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Proceedings of the First International Conference on Meiofauna NEIL C. HULING Proceedings of the First International Conference on Meiofauna SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 76 SERIAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The emphasis upon publications as a means of diffusing knowledge was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In his formal plan for the Insti- tution, Joseph Henry articulated a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This keynote of basic research has been adhered to over the years in the issuance of thousands of titles in serial publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Annals of Flight Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Astrophysics Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology In these series, the Institution publishes original articles and monographs dealing with the research and collections of its several museums and offices and of profes- sional colleagues at other institutions of learning. These papers report newly acquired facts, synoptic interpretations of data, or original theory in specialized fields. These publications are distributed by mailing lists to libraries, laboratories, and other in- terested institutions and specialists throughout the world. Individual copies may be obtained from the Smithsonian Institution Press as long as stocks are available. S. DILLON RIPLEY Secretary Smithsonian Institution SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY NUMBER 76 Neil c. Huimgs Proceedings of the EDITOR First International Conference on Meiofauna SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTON Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1971 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.25 (paper cover) International Conference on Meiofauna 1-11 July 1969, Tunis, Tunisia ORGANIZATION Neil C. Hulings, convener J. S. Gray, co-convener R. P. Higgins, co-convener PARTICIPANTS Dr. C. Clausen Dr. S. Husmann Zoological Laboratory Limnologische Flusstation University of Bergen Max-Planck-Instituts fur Limnologie Bergen, Norway Schlitz, West Germany Dr. M. T. Gomoiu Dr. B. O. Jansson "Traian Savelescu" Institute of Biology Askolaboratoriet Department of Marine Biology Trosa, Sweden Constantza, Romania Dr. C. Jouin Dr. J. S. Gray Laboratoire de Zoologie Wellcome Marine Laboratory Faculte" des Sciences Robin Hood's Bay 7, Quai St. Bernard Yorkshire, England Paris, France Dr. R. R. Hessler Dr. E. Kirsteuer Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of Living Invertebrates La Jolla, California 92037 American Museum of Natural History Dr. R. P. Higgins New York, New York 10024 Office of Oceanography and Limnology Dr. H. Kiihl Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560 Institut fur Kiisten- und Binnenfischerei Laboratorium Cuxhaven Dr. W. D. Hope Cuxhaven, West Germany Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Dr. P. Lasserre Smithsonian Institution Institut de Biologie Marine Washington, D.C. 20560 University de Bordeaux 33 Arcachon, France Dr. N. C. Hulings Office of Oceanography and Limnology Mr. A. D. Mclntyre Smithsonian Institution Marine Laboratory Washington, D.C. 20560 Aberdeen, Scotland Dr. W. D. Hummon Dr. F. Monniot Department of Zoology Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Ohio University Laboratoire de Biologie des Inverte'bre's Marins Athens, Ohio 45701 Paris, France Dr. I. M. Newell Dr. F. Riemann Department of Life Sciences Institut fiir Meeresforschung University of California Bremerhaven, West Germany Riverside, California 92502 Dr. W. Sterrer Bermuda Biological Station Dr. W. Noodt St. Georges West, Bermuda Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Dr. B. Swedmark Hegewischstrasse 3 Kristinebergs Zoological Station Kiel, West Germany Fiskebackskil, Sweden Dr. O. H. Pilkey Dr. G. Uhlig Department of Geology Biologisches Anstalt Helgoland Duke University Helgoland, West Germany Durham, North Carolina 27708 Dr. J. B. J. Wells Dr. L. W. Pollock Department of Zoology Systematics-Ecology Program University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, Scotland Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Dr. W. Westheide II Zoologisches Institut der Universitat Dr. J. Renaud-Mornant Gottingen, West Germany Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle Dr. R. Williams 43, rue Cuvier Oceanographic Laboratory (S.M.B.A.) Paris, France Edinburgh, Scotland Foreword The First International Conference on Meiofauna was held in Tunis, Tunisia, 1-11 July, 1969. Twenty-eight invited participants from seven countries assembled to review the status of the systematic^ and ecology of meiofaunal taxa, the ecology of meiobenthic communities, and techniques of faunal and environmental anal- yses. Of the 30 papers presented at the conference, 27 are included in this volume. The convening of the conference was stimulated by the increasing emphasis on and need for investigations of the systematics and ecology of meiofauna and for a means to provide an exchange of ideds between systematists and ecologists. Also it was felt that there was a need to standardize techniques of collecting and reporting data so that results from one area of investigation could be compared with those from another area. Toward this end, all participants contributed to "A Manual for the Study of Meiofauna" (Neil C. Hulings and John S. Gray, 1971, Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Number 78). There remains much to be done in the sphere of meiofauna investigations. One of the most pressing problems is the need for more attention to the problem of sampling. Statistical evaluation of various techniques of sampling and statistical treatment of the sampling efforts are imperative. Not only must there be concern for individual species but also for the community as a whole. There must be continuous dialogue between systematists and ecologists to advance properly our knowledge of meiofaunal species and communities. Ultimately, the ecologist must consider all specimens to the species level. By the same token, the system- atist must take into consideration taxa other than those of his particular interest. In this way he can provide taxa that are properly preserved for study by other systematists. It is through such consideration and cooperation that our knowledge of meiofauna will be increased greatly. These approaches assume an even greater significance when considering the effects of pollution on meiofauna. Other pressing problems exist in the area of the physiology of meiofauna. In terms of collecting and properly preserving specimens for study, what are the effects of various preservatives and anesthetizing agents now available? In the past, only the traditional agents have been used. New agents need to be evaluated, for it may be that these give better results than the traditional ones. To what degree do taxa, from the polar regions to the tropics, react differently to pre- preservation storage and various extraction techniques? Preliminary evidence indicates the reaction is considerably different, and further evaluation of this aspect may result in greater extraction efficiency. This emphasizes the need for taking the local environmental conditions of the organism into consideration. Investigations in the area of culture of meiofaunal taxa must be accelerated to determine the degree of rsponse to various environmental parameters. Such needs represent some of the more pressing problems in the study of meiofauna. These and other problems in the study of meiofuna are apparent in this volume and in the "Manual for the Study of Meiofauna." It is hoped that the papers presented in both publications will stimulate research along these and other lines. I am indebted to many persons for assistance in organizing the conference and in editing the papers of this volume. John S. Gray and Robert P. Higgins were of invaluable assistance in organizing and convening the conference. The person- nel of the Mediterranean Marine Sorting Center, Salammbo, Tunisia—especially Dr. Hedia Baccar, Mrs. Genevieve Dargouth, and Mr. Mohammed Shili—freely provided assistance prior to and during the conference. The Tunisian govern- ment—especially the National Scientific and Technical Institute for Ocean- ography and Fisheries, the Department of Higher Education and Scientific Re- search, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs—endorsed the conference and assisted in many ways. The American Embassy, Tunis, was most helpful on numerous occasions. Funding for the conference was made possible through the Office of International Activities of the Smithsonian Institution. The assistance of Dr. Ray Manning and his staff of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smith- sonian Institution, is gratefully acknowledged. And lastly, sincere appreciation is expressed to the authors of the papers in this volume for their patience and cooperation. NEIL C. HULINGS Department of Biology American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon Contents SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF MEIOFAUNA TAXA Page
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