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Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General

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GIFT OF SEELEY W. ML'DD and GEORGE I. COCHRAN MEYER ELSASSER DR.JOHNR. HAYNES WILLIAM L. HONNOLD JAMES R. MARTIN MRS. JOSEPH F. SARTORI to the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SOUTHERN BRANCH stamped below This book is DUE on the last date APfi 2 5 1^^ EJ^D to-af?| ^^^'4 .^P^3.J88 467.1 _P7£7_ v.l Polk - Southern Branch of the University of California Los Angeles Form L 1 E AGX-\ LEONIDAS POLK Volume I . n^ravid, ty Wjn, Sa.rta.2! [LD[£MTro(D®n=oW"?' IPCDlLC^o LEONIDAS POLK BISHOP AND GENERAL BY WILLIAM M. POLK, M. D., LL. D. PKOrESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OP THE CITY OF NEW YORK ; EORMERLY AN OFFICER OP ARTILLERY IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY IN TWO VOLUMES Vol. I NEW YORK LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1894 9185S Copyright, 1893, by William M. Polk, M. D., LL. D, E Pi PI /'I DEDICATED TO THE MEMOEY OF FEANCES DEVEREUX POLK THE WIFE OF LEONIDAS POLK PEEFACE. The author expresses here his indebtedness to the Rev. John Fulton, D.D., for the invaluable aid rendered by him in the preparation of this book. Dr. Fulton's close association with Bishop Polk as Assistant Rector \ and Rector of Trinity Church, New Orleans, during the period covered by Chapters VI. and VII. of Volume I. has enabled him to write more fully and correctly of the ^ events of that period than was possible to any one else. "^ These chapters are therefore presented, practically, as he wrote them. '^ The page headings, chapter headings, and index are % the work of Mr. E. E. Treffry. The completeness with which he has performed this task will be best appre- ciated by those engaged in biographical and historical research. CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. CHAPTER I. PAGE Ancestry.— Thomas Polk of Mecklenburg.— Under Washington.— With Gates and Greene.— Williajm Polk.— Germantown,— With Sumter, Marion, and Henderson.— Eutaw Springs 1 CHAPTER II. West Point.— General Gaines, General Scott, Colo- nel Thayer, Dr. McIlvaine, Sidney Johnston.— Class Standing. — Graduation.— Travels through New England and Canada 45 CHAPTER III. Enters the Ministry.— Theological Seminary, Alexandria. — Ordination.— Assist.^nt to Bishop Moore, Richmond, Va.— Travels through Europe. 87 CHAPTER IV. Priest to the Pl.'lntation Parish.— Missionary Bishop of the Southwest.— Work in Arkansas, Indian Territory, Republic of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.— The Negro as a Part of his Charge 127 CHAPTER V. The Sugar Plantation.— Scenes from the Planta- tion Home.— Mrs. Polk.— The Slave and his Master.— The Cholera Epidemic l'')3 X CONTENTS OF VOLUME I. CHAPTER VL PAGE The Negro, the Problem at the South. — How to Meet it.— Educate the People.— The Equality of THE South in the Union of the States.— "The University of the South will do ]\Iuch to Com- pose AND Reconcile National Feeling." 191 CHAPTER VII. Secession of Louisiana.— Action of the Dioceses.— The Church in the Confederate States.— Bishop Polk's Attitude 262 CHAPTER VIII. Enters the Confederate Army.— The Manner of Doing it. —How the Act was Received.— A Tem- porary Service.— Efforts to Resign 314 ILLUSTRATIONS. Lieutenant-Colonel Willlui Polk Frmtispiecc St. John's Church To face page 151 LeonidAS Polk (Missionary Bishop of the Southwest) To face page 170 University of the South To follow page IZ'd ; CHAPTER I. THE FOREFATHERS OF LEON IDAS POLK. 1(320 TO 1826. Settlement of John Pollock of Lanarkshire, Scotland, in the north of Ireland.— His son, Robert Pollock, serves under Cromwell; emigrates to the Eastern Shore of Maryland.— Change of the name of Pollock to Polk.— William, grandson of Robert Polk, removes to Carlisle, Penn- sylvania.— His son Thomas removes to Mecklenburg County, North Carolina; a Member of the Provincial Assembly in 1762 and 1771 leader of the opposition to British aggression.— General temper of the Colonies.— The revolutionary spirit in North Carolina.— The Meckleu- bvirg Declaration; Thomas Polk's part therein; appointed Colonel of at Brandywine and Valley Forge Continentals ; serves with Washington " " Commissary-General imder convoys the Liberty Bell to Bethlehem ; Gates; appointed Brigadier-General by Greene; why the appointment was not confirmed; death of Colonel Polk in 1793.— Mr. Lossing's error in his " Field-Book of the Revolution."— The eiTOr handsomely acknowl- edged.— Birth of Wniiam Polk, July, 1758; Major to the Continental at Brandywine ; frightfully Army at the age of eighteen ; engaged present at the defeat at Cam- wounded at Germantown ; Valley Forge ; den; serves vyith Davidson; following the fortunes of Sumter and Marion; battle of Eutaw Springs.— Colonel William Polk's career after the war; Member of the General Assembly of North Carolina; U. S. Supervisor of Revenue for North Carolina ; President of the State Bank; appointed Brigadier- General of the Army of the United States; declines the appointment; Commissioner to receive the Marquis de La- fayette ; his death in 1834. Before we attempt to sketch the career or to estimate the character of Leonidas Polk it will be of some advan- tage to recall some incidents in the story of the adven- turons race of pioneers from which he was descended. The origin of tlie family is obscure. An old tradition of 1 2 JOHN POLLOCK SETTLES IN IRELAND. [1G20 the derivation of the family iiaiiu^ in its original form of Pollock is too clearly apocryplial to l)e worth repeat- ing. A whimsical talc of the exploit which led to the adoption of the arms of the Pollocks is not more trust- worthy, but the de\dce of a wild boar pierced with an arrow, and the motto, Audacifer et lSfn')me, " Boldly and Stoutly," must evidently have been suggested by some feat of daring in which courage and strength were both exhibited. The branch of the Pollock family from which Leoni- das Polk traced his descent was represented in the reign of James, Sixth of Scotland and First of England, by John Pollock, a gentleman of some estate in Lanark- shire, not far from what was then the small but impor- tant cathedral city of Glasgow. Those were troublous times in Church and State, and John Pollock, who was an nncompromising Presbyterian, left his native land to join the new colony of Protestants which had been es- tablished in the north of Ireland. It was a hazardous adventure ; for although the last of the numerous pettj' kings of Ireland had jn-ofessedly suljniitted to the Eng- lish arms at the beginning of Bang James's reign, the Irish people cherished a vindictive hatred of their con- querors, and while the king-'s writ ran throughout the length and breadth of the island, the Scotch and Eng- lish colonists were often compelled to maintain peace by dra^nng and using their good swords. Little more is now known of John Pollock than that he lived to a good age, and that he had a son of true-blue Pres- byterian principles and of a strenuous temper like his own. Robert Pollock, a son of John Pollock, served as a subaltern oflficer in the regiment of Colonel Tasker in tho Parliamentarv avmv ac'ainst Charles I., and took an ; 1059] EMIGRATION OF BOBEBT POLLOCK. 3 active part in the campaigns of Cromwell. He married Magdalen Tasker, who was the widow of his friend and companion in arms, Colonel Porter, and one of the two daughters of Colonel Tasker, then Chancellor of Ire- land, of Bloomfield Castle, on the river Dale. By this marriage Pollock acquired the estate of "Moning" or " Moneen " Hill, in the barony of Ross, county of Don- egal, Ireland, of which his wife was heiress. Her elder sister, Barbara, who was born in 1640, married Captain John Keys, an English soldier, and their descendants still own Bloomfield Castle. On the death of Cromwell and the accession of the second Charles, Robert Pollock resolved to emigrate with his wife aiid family to the American plantations. In 1659 he took ship at London- derry, and after a stormy voyage, during which one of his ehildi-en died, he landed on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in the i^rovince of which Lord Baltimore was ^' Sovereign Lord and Proprietary." Soon after his emi- gration the surname of Pollock began to be written Polk, and it appears in that form in the will of his widow, Magdalen Polk. Grants of land on the Eastern Shoi-e were made to Robert Pollock, or Polk, and to his sons and a homestead patented under the name of Polk's Folly is still in the possession of the family. In com- parison with other changes in the surnames of settlers in the American plantations, this change was slight. Tluis, in one well-authenticated instance, Beauclerc was trans- formed to Butler, and two families now bearing the names of Noyes and Delano are known to be descended from a common ancestor whose surname was De la Noye. Polk's Folly lies south of Fauquier Sound, oppo- site the mouths of the Nanticoke and Wicomico rivers. The old clock which was brought from Ireland by Rob- ert Pollock still stands in the hall of the dwellins'-house. 4 THE POLK FAMILY IX XOliTll CAKOLIXA. [\1X\ and his iiuiliogany liquor-ease is still preserved among the family relics.' John Polk, the eldest son of iiol)ert Pollock and Mag- dalen Tasker, married Joanna Knox. Two cliildren, William and Nancy, were Ijorn of this marriage. Will- iam married Priscilla Roberts, and afterward removed tf) Carlisle, Penn., where his fourth son, Thomas Polk, grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was horn. Follomng the exami)le of John Pollock, the Scottish colonist of Ireland, of Robert Pollock, the Cromw<'llian soldier who emigrated from Ireland to Maryland, and of his father, William Polk, who i-emoved from the province of Maryland to the ])i-ovince of Pennsylvania, Thomas Polk set out in 1753 to seek his fortune in a new field.
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