2007 Castillogeniz Biologia De Raja Inornata

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2007 Castillogeniz Biologia De Raja Inornata CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR DE ENSENADA PROGRAMA DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS EN ECOLOGÍA MARINA HISTORIA DE VIDA Y BIOLOGÍA PESQUERA DE LA RAYA, Raja inornata Jordan y Gilbert 1881, DEL NORTE DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO TESIS que para cubrir parcialmente los requisitos necesarios para obtener el grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS Presenta: JOSE LEONARDO CASTILLO GÉNIZ Ensenada, Baja California, México, Noviembre del 2007. ii TESIS DEFENDIDA POR José Leonardo Castillo Géniz Y APROBADA POR EL SIGUIENTE COMITÉ Dr. Oscar Sosa Nishizaki Director del Comité Dra. Sharon Z. Herzka Llona Dr. Gregor M. Cailliet Miembro del Comité Miembro del Comité Dr. Enric Cortés Miembro del Comité Dr. Luis E. Calderón Aguilera Dr. David Hilario Covarrubias Rosales Coordinador del programa de posgrado en Ecología Marina Encargado del Despacho de la Dirección de Estudios de Posgrado 28 de Noviembre de 2007 iii RESUMEN de la tesis de JOSÉ LEONARDO CASTILLO GÉNIZ, presentada como requisito parcial para la obtención del grado de DOCTOR EN CIENCIAS en Ecología Marina. Ensenada, Baja California, México. Noviembre de 2007. HISTORIA DE VIDA Y BIOLOGÍA PESQUERA DE LA RAYA Raja inornata Jordan y Gilbert 1881, DEL NORTE DEL GOLFO DE CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO. Resumen aprobado por. ____________________ Dr. Oscar Sosa Nishizaki Director de tesis En el presente trabajo se presentan y discuten desde una perspectiva pesquera, los resultados sobre los principales parámetros biológicos que caracterizan la historia de vida de la raya de California, Raja inornata, especie que forma parte de un elenco de rayas de la familia Rajidae, que son explotadas de forma incidental en la pesca de arrastre de la merluza en la región del norte del Golfo de California. A partir de muestreos de tallas, pesos y sexos, y recolecta de material biológico reproductivo realizados a bordo de siete viajes de pesca comercial de arrastre entre febrero del 2003 y abril del 2004, se obtuvieron datos de un total de 596 rayas pertenecientes a 4 especies de Rájidos: 428 especímenes de R. inornata (251 hembras: 77-690 mm de longitud total, LT, con una talla promedio de 520.49 ± 6.07 mm; y 177 machos: 228-585 mm LT con un promedio de 474.1 ± 5.6 mm), 74 de R. rhina (39 hembras: 161-950mm LT con un media de 700 ± 34.6 mm LT ;y 35 machos: 256-800 mm LT, con un promedio de 647.5 ± 27.8 mm LT), 85 de R. velezi (42 hembras: 223-1,000 mm LT, con un promedio de 761.48 ± 27.5 mm; y 33 machos:) y 9 de R. cortezensis (5 hembras: 267-425 mm, con un promedio de 359.4 ± 25.6 mm LT; y 4 machos: 256-395 mm LT y una media de 354.5 ± 32.9 mm). Con base en el análisis de 24 variables morfométricas de 97 individuos de R. inornata (52 hembras, 226-690 mm LT; 45 machos, 227-525 mm), se determinó la presencia de un marcado dimorfismo sexual entre machos y hembras, encontrándose que 9 relaciones entre la LT y las variables morfométricas fueron sexualmente dimórficas. Con el fin de identificar las características morfológicas externas que permiten la separación correcta de individuos de R. inornata y R. cortezensis, especies con una marcada similitud, se llevo a cabo un análisis de funciones discriminantes por pasos, que permitió separar tres grupos de rayas (hembras y machos de R. inornata, y machos de R. cortezensis). Las variables que mejor discriminaron entre especies y sexos fueron: longitud preorbital, longitud preoral, distancia entre la quinta abertura branquial, máxima distancia entre aletas pélvicas, y la distancia entre la cloaca y la punta de la aleta caudal. La examinación de las estructuras reproductivas en hembras de R. inornata (diámetro de glándulas nidamentarias, diámetro de folículos ováricos, ancho del útero y presencia de cápsulas ovígeras) y en machos (longitud del mixopterigio, longitud de testículos y de glándulas del mixopterigio), permitió estimar una talla de madurez sexual en iv hembras de 500 mm LT y en machos de 450 mm LT. El 72.1% de las hembras analizadas fueron maduras y el 81.1% de los machos. Para R. rhina las hembras maduran entre los 820 y 825 mm LT y los machos a los 700 mm LT. Para R. velezi las hembras alcanzan su madurez a los 900 mm LT y los machos, a los 650 mm LT. Se sugiere que el periodo reproductivo en R. inornata comprende todo el año con un pico reproductivo en los meses de otoño (septiembre-noviembre). A partir de 104 vértebras de R. inornata (66 hembras: 255-670 mm de LT y 38 machos: 256-585 mm) se calcularon los parámetros de las funciones de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy (FCVB), Gompertz y Logístico. Los parámetros de FCVB fueron: hembras: L∞ = 580.1 mm, k= 0.60/año y t0 = -0.86; para los machos, L∞ = 537.9 mm, k= 0.59/año y t0 = -0.96 y para los sexos agregados, L∞ = 567.2 mm, k= 0.57/año y t0 = -0.92. La edad de primera madurez para las hembras de R. inornata se estimó en 2.9 años y 2.4 para los machos. Los parámetros biológicos estimados para R. inornata permiten caracterizarla como una especie de elevada productividad, por lo que es factible que su población dentro del Golfo de California pueda sostener una explotación pesquera moderada. Caso contrario R. rhina y R. velezi, que por ser especies de gran tamaño, y tallas de madurez superiores, pueden ser susceptibles a la pesca. Palabras clave: Raja inornata, historia de vida, Golfo de California. v ABSTRACT of the thesis of JOSÉ LEONARDO CASTILLO GÉNIZ presented as partial requirement to obtain the degree DOCTOR IN SCIENCE in Marine Ecology. Ensenada, Baja California, México. November of 2007. LIFE HISTORY AND FISHERY BIOLOGY OF THE CALIFORNIA SKATE, Raja inornata Jordan and Gilbert, 1881 FROM THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO. Abstract approved by: ____________________ Dr. Oscar Sosa Nishizaki Thesis director In order to to assess its susceptibility to exploitation, the biological parameters that characterize the life history of the California skate, Raja inornata, were analyzed. Raja inornata is part of an assemblage of rajid skates that are exploited as by-catch in a hake trawl fishery in the northern region of the Gulf of California. Sampling was carried out onboard during 7 fishery commercial trips conducted during February 2003 to April 2004. Sizes, weights and sexes were obtained for 596 skates belonging to 4 rajid species : 428 R. inornata (251 females: 77-690 mm total length, TL, with a mean size (+ SD) of 520.49 ± 6.07 mm; and 177 males: 228-585 mm TL with an average size of 474.1 ± 5.6 mm), 74 R. rhina (39 females: 161-950 mm TL with a mean of 700 ± 34.6 mm TL; and 35 males: 256- 800 mm TL, with an average size of 647.5 ± 27.8 mm TL), 85 R. velezi (42 females: 223- 1,000 mm TL , mean size 761.48 ± 27.5 mm; and 33 males: 266-915 mm TL , mean size 760.18 ± 27.5 mm TL), and 9 R. cortezensis (5 females: 267-425 mm TL mean size 359.4 ± 25.6 mm TL; and 4 males: 256-395 mm TL, average size 354.5 ± 32.9 mm). Notably sexual dimorphism was determined in R. inornata as result of a morphological analysis on 24 morphological characteristics of 97 individuals (52 females, range 226-690 mm TL; 45 males, range 227-525 mm TL), where 9 morphological variables were sexually dimorphic. In order to find external morphological characters to distinguish R. inornata from a morphologically similar species, R. cortezensis , a stepwise discriminate function was conducted, resulting in the separation of three groups of skates (females and males of R. inornata, and males of R. cortezensis). The variables that best discriminated between species and sexes were preorbital length, preoral length, distance between fifth gill openings, maximum distance between pelvic fins, and distance from cloaca to anterior caudal fin. Through an examination of the reproductive structures in female (diameter of shell glands, diameter of ovarian follicles, uterus width and the presence of egg capsules) and male (clasper, testicles and clasper gland lengths) R. inornata, size at 50%(? – I assume?) maturity was determined to be 500 mm TL for females, and 450 mm TL for males. Most of the females (72.1%) and males (81.1%) sampled were mature. In R. rhina females matured between 820 and 825 mm TL and males at 700 mm TL. In R. velezi, female size at vi maturity was estimated at 900 mm TL and at 650 mm TL for males. The reproductive cycle of R. inornata is considered annual with a reproductive peak in fall (September- November). From 104 vertebrae of R. inornata (66 females, range 255-555 mm TL; and 45 males, 227-525 mm TL) the growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy (VBGF) , Gompertz and Logistic growth functions were estimated. VBGF parameters were: for females L∞ = 580.1 mm, k= 0.60/yr and t0 = -0.86; males, L∞ = 537.9 mm, k= 0.59/yr and t0 = -0.96 and for combined sexes, L∞ = 567.2 mm, k= 0.57/yr and t0 = -0.92. The oldest age estimates obtained for the California skate were 9 years for females, and 7 years for males. The age at first maturity in R. inornata females was estimated to be 2.9 yr and at 2.4 yr for males. R. inornata is characterized as a high biological productive species, considering the biological parameters determined from this study, and its population in the Gulf of California could probably sustain moderate fishery exploitation.
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