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1 2 8 14 22 24 27 30 37 44 54 62 66 71 FY 2010 SPECIALTY CROP BLOCK GRANT PROGRAM – FARM BILL AMS Agreement: 12-25-B-1101 Virginia Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services Final Report Project Coordinator: Melissa Ball Division of Marketing Phone: (804)786-5448 Email: [email protected] Revision March 6, 2014 Table of Contents Title Page Performance of a Novel Solar Greenhouse Prototype 2 Marketing Expansion Initiative Promoting VA Grown Christmas Trees 8 Increasing the Competitiveness of VA Specialty Crop and Disadvantaged Farmers through a Statewide Situational Assessment of the VA Farm-to-School Program 14 Specialty Crops Cooling and Packing 22 Educational Opportunities for Farm Direct Marketers & Farmers Markets 24 Increasing the Competitiveness and Consumption of Virginia Grown Strawberries 27 Beautiful Gardens Plant Breeder Workshops - Development and Application 30 Increasing GAP Certification Readiness among Organic and Conventional Growers and Nutrition Knowledge and Consumption of Specialty Crops among Children and Adults in Southwest Virginia 37 Handling and Use of Poultry Litter Incineration Ash Byproducts as Organic Fertilizer in Fresh Market Tomato Production 44 Developing, Teaching and Promoting Sustainable and Organic Growing Practices at Maple Hill Educational Farm 54 Organic Management of Pest Predation in Commercial Production of Summer Squash 62 Working Capital Grant to Develop a Broad Based Website for the Promotion of Virginia Apples 66 Connecting Southwest VA Farmers to Institutional Buyers Through Local Food Processing and Preservation 71 Expanding Markets for Virginia’s Specialty Crops 76 Improved Management of Harlequin Bug in Cole Crops 79 Stink Bug Populations; cane berries 96 Production and Marketing of High Tunnel Grown Ginger Roots In Virginia 102 Supporting Specialty Crops Through Nutrition Incentives at Central Virginia Farmers Markets 108 Large Scale Carrot Evaluation 117 1 Performance of a Novel Solar Greenhouse Prototype Naraine Persaud 330 Smyth - VA Tech 40-231-3817 [email protected] I. PROJECT SUMMARY This final report1 covers the period of performance November 1, 2010 through May 31, 2013. In spring of 2009, volunteers from the YMCA (ordinary citizens working together with scientists and engineers from private and public entities) constructed a novel prototype solar greenhouse2 at 215 Maywood Street in Blacksburg, Virginia. Their intent was: (a) to demonstrate the feasibility of using soil thermal storage of solar energy to fully heat the greenhouse and produce vegetables or culinary and medicinal herbs during the winter, and (b) to use it as a test-bed for systematic applied engineering research to develop science-based, universally-applicable guidelines for design and operation of such solar heated greenhouses. Some volunteers tackled this second purpose began collecting data on temperature and humidity inside and outside the greenhouse in the winter months (November, December, January , and February) of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011using low-cost semi-automated data acquisition instrumentation. But they needed a more comprehensive monitoring system to generate the dataset required to convince homeowners or entrepreneurs in the Commonwealth of Virginia and beyond to invest their time and money to adapt this solar greenhouse design at different scales of operation. This VDACS project was designed to provide this comprehensive dataset. VDACS obligated $27,064.00 to implement the project from 1 November 2010 through 31 May 2013 and $22,627.03 (close to 83 %) was spent (primarily on monitoring instrumentation, automated data acquisition, and data analyses) leaving a balance of $4,607.80. In what follows we provide the motivation and importance for the project for the Commonwealth of Virginia and beyond. Greenhouses are important to the overall agricultural economy of Virginia. The state has over 17 million square feet of heated greenhouse area (under glass, polyethylene film, or polycarbonate protection) used primarily for nursery and floriculture. A rough estimate of the capital value of this investment is half a billion dollars. Estimated annual winter heating costs to maintain an inside temperature of 80 oF is about 10 to 20 million dollars (60 cents to $1.20 per square foot) and expected to increase with increasing cost of heating fuel and electricity. A solar greenhouse would use little or no commercial energy sources for heating. Anecdotal evidence suggests that to maintain an inside temperature of 80oF would cost about 7 cents per square foot operational costs for a properly designed solar greenhouse. 1 This report and archived data and results are at: http://www.epiexamprep.cses.vt.edu/solar_greenhouse/index.html 2 The following websites provide information (history, design, construction, climate controls etc.) on the prototype solar greenhouse and general information on solar greenhouses : http://www.roperld.com/science/YMCAsolargreenhouse.htm http://www.roperld.com/science/solargreenhouses.htm 2 Innovatively designed solar greenhouses can be used to produce vegetables (lettuces, cruciferous vegetables, tomatoes, beans, green peppers etc.) and specialty crops (culinary and medicinal herbs) in the winter when prices are higher. Increased availability would stimulate increased consumption leading to better health especially for lower income groups. This group spends 37 % less on vegetables than high income groups (USDA Consumer Expenditure Survey). The antioxidants and phytochemicals in diets high in vegetables and culinary herbs lower risk from many chronic diseases especially cancers, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. Only 27% of Virginians are eating the nationally recommended daily 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables that can reduce the risk of heart disease (the leading cause of death in Virginia) by 20 to 40%. II. PROJECT APPROACH We achieved the stated aims of the project. Activities and tasks performed and work accomplished during the grant period were as follows: 1. Collected a large amount of data using the instrumentation we purchased and installed starting November 2011 through March 2013 (in addition to data collected previously during the winter months of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011). 2. Analyzed the data collected, drew conclusions on the performance of the prototype solar greenhouse, and looked at possible modification to the existing design. 3. Published the data and results on a dedicated and publicly accessible website. 4. Contributed significantly to some of the broader aims of our (YMCA) community partners. 5. Prepared a write-up detailing algorithms to calculate solar irradiance on any arbitrarily oriented terrestrial surface. It was published online by CreateSpace, Charleston, South Carolina, USA and is available at http://www.amazon.com/Manual-Computing-Irradiance-Terrestrial- Surfaces/dp/1468142402/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1330272702&sr=1-1 6. Hosted a Virginia Tech's Scieneering Program (http://www.undergraduate.vt.edu/Scieneering/) Biological Systems Engineering student during the Fall 2011 semester. The program paid her to work 15 hours week to on project instrumentation and data collection. Mr. Matt Nottingham has volunteered his time to assist with the data collection. 7. Collaborated with the Virginia Cooperative Extension Services' to publicize the solar greenhouse on youtube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6QEFa5WXTE We encountered no unexpected delays, impediments, and challenges in implementing the project. There were minor delays in the commercial ISP (Comcast) installing the internet gateway at the solar greenhouse and in the delivery of the components for some wireless sensor interfaces. The Derecho (July 2012) and Sandy windstorms (November 2012) interrupted the 3 internet connection with some data loss and required additional maintenance/replacement of the existing monitoring and automated data acquisition equipment. The following significant results were realized: A. Equipment purchase and installation: The following were purchased and installed 1. An industrial (point-of-sale) grade, accurate digital scale to weigh produce at the prototype solar greenhouse 2. An internet gateway at the prototype solar greenhouse to provide local and www network functionality 3. 3 ruggedized, industrial-grade, wireless, solar-powered weather stations from Davis Instruments3 (see map pushpins and callouts on Figure 1). This supplier maintains free servers that permit registered users to monitor their stations in real time over the internet. The 3 stations are as follows: a. One Vantage Pro 2 Plus with add-on sensors logging fan-aspirated outside temperature and humidity, rain, wind speed and direction, solar radiation and inside temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light levels at the prototype solar greenhouse (Hale-YMCA Community Gardens, 215 Maywood Street, Blacksburg VA 24060). These parameters are logged at 30-minute intervals (see the collage of pictures in Figure 2 showing some details of this installation). To facilitate additional data collection and control of the instrumentation, we installed a PC that interfaces wirelessly with all the sensors at the prototype solar greenhouse. This PC can be accessed and controlled remotely (see the collage of pictures in Figure 2 showing some details of this installation). b. One Vantage Pro 2 Plus logging fan-aspirated outside temperature and humidity, rain, wind speed and direction, solar radiation at the YMCA Center (1000 North Main Street, Blacksburg VA 24060). Data from this station is collected and
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