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U.S. Atlantic, U.S. Gulf of Mexico King mackerel, Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla and Scomberomorus maculatus Image © Duane Raver U.S. Atlantic, U.S. Gulf of Mexico Troll/Pole, Handline, Midwater gillnet, Cast Net April 29, 2015 Jen Hunter, Consulting researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external scientists with expertise in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scientific review, however, does not constitute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendations on the part of the reviewing scientists. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. 2 About Seafood Watch® Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild- caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendations available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservation issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendation on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this information against the program’s conservation ethic to arrive at a recommendation of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternatives” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluation methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of information include government technical publications, fishery management plans and supporting documents, and other scientific reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch® Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture scientists, and members of industry and conservation organizations when evaluating fisheries and aquaculture practices. Capture fisheries and aquaculture practices are highly dynamic; as the scientific information on each species changes, Seafood Watch®’s sustainability recommendations and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to reflect these changes. Parties interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture practices and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more information about Seafood Watch® and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch® program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling 1-877-229-9990. 3 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originating from sources, whether fished1 or farmed, that can maintain or increase production in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or function of affected ecosystems. Based on this principle, Seafood Watch had developed four sustainability criteria for evaluating wild- catch fisheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are: • How does fishing affect the species under assessment? • How does the fishing affect other, target and non-target species? • How effective is the fishery’s management? • How does the fishing affect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem? Each criterion includes: • Factors to evaluate and score • Guidelines for integrating these factors to produce a numerical score and rating Once a rating has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendation. Criteria ratings and the overall recommendation are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/Green: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause little harm to habitats or other wildlife. Good Alternative/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they’re caught. Avoid/Red: Take a pass on these for now. These items are overfished or caught in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 “Fish” is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates. 4 Summary This report focuses on the king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and Spanish mackerel (S. maculatus) fisheries in the U.S. Southeastern Atlantic region and the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. Both species are targeted by recreational and commercial operators fishing in coastal pelagic areas. In the Atlantic, king mackerel are landed primarily with hook-and-line gears (handline and troll), whereas Spanish mackerel are landed with cast nets, handline, and midwater gillnet gears. In the Gulf of Mexico, both species are captured with handline and midwater gillnet gears. In Spanish and king mackerel fisheries midwater gillnets are termed runaround gillnets and are set in a specific way so as to minimize bycatch. King and Spanish mackerel are confined to warm tropical and subtropical waters and are distributed along the East Coast of the United States and through the Gulf of Mexico; the range of king mackerel extends south in the coastal zone of Central and South America, to Brazil. During their first few years, these species grow quickly. King mackerel reaches sexual maturity at approximately 4 years of age; it breeds prolifically, spawning repeatedly during the breeding season. Spanish mackerel typically reach sexual maturity in their first year (male) or second year (female), and also exhibit high levels of fecundity. King mackerel is considered to have high inherent vulnerability to fishing pressure, whereas Spanish mackerel is only moderately vulnerable. A full assessment each of U.S. king and Spanish mackerel stocks was recently conducted by the Southeast Data Assessment and Review (SEDAR) process. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico king mackerel were assessed in 2014 and the stocks were deemed to be not currently overfished or experiencing overfishing. Spanish mackerel were assessed in 2012 (South Atlantic) and 2013 (Gulf of Mexico). The Atlantic Spanish mackerel were determined to be neither in an overfished state nor experiencing overfishing. Some concerns about the population model parameters were raised in the review stage of the Gulf of Mexico Spanish mackerel assessment process. As a result, no population or fishing mortality estimates were endorsed in the SEDAR report. Although the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council (GMFMC) revisited these critiques via their Statistical and Science Committee and affirmed the SEDAR findings, Gulf Spanish mackerel stocks are neither in an overfished state nor experiencing overfishing. Overall, king and Spanish mackerel stocks are robust and are being exploited at appropriate levels. King and Spanish mackerel are targeted by both recreational and commercial fishers in the coastal pelagic zone. In the Gulf of Mexico, both species are captured primarily by handline gear and runaround gillnets. Both gear types have relatively low rates of bycatch of protected resources and low discard rates. However, the Gulf handline fishery is responsible for a significant portion of greater amberjack landings, a species that is considered imperiled. Despite recent efforts to rebuild the stock, greater amberjacks continue to be both overfished and experiencing overfishing. In addition to handlines, Spanish mackerel in the U.S. Atlantic are landed with cast nets and runaround gillnets. These nets are deployed on schools of Spanish mackerel and traditionally have very low rates of bycatch and discards. Due to bycatch stock status and/or fishing mortality concerns, the Gulf of Mexico handline fisheries (targeting both Spanish and king mackerel) received red scores for this criterion. 5 In the United States, king and Spanish mackerels are managed under the Fishery Management Plan (FMP) for Coastal and Migratory Pelagic Resources (Mackerels) (1983), managed jointly by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council (SAFMC) and the GMFMC. The strategy and goals set forth by the original FMP and subsequent amendments are appropriate to the fisheries, and the most recent stock assessments suggest that the current restrictions in place are adequate to maintain the integrity of both Atlantic and Gulf stocks of king and Spanish mackerel. All U.S. stocks of both species have been assessed via SEDAR, which provides rigorous and independent assessment that considers both scientific advice and stakeholder concerns. Enforcement of fishery regulations is carried out jointly by a number of state and federal agencies, including state departments of wildlife and/or fisheries resources, the U.S. Coast Guard, and NOAA. The SAFMC and GMFMC each also have law enforcement panels to make recommendations on enforcement strategies. Bycatch management for all fisheries is appropriate and, although U.S. gillnet fisheries do have some observer coverage, runaround gillnets fisheries generally retain all their catch, so bycatch is of little concern. Overall, king and Spanish mackerel stocks are well- managed, although recovery of associated species such as amberjack contributed to a yellow rather than a green score for Gulf of Mexico handline fisheries (targeting both king and Spanish mackerel). All the gear types assessed in this report generally have no impacts on the sea floor. The directed king
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