0.0 5.6 31.9 0.2 0.2 30.0 20.0 40.0 10.5 10.8 0.0 4.8 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 10.3 3.8 0.0 11.1 5.7

Percentageof women aged 16-24 0.0 3.8 50.0 2.4 1.5 0.0 7.7 3.8 4.8 0.0 20.0 0.0 40.0 12.5 38.9 33.4 34.1 0.0 0.0 33.3 10.7 30.0 32.0 0.0 22.5 10.0 20.0 21.4 0.0 17.9 20.3 18.5 10.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Indian (79) All (16,016) (25) (39) Chinese (40) Pakistani (335) White Irish(30) Other Black(9) African (15) Other Asian(18) Black African (6) Black African Bangladeshi (10) Other Mixed (24) White Other (126) Caribbean (28) Other EthnicGroup Black Caribbean(6) Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian White British(15,226) Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.3 Economic Activity by ethnicity for men aged 25-64 in Wakefield

100.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.9 5.6 5.0 4.5 5.4 4.0 7.0 9.5 7.4 6.8 4.5 2.4 10.8 11.5 11.6 7.8 16.7 15.4 0.0 16.7 4.1 2.4 90.0 3.8 0.0 12.9 8.5 6.3 0.0 7.6 6.8 23.1 4.8 2.1 1.6 12.6 2.4 7.7 1.4 1.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.5 3.9 4.0 2.2 4.2 4.8 5.7 1.10.6 4.1 2.4 0.0 80.0 0.6 0.5 1.6 9.6 2.9 5.2 0.0 2.4 4.6 4.2 4.2 5.1 4.9 4.2 10.0 4.8 4.8 7.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.1 4.2 0.0 50.0 6.3 9.5 4.6 3.0 2.9 4.4 3.9 5.8 6.8 0.0 70.0 6.3 7.0 1.4 7.0 10.0 3.8 7.3 9.7 9.4 4.7 0.0 6.8 23.1 10.8 12.3 0.0 9.5 9.7 5.6 0.0 5.8 7.0 0.0 60.0 30.6 1.9 12.1 5.8 2.9 13.5 8.5 16.7 40.8 12.3 50.0 0.0 26.5 19.4 23.1 40.0

63.5 30.0 61.4 61.9 58.2 58.7 0.0

Percentage of men aged 25-64 53.8 51.4 50.7 50.0 51.0 49.2 46.7 44.6 20.0 35.9 36.0 33.1 30.8 10.0

0.0 (82,057) All (84,676) Indian (314) (65) (63) White British White Chinese (125) Pakistani (646) Pakistani Bangladeshi (6) African (30) White Irish (428) BlackOther (13) Other Mixed (52) Other Asian (103) White Other (536) Caribbean (71) Black African (74) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean(96) Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.4 Economic Activity by ethnicity for women aged 25-59 in Wakefield

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 3.9 3.8 5.6 6.2 3.3 6.4 5.2 0.0 8.7 10.0 8.2 6.8 7.3 8.3 8.4 6.2 9.8 2.8 18.4 8.6 12.5 2.4 90.0 11.0 6.1 6.8 8.0 15.9 33.3 13.3 33.3 6.8 4.4 15.9 80.0 15.0 14.7 14.8 10.3 12.3 18.3 8.0 5.8 5.1 42.9 4.4 2.40.0 0.0 2.0 3.2 24.5 3.7 0.01.8 1.80.8 1.90.8 0.0 0.0 6.8 3.7 4.3 70.0 2.6 2.6 2.7 1.6 4.9 6.0 4.4 12.1 0.0 1.6 1.6 1.02.7 3.3 0.0 1.0 18.8 4.9 6.8 0.0 6.0 4.7 14.5 0.0 0.0 5.2 60.0 2.2 0.0 19.9 16.5 0.0 10.2 5.8 18.0 10.0 30.0 30.4 22.3 12.1 50.0 4.3 0.0 33.3 4.3 21.6 57.1 8.2 28.8 0.0 4.9 24.5 16.9 40.0 3.7 15.9 2.3 2.1 2.9 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 57.1

Percentage of women aged 25-64 50.0 46.6 47.6 42.9 20.0 37.9 39.3 33.7 33.8 0.71.9 33.0 30.4 2.3 33.3 32.2 32.4 28.5 1.1 10.0 4.1 1.4 7.2 0.0 (75,309) All (77,644) Indian (249) (164) (61) White British White Chinese (136) Pakistani (566) Other BlackOther (7) Bangladeshi (9) African (9) Other Asian (49) White Irish (301) Other MixedOther (50) Black African (58) African Black White (551) Other Caribbean (69) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean(59) Mixed White &Black Mixed White &Black Mixed White &Asian Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.5 Occupation by ethnicity for men of working age in Wakefield 100.0 0.0 8.9 5.8 13.4 14.1 11.3 11.3 12.2 12.8 16.1 16.2 18.0 16.0 17.0 4.4 15.9 90.0 23.0 6.7 6.1 2.4 0.0 0.0 12.5 33.3 4.9 80.0 9.6 8.9 4.4 0.0 17.1 8.2 12.0 2.7 19.7 17.0 13.2 0.0 18.4 18.4 3.2 0.0 50.0 3.8 1.3 7.8 70.0 6.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 14.8 0.0 12.0 10.0 4.2 0.0 6.4 3.8 3.8 15.2 22.2 41.5 60.0 1.8 1.9 13.1 0.0 17.0 3.8 4.9 38.2 0.0 3.0 19.7 4.9 26.2 0.0 19.1 4.4 0.0 35.3 50.0 20.8 21.0 0.0 17.5 4.9 33.3 24.0 11.3 17.3 13.7 20.0 4.2 0.0 40.0 4.2 16.4 6.6 0.5 10.6 4.4 4.4 0.0 11.3 9.2 0.0 20.8 20.0 27.7 30.0 11.5 11.5 18.4 17.1 16.4 3.7 11.4 20.0 50.0 9.9 20.0 6.9 8.2 7.9 36.0 26.2 Percentage of employed men of working age 33.6 33.3 4.9 7.4 10.0 19.2 20.8 21.3 19.7 20.3 15.0 14.9 18.1 17.0 13.1 13.3 10.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 All (73,774) (47) Indian (295) Indian (53) Chinese (123) Pakistani (622) Pakistani Other Black (9) Bangladeshi (6) African (25) Other Asian (80) White Irish (321) Other Mixed (45) Black African (61) African Black White Other (468) Caribbean (61) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean (71) Mixed White & Black White Mixed & Black White Mixed & Asian White Mixed White British (71,487) White

Managers & Senior Officials Professionals Associate Prof. & Technical Admin. & Secretarial Skilled Trades Personal Service Sales & Customer Service Process, Plant & Machine Operatives Elementary occupations

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003, and 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers.

Figure 7.6 Occupation by ethnicity for women of working age in Wakefield 100.0 0.0 0.0 11.1 7.7 8.7 10.9 8.7 16.6 16.7 16.4 14.5 17.1 0.0 15.4 17.5 90.0 21.3 1.4 0.0 21.5 4.1 23.1 7.7 0.0 13.0 1.9 12.8 0.0 0.0 33.3 4.4 4.4 16.1 2.5 80.0 11.3 12.7 10.3 7.5 0.0 0.0 8.6 15.4 2.5 5.8 0.0 4.6 50.0 14.4 14.5 1.4 10.9 3.3 70.0 9.8 19.1 5.5 11.4 3.3 14.1 0.0 15.4 0.0 13.2 7.7 0.0 22.3 0.8 30.8 15.5 9.2 60.0 3.3 16.4 1.7 13.4 13.5 21.7 7.7 16.2 10.6 10.3 6.4 5.8 50.0 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 28.6 33.3 0.0 27.6 12.8 14.0 40.0 12.9 21.0 28.2 21.0 21.1 19.2 25.5 41.0 23.1 23.9 47.5 30.0 9.9 6.3 21.3 50.0 17.1 11.8 11.7 21.4 0.0 5.0 20.0 15.5 10.9 6.5 14.4 17.9 33.3 5.8 Percentage of employed women of working age 7.0 6.8 28.3 10.0 23.1 17.9 17.1 15.2 6.7 11.7 12.4 14.9 14.5 13.2 9.2 9.1 9.8 7.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 All (61,724) Indian (219) Indian (120) (55) Chinese (121) Pakistani (174) Pakistani Other Black (9) Bangladeshi (6) Bangladeshi African (13) White Irish (213) Other Asian (35) Other Mixed (39) Black African (39) White Other (388) Caribbean (47) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean (46) Mixed White & Black White Mixed & Black White Mixed & Asian White Mixed White British (60,200)

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables and 2001 census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers.

Figure 7.7 Industry by ethnicity for men of working age in Wakefield

100.0 3.1 3.1 2.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 6.6 8.6 5.4 4.8 3.4 3.7 3.4 10.3 12.7 0.0 3.2 3.2 16.7 1.9 90.0 12.4 0.0 7.1 3.7 6.9 5.5 5.5 12.1 8.6 26.7 0.0 0.0 5.4 8.9 4.2 29.3 5.3 0.0 34.7 32.7 80.0 11.4 11.4 5.4 5.6 5.7 12.5 23.1 4.5 15.5 18.3 50.0 4.0 70.0 9.5 9.4 0.0 13.4 19.6 26.4 5.2 0.0 12.5 2.1 9.3 14.9 8.6 7.7 6.9 60.0 3.5 8.5 12.2 6.2 0.0 0.0 8.0 5.1 5.4 9.3 8.6 0.0 23.6 23.4 12.5 50.0 17.9 5.2 100.0 0.0 22.4 76.7 17.1 10.3 26.8 24.5 19.6 0.0 40.0 24.7 28.1 22.7 12.6 12.8 25.0 30.0 17.4 23.1 35.8 19.0 20.7 12.5 5.3 9.9 50.0 10.2 7.9 3.3 20.0 0.0

Percentage employed or men of working age 22.7 22.9 7.7 16.5 20.2 10.0 17.0 20.8 19.6 1.0 22.7 19.7 20.7 20.4 15.5 3.4 10.3 8.7 3.7 3.8 2.8 6.9 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.9 0.90.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01.0 1.10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (71,486) All (73,751) Indian (288) (49) (56) White British White Chinese (116) Pakistani (629) Other Black (6) Bangladeshi (4) African (24) Other Asian (75) White Irish (322) Other Mixed (39) Black African (58) White Other (470) Caribbean (58) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean (71) Mixed White & Asian Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Agriculture; Hunting; Forestry; fishing Energy and water Manufacture Construction Wholesale, Retail, Restuarants, Hotels Transport; Storage and Communication Finance, real estate etc Public Administration & Defence; Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables and 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: ‘Other’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

Figure 7.8 Industry by ethnicity for women of working age in Wakefield

100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 4.9 4.9 3.7 5.2 7.0 5.5 3.3 4.0 3.3 7.5 7.7 5.8 90.0 20.0 3.3 23.1 17.5 19.1 18.9 20.3 18.2 22.9 5.0 30.1 23.3 80.0 0.0 8.3 5.5 0.0 10.8 13.0 70.0 10.8 20.0 12.8 10.3 61.5 53.3 15.6 7.3 50.0 48.7 6.2 6.3 2.8 60.0 16.3 0.0 7.7 7.9 16.7 6.3 14.5 10.3 13.7 13.8 0.0 50.0 20.0 3.7 100.0 100.0 5.1 14.0 21.5 12.8 9.1 20.5 3.7 3.7 2.6 40.0 70.2 4.2 13.4 7.5 5.2 0.0 3.3 3.4 0.0 12.8 7.7 0.02.5 30.0 2.3 20.0 7.5 0.0 0.0 29.3 29.2 25.6 20.5 42.5 10.3 24.2 32.7 7.7 12.5 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.8 28.8 27.5 0.0 0.0 Percentage or employed women of working age 10.0 1.5 1.6 7.0 20.0 7.5 20.5 20.5 2.3 15.4 9.7 9.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 8.1 0.0 0.0 7.5 0.0 6.0 7.0 7.3 4.2 4.0 5.0 5.8 0.0 0.30.7 0.30.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (60,201) All (61,708) Indian (214) (120) Asian (55) White British White Chinese (121) Mixed White & Pakistani (177) Pakistani Other Black (5) Bangladeshi (3) Mixed White & White Mixed Other Asian(40) White Irish (216) Other Mixed (39) Black African (15) White Other (384) & White Mixed Black African (39) Other Ethnic Group Black Caribbean(43) Black Caribbean(39) Agriculture; Hunting; Forestry; fishing Energy and water Manufacture Construction Wholesale, Retail, Restuarants, Hotels Transport; Storage and Communication Finance, real estate etc Public Administration & Defence; Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other

White Other women in Wakefield were less likely than Yorkshire and The Humber region (19 per cent for men other residents, and than their counterparts at regional and 14 per cent for women) or in England as a whole and national level, to occupy jobs in administrative and (23 per cent and 21 per cent respectively). secretarial work. They were also less likely to have jobs Economic Activity 25 years - retirement age in sales and customer service occupations, although more likely than their counterparts in the region or Indian men and women in Wakefield had higher rates of nationally to be in elementary occupations. full-time employment (75 per cent for Indian men, and 55 per cent for women) than either their counterparts in the Industrial distribution of the employed Yorkshire and The Humber region or in England, or than population the whole population in the district (71 per cent for men By comparison with White Other men in England and the and 36 per cent for women). Indian women were less Yorkshire and The Humber region, Wakefield's White likely than other Wakefield residents to work as part-time Other men were less likely to work in the education and employees (15 per cent of women, compared with 30 transport sectors, and more likely to work in health and per cent, and 5 per cent of men, compared with 3 per social work, manufacturing and construction. 17 per cent cent). Among women, this figure was a little below of men in the White Other group in Wakefield worked in those for their counterparts in the region or in England construction (compared with 23 per cent of all men in the (16 per cent and 17 per cent respectively). district), and 12 per cent were employed in health and Full-time self-employment was more prevalent among social care (compared with 4 per cent of all men across Indian people in Wakefield than among other Wakefield the district). A quarter of White Other men in the district residents, for both men and women. 31 per cent of worked in the wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels Wakefield's Indian men were self-employed full-time, sector (compared with 24 per cent of all men in compared with 10 per cent of all Wakefield men, and Wakefield and 23 per cent of all White Other men in with 20 per cent and 17 per cent of Indian men in the England), and about one in five worked in manufacturing region and England respectively. 35 per cent of (compared with 23 per cent of all Wakefield's men and Wakefield's Indian women are self-employed full-time, 16 per cent of White Other men in the region and 12 per compared with just 2 per cent of all women in the district, cent in England). and with 8 per cent of Indian women in the region and 5 Among White Other women in Wakefield, one in four per cent nationally. worked in the wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels Occupations of the employed population sector; this was a higher concentration than found at the regional (20 per cent) and national (19 per cent) scale Wakefield's Indian population contains a higher for White Other women, but lower than for all proportion of both men and women who work in Wakefield's women (29 per cent). 20 per cent of White professional, associate professional or technical jobs Other women in Wakefield worked in health and social than in the district's general working age population. work, a figure in line with that for White Other women in Among men, 34 per cent were professionals and 35 per the region (20 per cent), but higher than for their cent associate professionals, with the comparable counterparts nationally (15 per cent). figures for women 28 per cent and 21 per cent. This was also much higher than the figures for the Indian

population at regional and national levels, for both women and men. Wakefield's Indian population Consistent with this picture, Indian men in Wakefield Economic Activity 16-24 year olds were less likely than other residents, and than their counterparts at the regional and national levels, to hold Compared with other young people in Wakefield, the jobs in skilled trades, administrative posts or as process, district's Indian population contains proportionately more plant or machine operatives. Indian women in Wakefield students - among men, 62 per cent, compared with 31 were less likely to have jobs in sales and customer per cent; and among women, 60 per cent, compared service occupations, although they were more likely to with 35 per cent. There was virtually no unemployment be in personal service positions, than Indian women in among Indian young people of either sex in Wakefield. the region or in England as a whole. Indian men in 26 per cent of young Indian men were in full-time Wakefield are less likely than other men in the district, or employment in the district, and 24 per cent of young than men of their ethnic group nationally, to be in Indian women, compared with 50 per cent and 33 per elementary occupations. cent in the district's overall 16-24 population. Full-time employment among Indian young people in Wakefield was higher than that found in this ethnic group in the

Industrial distribution of the employed White Irish men in Wakefield had lower rates of full-time population employment (64 per cent) than either their counterparts at the regional (65 per cent) and English levels (69 per By comparison with Indian men in England and the cent) or than all men in the district (71 per cent). 4 per region, Wakefield's Indian men were less likely to work cent of White Irish men in Wakefield were unemployed, in the manufacturing, construction, transport and finance compared with 4 per cent of all men in the district, and sectors, and more likely to work in the wholesale, retail, with 6 per cent of White Irish men in the region and 5 per restaurants and hotels sector, in health and social work, cent nationally. White Irish men in Wakefield were more and in public administration and education. Virtually no likely to be self employed (14 per cent) than men across Indian men (or women) in the district were recorded as the district (11 per cent) and they were also a little more employed in either agriculture or construction. Over a third likely than other Wakefield men to be permanently sick of Indian men in the district worked in health and social or disabled (13 per cent, compared with 12 per cent). work (compared with 4 per cent of all men in Wakefield and 7 per cent of all Indian men in England), and 36 per In contrast to Wakefield's White Irish men, White Irish cent worked in wholesale, retail, hotels and restaurants. women in the district were more likely than women across the district to be in full-time employment (42 per Indian women in Wakefield were much more likely to cent compared with 36 per cent). They were work in the wholesale, retail, hotels and restaurants considerably less likely to be employed part-time (22 per sectors (43 per cent), compared with Indian women in cent compared with 30 per cent), but more likely to be the region (29 per cent), and in England (28 per cent). permanently sick or disabled (11 per cent) than all Their strong concentration in this sector means that they women in the district (8 per cent) and than White Irish are less likely to work in other sectors where many women the region (9 per cent) and England (8 per cent). Indian women are employed at national level, such as in 12 per cent of Wakefield's White Irish women were education (10 per cent in Wakefield, compared with 15 looking after their home and family full-time, compared per cent in the Yorkshire and The Humber region and with 15 per cent of all women in the district, and with 12 with 20 per cent in England), or in manufacturing (4 per per cent of White Irish women in the Yorkshire and cent in Wakefield, compared with 12 per cent in the Humber region and 13 per cent in England. region and 13 per cent in England). Occupations of the employed population

(employed and self-employed) Wakefield's White Irish population Wakefield's White Irish population contained a higher proportion of both men and women who worked as Economic Activity 16-24 year olds managers and senior officials (18 per cent of men and The 2001 Census recorded just 32 White Irish men and 12 per cent of women), in professional jobs (18 per cent 30 White Irish women in Wakefield in the 16-24 age of men and 15 per cent of women), or in associate group. Compared with other young people in Wakefield, professional and technical jobs (14 per cent of men, 20 the district's White Irish population contained per cent of women), than the district's general working proportionately more students - among men, 38 per age population. These figures are similar to those for cent, compared with 31 per cent; and among women, 67 White Irish men and women at the national scale. per cent, compared with 35 per cent. 63 per cent of White Irish men and women in Wakefield were less likely young White Irish men and 20 per cent of women in this than other residents, and than their counterparts at the group were in full-time employment in the district. regional and national levels, to occupy jobs in sales and Economic Activity 25 years - retirement age customer service (less than 1 per cent of men and 8 per cent of women). Women in this group were also less Mature White Irish women in Wakefield had similar rates likely to work in administrative and secretarial jobs (10 of full-time employment (42 per cent) to their per cent compared with 21 per cent of all Wakefield counterparts in the Yorkshire and The Humber region women), or in personal service positions (10 per cent (41 per cent), a figure which is low by comparison with compared with 13 per cent). White Irish men in that for White Irish women in England (45 per cent), but Wakefield were also less likely than other men in the higher than for all women in the district (36 per cent). district to be in skilled trades (13 per cent compared with However, women in this group were less likely than 21 per cent). This figure was also lower than for men of other Wakefield women to work as part-time employees their ethnic group in the Yorkshire and The Humber (22 per cent, compared with 31 per cent). This figure region (16 per cent) or nationally (17 per cent). compares with 26 per cent for similar women in the Yorkshire and The Humber region, and with 21 per cent in England.

Industrial distribution of the employed Key Points population (employed and self-employed) By comparison with all White Irish men in England, • Wakefield has a small Black and Minority Ethnic Wakefield's White Irish men were less likely to work in population. Among people of working age, the the finance (13 per cent compared with 20 per cent) and Pakistani, White Other, Indian and White Irish construction (17 per cent compared with 20 per cent) populations are the largest. sectors, and more likely to work in manufacturing (17 per cent compared with 13 per cent) and in health and social • Economic activity indicators vary considerably work (12 per cent compared with 5 per cent). However, between ethnic groups. For those aged 25+, 53 per when compared with all men in Wakefield, White Irish cent of Indian women, were employed full-time, men in the district were under-represented in the compared with 36 per cent of White British women, manufacturing, transport and communications and and with 9 per cent of Pakistani women. 11 per cent wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels sectors, and of men from Other Ethnic groups were unemployed, over-represented in the finance, education and health compared with 4 per cent and 3 per cent of men and sectors. women in the White British population. White Irish women in Wakefield were more likely than • The occupational distribution of employed men and White Irish women in the region or England as a whole women in Wakefield also varies considerably by to work in the wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels ethnicity as well as gender. 35 per cent of Indian sector (24 per cent, compared with 19 per cent in the men, and 21 per cent of Indian women, were in Yorkshire and Humber region, and 17 per cent in professional jobs, compared with 8 per cent of white England). Almost 1 in three White Irish women in British men and 7 per cent of White British women. Wakefield worked in health and social work, and one in 42 per cent of Pakistani men, but no Pakistani six in education, sectors in which both other women in women, worked as plant, process or machine Wakefield and White Irish women at the regional (29 per operatives, compared 18 per cent of White British cent in health and social work and 15 per cent in men and with 4 per cent of White Irish and White education) and national level (26 per cent and 13 per British women. cent respectively) are similarly represented. • 23 per cent of White British men, and 10 per cent of White British women, worked in manufacturing industry in Wakefield, compared with 20 per cent of Pakistani men and 4 per cent of Pakistani women. • Some industries in Wakefield have no people from certain ethnic groups within them. For example,

within the district, none of the small resident populations of Chinese, Black Caribbean, Black African or Other Asian women worked in transport

and communications, no Black African men worked in the construction industry, and no Chinese men worked in transport or public administration.

8. Work-Life Balance • among women working full-time women in Wakefield, more work annualised hours or hold term-time only contracts, but fewer have flexi-time arrangements, than at the regional or national levels. This chapter explores a number of topics relevant to 'work-life balance', a concept which has received both policy and academic attention in recent years. Figure 8.1 Men and women in full-time and part-time Employers, trade unions, government and women and employment in Wakefield with selected flexible working men themselves increasingly recognise that the ability to arrangements achieve an appropriate balance between paid work and Wakefield's employed men 77,781 other responsibilities and activities is important for all Full-time Men Part-time Men concerned. 72,240 5,631 In this chapter, we present the evidence on the Numbers % Numbers % availability and uptake of flexible employment options, Flexitime 3, 292 4.6 723 12.8 consider new evidence on the prevalence and extent of Annualised 3, 785 5.2 0 0 caring responsibilities and present data on childcare Hours provision. Term-time 0 0 0 0 working Wakefield's employed women 67,786 Full-time Women Part-time Women Flexible Working Patterns 32,658 35,128 Numbers % Numbers % It is possible to use data from the Labour Force Survey Flexitime 2, 451 7.5 2, 354 6.7 to show the numbers of employees who stated that they Annualised 3, 114 9.5 852 2.4 had a regular flexible working arrangement allowing Hours them to work flexi-time, annualised hours or term-time Term-time 2, 356 7.2 3, 235 9.2 only. This is presented in Figure 8.1. working In Wakefield, fewer men had flexible working, compared with women. No men had 'term-time' only contracts Comparative data compared with 5,591 women, over half of whom work Employed men part-time. Around 4,000 women and 4,000 men worked Full-time Part-time annualised hours. Among men, annualised hours Yorks & England Yorks & England contracts were only found among full-time workers, The The whereas for women almost a quarter of those with Humber Humber annualised hours worked part-time. Flexi-time was the most common form of flexible working, for women and Flexitime 7.1 8.1 5.8 6.2 men. Annualised 3.3 3.6 2.2 2.0 Hours Comparison with the region and England shows that Term-time 1.3 0.9 3.1 3.2 proportionally: working Employed women • more men in Wakefield who work part-time have Full-time Part-time flexi-time arrangements, but fewer men who work Yorks & England Yorks & England full-time have this arrangement The The Humber Humber • the lack of men with part-time annualised hours Flexitime 13.0 12.6 9.3 9.0 contracts and 'term-time' working patterns in Annualised 4.6 4.6 3.4 3.8 Wakefield contrasts with regional and national Hours trends Term-time 6.1 4.9 10.9 10.7 working • Wakefield's women who work part-time are less Source: LFS, Autumn 2003, ONS likely to have flexi-time, annualised hours or term- time only contracts than their regional or national counterparts Figure 8.2 shows the percentages of men and women who had no flexibility in their working arrangements by whether they worked full-time or part-time. The pattern in

Wakefield was similar to that for the region and England Figure 8.3 Provision of unpaid care by people of working as a whole, with the exception of women who work part- age by sex time in Wakefield, who experience a lesser degree of 18.0 flexibility in their working arrangements than their 16.0 counterparts in the region or nationally. 3.5 14.0 2.9 2.7 12.0 Figure 8.2 Percentage of men and women in employment 2.3 1.9 2.3 1.7 10.0 1.8 1.6 with no flexibility in their working arrangements 1.4 1.2 1.1 Wakefield 8.0 100.0 Yorks & Humber 6.0 10.8 10.5 90.0 England 10.0 4.0 8.2 8.0 7.8 80.0 2.0 70.0

Percentage of people of working age working of people of Percentage 0.0 60.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females 50.0 Wakefield Yorks & Humber England 40.0 30.0 1-19 hours 20-49 hours 50+ hours

20.0 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright, 2003 10.0 Percentage of people in employment in people of Percentage 0.0 There is considerable variation in the provision of unpaid Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time care by people of different ethnicities. Figure 8.4 shows Males Females the proportion of unpaid care provided by men and

Source: LFS, Autumn 2003, ONS women of working age for the main Black and Minority Ethnic groups in Wakefield. This shows differences in the proportion of people of working age who provide unpaid care across the different ethnic groups, but also Barriers to Employment that the local situation is different to that found at the regional level, which also differs from the national Labour market analysts recognise a range of factors picture, with: which affect an individual's ability to access and enter employment. These include the existence of • a high proportion of Pakistani and White Irish men employment opportunities, infrastructural considerations providing care in Wakefield, compared with the such as public transport availability, and responsibilities region and England as a whole or attributes which may act as barriers to employment in the absence of support systems. Childcare and caring • a higher proportion of women and men from White responsibilities are commonly cited as barriers to Other backgrounds providing unpaid care in employment, and this section therefore examines data Wakefield relating to these important roles which are known to It is also possible to look at the amount of unpaid care have a disproportionate impact on women. that men and women provide by their economic activity. Caring Responsibilities In Wakefield, 11 per cent of men and almost 16 per cent of women of working age in employment also provide In 2001, for the first time, the Census included a unpaid care. This is greater than the regional and question asking people about any help or support which national picture. However, this again varies by ethnicity, was not part of their paid employment which they gave as presented in Figure 8.5. This shows that in to family members, friends, neighbours or others Wakefield: because of that person's long-term physical disability or mental ill-health, or disability or problems related to old • more Pakistani and White Irish men in Wakefield age. work and provide unpaid care than Pakistani and Figure 8.3 shows the number of hours of this 'unpaid White Irish women, in contrast to the regional and care' provided by men and women of working age in national pictures Wakefield and its districts. At all geographical levels, women were more likely to provide unpaid care than • proportionally more Pakistani and White Irish men men, and were also more likely to provide a high level of are both in employment and providing 'unpaid' care care (more than 50 hours per week). Both women and than their national counterparts, while fewer men in Wakefield provided more hours of 'unpaid' care Pakistani women than their counterparts nationally than their counterparts regionally or nationally. are in this situation.

Figure 8.4 Provision of unpaid care by men and women of Figure 8.5 Provision of unpaid care by men and women of working age by ethnicity per cent working age in employment by ethnicity per cent Wakefield Yorks & England Wakefield Yorks & England The The Humber Humber

Pakistani Men (971) 13.8 12.4 11.8 Pakistani Men Women (594) 15.0 13.4 12.4 (902) 17.2 17.8 16.2 Women Men (655) 9.6 7.5 6.3 (164) 14.0 17.5 15 White Men Other Women White Other (445) 9.2 8.1 6.1 (677) 12.3 9.9 7.7 Women White Men (462) 13 10.3 8.9 (367) 12.3 10.9 7.6 Irish Women White Irish Men (333) 13.8 14.4 12.6 (307) 13.4 10.2 8.6 Indian Men (362) 7.1 11.1 12.1 Women Women (196) 12.8 14.8 12.1 (331) 9.3 12.8 13.8 Indian Men Men (273) 8.4 12.6 12.8 All (100,059) 11.7 10.8 10.1 Women Women (202) 9.4 13.9 14.2 (93,665) 16.5 15.2 14.1 All Men Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 (71,935) 11.1 10.6 10 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population by ethnicity Women (59,489) 15.8 15 13.7 Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population in employment by ethnicity

Figure 8.6 Provision of unpaid care and economic activity for men and women of working age in Wakefield 100.0 2.8 2.8 2.0 4.1 4.3 4.0 4.2 1.9 4.5 4.4 Other 7.0 4.1 9.9 9.8 7.0 7.1 7.0 90.0 0.9 12.3 12.1 1.2 0.6 5.8 13.0 3.4 3.0 22.2 Permanently 5.3 2.6 14.1 12.4 sick or disabled 80.0 5.0 4.1 9.3 2.8 1.7 2.7 5.1 5.2 1.5 1.3 2.5 1.2 1.1 4.0 2.1 30.8 Looking after 70.0 3.1 3.0 5.4 6.2 7.0 9.7 1.2 home/family 8.6 3.2 3.3 8.5 6.7 21.8 1.4 1.3 60.0 1.1 46.8 Retired 4.2 3.1 6.5 33.9 1.6 26.3 2.4 50.0 7.3 26.9 1.2 Student 0.8 40.0 5.1 1.4 3.1 1.9 1.9 2.3 27.6 2.3 3.6 1.51.0 Unemployed 30.0 59.9 60.6 62.1 0.9 49.1

Percentage of of people working age 19.1 20.0 1.3 Self-employed 33.8 35.1 34.7 30.4 Part-time 10.0 20.5 1.2 10.7 Employee Part- 0.0 time All All Self-employed Full-time No care No care 50+ Hours 50+ Hours 1-19 Hours 1-19 Hours Employee Full- 20-49 Hours 20-49 20-49 Hours 20-49 time Males Females

Figure 8.6 shows that there are more men working full- Childcare time and providing 50 or more hours of unpaid care Wakefield had fewer places available for (760) than women (386) in Wakefield. This is similar to children under 8 in all types of registered the situation in the region and England. Also, as the care than the region or England amount of unpaid care people provide increases: Across the country, lack of available, affordable • men and women providing care are more likely to be childcare is a significant barrier to women's employment. permanently sick or disabled themselves, this is The combination of poor job and pay prospects and high especially noticeable in working age men childcare and associated transport costs, makes it uneconomic for many women to consider working before • the proportion of people looking after their home and their children reach school age. Even for those with family increases. school age children, the multiple journeys involved in moving children between childcare providers, • both men and women are less likely to be in paid aggravated by a lack of flexible working options, may work, especially full-time positions continue to exclude many women from taking up job Figure 6.8 in Chapter 6 showed that 14 per cent of opportunities. women and 1.2 per cent of men of working age in Figure 8.8 shows places available for children under 8 Wakefield gave looking after their home or family as in the following types of registered childcare: their reason for economic inactivity. This equates to 1,206 men and 13,096 women who look after their home • Childminders and family full-time as their main activity. Women Full day care - including day nurseries, children's outnumbered men in this category by nearly 11 to 1. • centres and family centres This response not only includes those women and men caring for a child, but also those caring for other family • Sessional day care - day care for children under 8 dependents. Figure 8.7 shows the amount of unpaid for a session which is less than a continuous period care that men and women who look after their home or of 4 hours per day family full-time provide. This shows a marked gender difference, with men in this role being much more likely • Out-of-school care - day care for children under 8 to be carers of others who require support because of which operates before or after school or during the long-term ill-health or disability. In Wakefield, 40 per cent school holidays of men in this category are providing more than 50 hours or more care, compared with just 11 per cent of women. • Crèches - facilities that provide occasional care for children under 8 Figure 8.7 Men and women of working age who look after This figure shows the estimated number of places per their home and family and the provision of unpaid care 1,000 children for Wakefield, the Yorkshire and the 50+ hours Humber region and England. The data are published by 70.0 20-49 hours 60.0 1-19 hours Ofsted and relate to September 2003. In Wakefield, 50.0 there were, overall, far fewer childcare places per 1,000

40.0 children than in the region and in England as a whole, in 40.5 35.2 30.0 31.2 all the different types of provision.

20.0 11.6 9.7 8.3 10.0 10.7 5.0 10.4 4.0 9.4 3.3 6.2 9.9 6.5 9.8 7.3 9.7 0.0 Men Women Men Women Males Females (1,202) (13,099)

Wakefield Yorks & Humber England Percentage of people who look after their home/family their after look who people of Percentage

Figure 8.8 Providers of day care facilities and the Figure 8.9 shows the distribution of day nurseries within estimated number of places per 1,000 children the wards in Wakefield, together with an indication of the nurseries that had vacancies in July 2004. Both day 500 12 17 Creche nurseries and those with vacancies are clustered in 400 170 areas such as Wakefield Central and Stanley and 140 Out of Wrenthorpe. Some areas of the district have no day 300 School Care 97 nursery provision. 4 75 Sessional 200 43 Day Care 40 140 147 Full Day Care 100 91

58 72 66 0 Childminder Number of places per 1,000 children 1,000 per places of Number Wakefield North East/ England Yorks & Humber

Source: Ofsted, 2003 and Registrar General's Mid Year Population Estimates 2002, Vital Statistics, ONS

Figure 8.9 Day nurseries and vacancies in Wakefield July 2004

Source: Wakefield Metropolitan Borough Council and Children's Information Service, 2004. This work is based on data provided through EDINA UKBORDERS with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundary material which is copyright of the Crown

Key Points

• Men in Wakefield who work part-time are more likely to have flexitime arrangements, but fewer men who work full-time have this arrangement compared with their regional and national counterparts.

• There were no men recorded as having part-time annualised hours contracts and 'term-time' working patterns in Wakefield, in contrast with the regional and national pictures. Fewer women who work part- time have flexitime, annualised hours or 'term-time contracts.

• In Wakefield, a higher proportion of people from Pakistani, White Other and White Irish backgrounds provide unpaid care, compared with the picture in England as a whole.

• Pakistani and White Irish men in Wakefield are more likely to be in employment and provide unpaid care than Pakistani and White Irish women, in contrast to the regional and national pictures

• More men than women work full-time and provide 50 or more hours a week of unpaid care. Only 12 per cent of Wakefield women who provide 50 or more hours of unpaid care are also employed full-time. Many men who provide 50 or more hours a week of unpaid care are themselves permanently sick or disabled.

• Wakefield has fewer childcare places for the under 8s per 1,000 children than the region and England as a whole. Day nursery provision within Wakefield is concentrated in areas of high population, as are nurseries with vacancies. Large areas of Wakefield have no day nursery provision.

The findings of the Gender Profile will also be used by 9. Looking Forward Corporate Human Resources and Services, within the Council, to ensure that we value and develop our employees in order to deliver modern, citizen-focused public services. Gender Profile of Wakefield's Labour Market The information below indicates the ways in which the The Gender Profile of Wakefield will provide added value key findings of the profile links to existing Corporate to Wakefield Metropolitan District Council because it will work and Service Improvement plans. be used as an action-planning tool, which will inform Corporate Performance and Community engagement. Stepping Forward Fast Forward – The Wakefield District Community Participation in the local labour market is highly Strategy gendered. This finding links to Stepping Forward initiative for women employees. The twenty five year vision for Wakefield which is set out in the Fast Forward Community Strategy will also be The aims of the Stepping Forward Initiative are: enriched by the findings of the gender profile and the To assist the organisation in working towards the subsequent work which is to be produced through the • realisation of the economic potential and business Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets benefits that women contribute to the workforce and research project. our communities. In 25 years time Wakefield district will be a place: • To achieve proportionate representation of women • Moving forward motivated by pride and its heritage across the profile of the organisation – representative of the people we are here to serve. • Where our people look after themselves and each other so that they are safe and healthy, having the • To encourage and empower women to actively skills and confidence to take more control over their participate in public life. lives. • To enable women to develop their knowledge, • With places that are attractive to live, learn, work confidence and experience in order to reach their full and invest in and where our diverse towns and potential. villages work together to promote the well being of the whole of the district • To motivate change within the organisational culture and to promote flexibility, through initiatives such as • Where together with the younger people of the work life balance, in order to eliminate District we will ensure that the work we do now will discrimination, exclusion and injustice towards stand the test of time. women. The Wakefield District Partnership which includes the • To influence local and national policies and Council, Police and Health Service and key stakeholders, strategies by articulating the issues and needs of including local people, voluntary organisations and women in areas such as health, education, social businesses, will work together to achieve this vision. well-being, safety, terms and conditions of Five key challenges for delivering the Fast Forward vision employment and equal pay. have been identified. We need to make sure that we: • To develop effective networks, at local and national • Are safe and feel safer levels, sharing and disseminating good practice and learning from the experience of others. • Are healthy and look after ourselves • To invest in an environment which promotes • Are part of a dynamic local economy creativity in pursuit of the Council’s aim to continuously improve service delivery. • Are skilful and confident by investing in our people The profile of the local labour market will also inform the • Live in attractive environments by improving our Corporate HR strategy, workforce profiling and review, places. Corporate and Service Equality and Diversity Action Plans, Best Value Performance Indicators, Local

Government Equality Standards and external with the South Asian Community on education and benchmarking work such as the annual Opportunity Now cultural services matters. Engaging the Black and Benchmarking exercise. Minority Ethnic population in Wakefield will also be a key part of The Community Cohesion Plan, and The As in the wider economy there are some significant pay Corporate Equality and Diversity plan. This work of the gaps between men and women who are paid on a Council will be assessed and reviewed through the Best weekly basis. Working with Unions from the local district, Value Performance Indicators, Comprehensive the Council is undertaking an equal pay review. The Performance Assessment and Local Government outcomes of the review will help us to address this Employment Standards benchmarking process. problem and produce a clear pay and reward strategy.

Informing Local Planning Wakefield has fewer young people (age 20-24) than England as a whole. The lower rate of younger people in the district will have an impact on the current recruitment and selection review, succession planning, and apprenticeship schemes within the Authority. It will also inform the planning and strategic marketing of the annual Wakefield jobs fair. Clearly there is work to be done in relation to raising the awareness of non-traditional forms of employment to our young people to tackle the gender segregation in the local labour market.

Wakefield has relatively high levels of social and economic deprivation. The information about areas of social and economic deprivation in Castleford Ferry Fryston, Hemsworth, and South Kirby will inform the Fast Forward Community Strategy, the work of the Community Cohesion Team and the Partnerships and Neighbourhoods Team and the Wakefield District Partnership.

A high proportion of people in Wakefield who have a limiting long-term illness. This will particularly impact on the work of Social Services and Health and our drive to improve Access to Services. Within the Council much is being done to improve the health of our employees with the support of The Occupational Health Unit and managers across the organisation and our sickness absence rate is continually reviewed.

There is a small Black and Minority Ethnic population in Wakefield. Whilst there is a small Black and Minority Ethnic population in Wakefield the Council recognises the need to engage with all communities of interest and create good relations with them. The Wakefield District Partnership has developed a Community Engagement Framework, as a means of achieving a joint approach to engaging with our citizens. Regular structured consultation has already been held

Appendix A

Glossary of 2001 Census Terms30

Dependent child A person aged 0 to 15 in a household (whether or not in a family) or aged 16-18 in full-time education and living with his or her parent(s).

Economically Active All people who were working in the week prior to the census are described as economically active. In addition, the category includes people who were not working but were looking for work and were available to start work within two weeks. Full-time students who were economically active are included but identified separately. The economic activity question was only asked of people aged 16-74.

Economically Inactive Specific categories of Economic Inactivity are: retired, student (excludes students who were working or who were in some other way economically active), looking after home/family, permanently sick/disabled and other. A person who is looking for work but is not available to start within two weeks is counted a economically inactive. The economic activity question was only asked of people aged 16-74.

Hours worked This question is used to derive whether a person is working full-time (31 hour a week or more) or part-time (30 hours a week or less).

Household From the 2001 census, a household is either: one person living alone; or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address and sharing common housekeeping - sharing either a living room or sitting room, or at least one meal a day.

Limiting long-term illness (LLTI) A self assessment of whether or not a person has a limiting long-term illness, health problem or disability which limits their daily activities or the work they can do, including problems that are due to old age.

Lone parent family Usually, a father or mother with his or her child(ren) where the parent does not have a spouse or partner in the household and the child(ren) do not have a spouse, partner or child in the household. It also includes a lone grandparent with his or her grandchild(ren) where there are no children in the intervening generation in the household.

Migrant A person with a different address one year before the Census to that on Census Day. The migrant status of children aged under one in households is determined by the migrant status of their ‘next of kin’ (defined in order of preference, mother, father, sibling (with nearest age), other related person, Household Representative Person). Note: This has changed from 1991 when children under one were not included as migrants.

Other Social rented Includes rented from Registered Social Landlord, Housing Association, Housing Co-Operative, Charitable Trust and non-profit housing company.

Part-time working Working part-time is defined as working 30 hours a week or less.

Permanently sick/disabled A sub-category of ‘economically inactive’. There is no direct connection with limiting long-term illness.

Private rented This includes accommodation that is rented from a private landlord or letting agency, employer of a household member, relative or friend of a household member, or other non Social rented

Provision of unpaid care A person is a provider of unpaid care if they give help or support to family members, friends, neighbours or others because of long-term physical or mental health or disability, or problems related to old age. Note that there is no specific reference to whether this care is provided within the household or outside the household. Therefore, no explicit link can be created to infer than an individual providing care is providing it to a person within the household who has poor general health, or a LLTI, disability or health problem.

Unemployed A person is defined as unemployed if he or she is not in employment, is available to start work in the next two weeks and has either looked for work in the last 4 weeks or is waiting to start a new job. This is consistent with the International Labour Office (ILO) standard classification.

Working age Working age is defined as 16 to 64 for males and 16 to 59 for females.

IT strategy and planning professionals, software Appendix B professionals Medical and dental practitioners, psychologists, pharmacists, pharmacologists, ophthalmic opticians, Examples of Occupations in each of the main veterinarians 2001 Census Occupational Categories31 Higher, further, secondary, primary, nursery and special Managers and Senior Officials needs education teaching professionals Senior officials in national and local government, Education officers, school inspectors, registrars and directors and chief executives of major organisations senior administrators of educational establishments Managers in mining, energy and construction and Scientific and social science researchers production, works and maintenance managers Solicitors, lawyers, judges and coroners Marketing, sales, purchasing and financial managers Chartered and certified accountants, management and chartered secretaries, advertising and public accountants and consultants, actuaries, economists and relations managers statisticians Personnel, training and industrial relations managers Architects, town planners, quantity and chartered Information and communication technology managers surveyors Research and development, quality assurance, Public service administrative professionals, social customer care managers workers, probation officers, clergy, librarians, archivists and curators Financial institution, office managers

Transport, distribution, storage, warehouse, retail and wholesale managers Associate Professional and Technical Occupations Officers in the Armed Forces, Police Inspectors and Science and engineering technicians above, senior officers in fire, ambulance, prison and Draughtspersons and building inspectors, environmental related services, security managers health officers Hospital, health service, pharmacy, healthcare practice Nurses, midwives, paramedics, medical and dental managers, social services, residential and day care technicians, therapists, occupational hygienists managers Youth and community workers, housing and welfare Farm managers, managers in animal husbandry, officers, careers advisers forestry and fishing NCOs and other ranks, police officers (sergeant and Hotel and accommodation, conference and exhibition below), fire service officers (leading fire officer and managers, restaurant and catering managers and below), prison service officers (below principal officer) publicans and managers of licences premises Artists, authors, writers, actors, dancers, musicians, Property, housing and land managers graphic designers, journalists, sports players, sports Garage managers and proprietors coaches Hairdressers and beauty salon managers Air traffic controllers, pilots, train drivers Shopkeepers and wholesale/retail dealers Brokers, insurance underwriters, estate agents, auctioneers Recycling and refuse disposal managers

Administrative and Secretarial Occupations Professionals Civil service executive officers, administrative officers Chemists, biological scientists, biochemists, physicists, and assistants, local government clerical officers and geologists, meteorologists and engineers assistants Officers of non-governmental organisations

Credit controllers, accounts and wages clerks, book- Undertakers and mortuary assistants keepers, other financial clerks, counter clerks Pest control officers Filing and other records assistants, pensions, insurance and stock control clerks, transport and distribution clerks Sales and Customer Service Occupations Library assistants, database assistants, market research interviewers, telephonists, communication operators Sales and retail assistants, cashiers, checkout operators, telephone sale persons Receptionists, typists and medical, legal, school, company and other secretaries and personal assistants Credit agents, debt, rent and other cash collectors Market and street traders, merchandisers and window dressers Skilled Trades call centre agents/operators, customer care occupations Farmers, horticultural trades, gardeners, groundsmen and groundswomen, agricultural and fishing trades Smiths, forge workers, moulders, die casters, sheet Process, Plant and Machines Operatives metal and metal plate workers, shipwrights, riveters, Food, drink, tobacco, glass, ceramic, textile, chemical, welding trades, pipe fitters, tool and precision rubber, plastics and metal making process operatives, instruments makers and fitters electroplaters Motor mechanics and auto engineers, vehicle body Paper and wood machine operatives, coal mine, energy builders and repairers, auto electricians, vehicle spray plant, water and sewage plant operatives painters Assemblers, tyre, exhaust and windscreen fitters, Electricians, able jointers, TV, video and audio, sewing machinists computer, electrical/electronics engineers Scaffolders, road and rail construction and maintenance Steel erectors, bricklayers, masons, roofers, slaters, operatives plumbers, carpenters and glaziers, plasters, floorers, painters and decorators Heavy goods vehicle, van, bus, coach and taxi drivers, chauffeurs, driving instructors, seafarers and air Weavers, knitters, upholsterers, leather and related transport operatives trades, tailors and dress makers Crane, fork-lift truck and agricultural machinery drivers Printers, bookbinders, screen printers

Butchers, bakers, fishmongers, chefs, cooks Elementary Occupations Glass and ceramics makers, furniture makers, musical instrument makers and tuners, goldsmiths, silversmiths, Farm workers, labourers, packers florists Postal workers

Hospital porters, hotel porters Personal Service Occupations Kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar Nursing auxiliaries and assistants, ambulance staff, staff dental nurses Window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and Houseparents, residential wardens, care assistants and salvage occupations home carers Security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, Nursery nurses, childminders, playgroup leaders, school mid-day assistants, car park attendance, shelf educational assistants fillers. Veterinary nurses, animal care occupations Sports and leisure assistants, travel agents and tour guides, air and rail travel assistants Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians Housekeepers, caretakers