Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

Volume 17 Article 1

Fall 2016

Discovery: The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences - Volume 17 2016

Several Authors

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Part of the Agribusiness Commons, Agricultural Economics Commons, Agricultural Education Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, Botany Commons, Communication Commons, Entomology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Food Science Commons, Home Economics Commons, Horticulture Commons, and the Nutrition Commons

Recommended Citation Authors, S. (2016). Discovery: The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences - Volume 17 2016. Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences, 17(1), 1-[113]. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.uark.edu/discoverymag/vol17/ iss1/1

This Entire Issue is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Discovery, The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Vol. 17 Fall 2016 The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Vol. 17 Fall 2016

Mary Savin Faculty Editor Contents Undergraduate Research Articles Gail Halleck Managing Editor Then and now: across ten years of women in agriculture Paige Acklie, Jennie Popp, Donald Johnson, and Tamara Walkingstick...... 5 Lona J. Robertson Interim Dean The effects of shade on primocane fruiting blackberries in the field Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Olivia C. Caillouet, Curt C. Rom, Jason McAfee, Food and Life Sciences Luke Freeman, and Heather Friedrich...... 17 System Division of Agriculture Effect of timing of shade on growth, development, physiology, and fruiting of a primocane fruiting blackberry in a controlled environment Leslie D. Edgar Olivia C. Caillouet, Curt C. Rom, Jason McAfee, Assistant Dean for Student Programs, Luke Freeman, and Heather Friedrich...... 25 Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Evaluation of protein source at breakfast on energy metabolism, metabolic health, and food intake: a pilot study Clarence E. Watson Lauren A. Cambias, Brianna L. Neumann, Charlayne Mitchell, Associate Vice-President for and Jamie. I. Baum...... 33 Agriculture–Research and Director Using precision agriculture field data to evaluate combine harvesting efficiency Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Justin H. Carroll, Don Johnson, Jeff Miller, and Kristofor Brye...... 45 University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Calcium and magnesium absorption and retention by growing goats offered diets

with different calcium sources Discovery is published annually Jennifer E. Long, Kenneth P. Coffey, James D. Caldwell, Dirk Philipp, by the Dale Bumpers College of Robert T. Rhein, and Ashley N. Young...... 53 Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences. http://bumperscollege.uark.edu/ Evaluation of harvest time/temperature and storage temperature on postharvest incidence of red drupelet reversion development and firmness of blackberry The University of Arkansas System Division of (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) Agriculture offers all its Extension and Research Jack E. McCoy, John R. Clark, Alejandra A. Salgado, and Andrew Jecmen...... 59 programs and services without regard to race, color, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, religion, age, disability, marital A step in the right direction: streambank restoration efforts at the or veteran status, genetic information, or any Botanical Garden of the Ozarks other legally protected status, and is an Affirma- Dylan S. Milholen, Madison Brown, Steven Thao, and Lisa S. Wood...... 67 tive Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Use of anti-mullerian hormone to select for fertility in beef heifers Hannah R. Newberry, Rick W. Rorie, Beth Kegley, and Charles Rosenkrans...... 79

Cover: Lauren Cambias works with her faculty mentor, Jamie Baum collecting data for her project, Evaluation of protein source at breakfast on energy metabo- lism, metabolic health, and food intake: a pilot study. Photo by Fred Miller.

The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences 1 The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Vol. 17 Fall 2016

Editorial Board Nick Anthony Undergraduate Research Articles continued Professor Department of Poultry Science Efficiency of the nuclease I-SceI in excising selectable marker genes [email protected] from the plant genome Eliott E. Pruett, Soumen Nandy, and Vibha Srivastava...... 85 John R. Clark Distinguished Professor Current Status of the Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus) in Arkansas Department of Horticulture Mitchell L. Pruitt and Kimberly G. Smith...... 91 [email protected]

Ashley P.G. Dowling Associate Professor Bumpers College Students in Action...... 101 Department of Entomology [email protected] Instructions for Authors...... 109 Leslie Edgar Assistant Dean for Student Programs for Bumpers College Associate Professor Department of Agricultural Education, Communications and Technology [email protected]

Don Johnson Professor Department of Agricultural Education, Communications and Technology [email protected]

Elizabeth B. Kegley Professor Department of Animal Science [email protected]

Andy Proctor University Professor Department of Food Science [email protected]

Thad Scott Associate Professor Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences [email protected]

Kathleen R. Smith Assistant Director and Clinical Associate Professor Apparel Merchandising and Product Development School of Human and Environmental Sciences [email protected]

2 DISCOVERY • Vol. 17, Fall 2016 Letter from the Dean

Proudly Presenting Life-Changing Work and Research Experiences of Our Students The Discovery undergraduate journal promotes the abilities of our students by highlighting work and research they have com- pleted inside and outside the classroom with the help of our out- standing faculty in a citable publication. Completing these projects helps prepare our students for pro- fessional careers in the areas of food, agriculture, the environment, and human quality of life. Projects can be designed to meet requirements for an honors Lona Robertson thesis in the Bumpers College Honors Program and some have been funded by our Undergraduate Creative Projects/Research Grants Program. This issue provides studies from different departments and concentrations within the Bumpers College. Inside, you will discover: • the impact and role of women in the state’s agricultural industry over the last 10 years • the effect of shade on fruiting blackberries in a controlled environment • how protein for breakfast impacts energy metabolism, metabolic health and food intake • how precision field data can be used for more efficient combine harvesting • the results of a comparison growth study on goats fed calcium from different sources • an evaluation of harvest and storage temperatures on the firmness and incidence of red drupelet reversion development of blackberries • an evaluation of a streambank restoration project at Fayetteville’s Botanical Garden of the Ozarks • studies on fertility in beef heifers, the use of the nuclease I-SceI in excising selectable marker genes from plant genomes and the status of the Northern Saw-whet owl in Arkansas Congratulations to the student authors, and thank you to the faculty mentors and editors who made this research and this year’s journal possible. We are pleased and proud to pres- ent this work as a service to you and all our readers.

Lona Robertson, Interim Dean Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences

The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences 3 A Message from the Faculty Editor

Continuing the Tradition of Excellence from Bumpers College Students Welcome to the 17th issue of Discovery, the journal that pro- vides a venue for undergraduate students to disseminate their accomplishments in research and creative projects. I have had the honor of being the faculty editor for seven years, and the manuscripts submitted this year were some of the best we have received in my time working with this publication. Discovery is a journal that was created for students of the Dale Mary Savin Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences to fa- cilitate the opportunity to complete the scientific process and disseminate results to a wide-reaching audience. The journal has been a valued outlet for students to hone written communication skills that will be critical for success in their professional careers. In fact many of these authors are Honors students and are gradu- ating and moving onto to professional or graduate school or employment. The faculty members of the Discovery Editorial Board and the Dale Bumpers College are very proud of the accomplishments of these student authors. This issue of Discovery continues the long-standing tradition of exceptional articles from students representing programs from across the college. There are 11 papers writ- ten by undergraduate student authors representing 7 departments and the School of Human Environmental Sciences working with 10 mentors. Six University of Arkansas System faculty and 13 other students and professionals were co-authors. These under- graduate students were certainly part of indispensable teams! I welcome everyone to take time to read and reflect upon these projects and contribu- tions. Please join with me in wishing the best for all Bumpers College students as they complete their journey here at the University of Arkansas and embark on their careers to become leaders, innovators, policy makers, and entrepreneurs in their professional careers.

Mary Savin, Discovery Faculty Editor Professor of Microbial Ecology, Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences

4 DISCOVERY • Vol. 17, Fall 2016 Undergraduate Research Articles

Then and now: across ten years of Arkansas women in agriculture

Paige Acklie*, Jennie Popp†, Donald Johnson§, and Tamara Walkingstick‡

Abstract

The Agricultural Census show that between 2002 and 2012, the number of women farm operators in Arkansas grew 14% (from 19,856 to 22,637). These women operators have made up an increasingly larger percentage of all farm operators in the state (from almost 29% to nearly 33%). There is little published information regarding changes over time in the role of women in agriculture, their challenges, and factors important to their success. While some sur- veys of farm women have been conducted, these surveys are generally insufficient because data exist only for one point in time. This research uses the first, middle and last years of survey data collected across ten years (2005-2014) at Arkansas Women in Agriculture (ARWIA) conferences to compare women’s perceptions regarding: 1) factors important to their choice of business activ- ity, 2) challenges women face in their agriculture-related business, and 3) the decision-making roles they hold in that business. Results suggest that women in Arkansas agriculture engage in important decision-making on the farm. These women consistently identified across all three years, three attributes—applying talents and skills directly, being involved in the community and being excited about the work—as important factors in their decision to choose an agricultural career. They also identified two problems—keeping good employees and finding/affording a good lawyer—within the top five of the largest challenges faced. It is hoped that this set of baseline information can be useful not only to researchers and educators interested in addressing needs of local women but also in illustrating the continuing changes in women’s roles and their needs, and thus the need for extended research over time to address these changes.

* Paige Acklie is a May 2016 honors program graduate with a major in Agribusiness in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness. † Jennie Popp, the faculty mentor, is a Professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness and Interim Honors College Associate Dean. § Donald Johnson is a Professor in the Department of Agricultural Education, Communications and Technology. ‡ Tamara Walkingstick is an Associate Professor and Associate Center Director with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture’s Arkansas Forest Resources Center, Little Rock.

The Student Journal of Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences 5 Meet the Student-Author

I am from Highland Village, Texas and graduated from Marcus High School in 2012. I graduated in May 2016 from the Dale Bum- pers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences with a degree in Agribusiness and a minor in Agricultural Communications. Active in the Agricultural Business Club, I served as Treasurer my sopho- more year, and President during my junior and senior year. I have served as a college ambassador for Bumpers College, Philanthropy Assistant for Delta Delta Delta, and am a member of the AgriBusi- ness/Agricultural Economics Quiz Bowl Team. During the summer of 2015, I studied abroad in Mozambique. After my sophomore year, I interned in marketing with Sager Creek Vegetable Company in Siloam Springs, Arkansas. In February 2015, I began interning at Tyson Foods and am pursuing a career in commodity purchasing with Tyson in Springdale, Arkansas. I would like to thank Jennie Popp for serving as my mentor for this project and Donald Johnson and Tamara Walkingstick for serv- ing on my committee. Additionally, I would like to thank the Arkan- sas Women In Agriculture Association for their help with the admin- istration and collection of this data throughout the years. Paige Acklie

Introduction opportunities and 3) identify new ways to balance the demands of family, community and professional lives Women contribute greatly to agricultural and rural (ARWIA, 2016). Since 2005 there has been a statewide society because of the roles they play on and off the farm. conference held each year with the exception of 2013, a In 1978, there were 104,134 women who were the pri- year when regional meetings were facilitated throughout mary operators on farms and by 2007 that number had the central, eastern, western, and southern parts of the increased nearly 300% to 306,209 (Pilgeram and Amos, state. 2015). According to the United States Department of Some surveys have been conducted both nationally Agriculture (USDA) 2012 Census, nationally there are and internationally to examine farm issues; however, 969,672 women operators of farms (USDA, 2015a). Of these surveys are generally insufficient because data exist those women, 29.7% of them are principal operators for only one point in time. The purpose of this research is (USDA, 2015a). Between 2002 and 2012, the number of to use survey data collected at three of the ARWIA con- women operators in Arkansas grew 14% from 19,430 to ferences to examine women’s perceptions regarding 1) 22,228 (USDA, 2015a, 2015b). The Arkansas agricultural their roles on the farm, 2) the successes and challenges sector contributes to the creation of over 280,000 jobs they face, 3) how their roles have changed over time, and and adds $20.1 billion in total value to the state economy 4) how that change has influenced their family lives, agri- (English et al., 2014); therefore, the activities of Arkansas’ culture, and the rural community. women in agriculture are very important to the overall state e