DOCSLIB.ORG

PROLOG''' Elibrary.Matf.Bg.Ac.Rs Relacijski Jezik

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PROLOG''' Elibrary.Matf.Bg.Ac.Rs Relacijski Jezik Siaviga B. Praia' 4-er ‘J'( ');lr PROLOG''' elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs Relacijski jezik Vete&tev frtemeita e leidettalea, taide4 e relid , laege4 e aeteiew" Virtual Library of Faculty Mathematics - University Belgrade Pod/toiaft a Wee, alfo,tetota, PItal4941. Matematieki fakultet, Beograd at NAM Beograd, 1996 g. Profesor dr. SlaviSa B. PreSiC, Matematidki fakultet, Beograd PROLOG Relacijski jezik SADR2AJ Recenzenti Red-dve o knjizi 3 Profesor dr. Zarko Mijajlovid, Matematidki fakultet, Beograd 1. Relacije, formule Profesor dr. Dura PauniC, Institut za matematiku, Novi Sad 4 Beograd Istra2ivad-saradnik mr. Miodrag KapetanoviC, Matematidki institut, 2. Prvo o prolotkom algoritmu 10 2.1 Podetak 10 2.2 Neka opSta pravila 13 2.3 Pravilo o Rezu 18 2.4 Jog neki primeri elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs Izdavadi 23 Matematidki fakultet, Beograd 3. Zadaci,I Studentski trg 16 36 4. Jos o formulama i Clancima 67 IP„Nauka', Beograd 4.1 Bulevar Revolucije 314/25 Sludaj Lisp-sintakse 67 4.2 tel-faks (011) 421-834 Sludaj Edinburgtke sintakse 84 4.3 Jot o op-izrazima 91 4.4 Gramatike i Prolog 93 Za izdavaCe 5. Drugo o proloSkom algoritmu 102 Profesor dr. Zoran Kadelburg, dekan 5.1 Nikola Dondev, direktor Jedan algoritam ujednadavanja (unifikacije) 102 5.2 Pitanje promenljivih i nepoznatih;Dodelnik;Procedura spajanje 115 5.3 I-ili drveta; Procedure prikljudivanje i pregranjavanje 122 Korice 5.4 Procedure penjanje na vrh i plus_spust 128 Nenad BeoCanin 5.5 Procedura vracanje (backtracking) 134 5.6 JoS o predikatima ADDCL, DELCL odnosno o assert, retract 140 CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji 5.7 ZavrSni opis proloSkog algoritma 142 Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd 6. Zadaci,II 144 Virtual Library of Faculty Mathematics - University Belgrade 7. Hornovske formule; deduktivni modeli 519.682 "Prolog" 171 PRESIC, SlaviSa B. 7.1 Uvod iz iskazne logike 171 Prolog : relacijski jezik / SlaviSa 7.2 Pojam formalne teorije 174 B.PreSie. - Beograd: Matematidki fakultet: 7.3 Deduktivan model Hornovskih formula -316 str.; Nauka, 1996 (Beograd: Beopres). (SluCaj iskaznih formula) 176 24 cm. 7.4 Deduktivan model Hornovskih formula (Sludaj predikatskih formula) 180 Tira2 500. -Bibliografija: str. 313.- 7.5 Deduktivan model i Prolog 184 Registar. 8. Baze podataka i Prolog 192 a) Programski jezik "Prolog" 8.1 Uvod 192 ID=44071948 8.2 Svetovi i record-predikati (Arity-prolog) 193 8.3 B-drveta (Arity-prolog) 199 8.4 Hash tabele (Arity-prolog) 204 Stampa: ,Beopres', Beograd. Nptne fajle u Prologu 206 1 SluCaj Arity-Prologa 206 2 siticaj LPA-Prologa 211 :vetovi algoritama 215 218 'regled u Prolog ugradjenih predikata 249 Micro-Prolog 250 Arity-Prolog 270 Red-dve o knjizi LPA-Prolog 295 •atura 313 .S 314 Knjiga se odnosi na tri verzije Prologa: Micro, Arity i LPA- prolog. U njoj se postupno i podrobno izIaZe opgti mehanizam (algoritam) Prologa. elibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs Izlaganje ide od prvih, jednostavnijih primera i odgovarajudih prologkih pravila do potpunog opisa opSteg prologkog algoritma.Taj opis je na jeziku tzv• drveta i sadr2an je u tadki 5. Pored toga, u knjizi ima podrob- nijeg izlaganja o algoritmu unifikacije (deo 5.1 tacke 5) vezi Prologa i matematidke logike (tacka 7) gramatikama na koje se uspegno primenjuje Prolog (deo 4.4 take 4) bazama podataka (taCka 8) pravijenju .exe, .com - fajli u Prologu (taCka 9) U knjizi ima veliki broj regenih zadataka, u kojima se cesto pojavljuju fajle, prozori, (algoritamski) svetovi i dr. Virtual Library of Faculty Mathematics - University Belgrade U taCki 12 je dat veoma iscrpan pregleg predikata ugradenih u Prolog, od- nosno u Micro, Arity, LPA- verziju. Knjiga se mote koristiti i za poCetno udenje Prologa, ali takode i za pro- dubijivanje i logiCko sagledavanje tog jezika. Sledstveno pored raznih neskolskih lica nju mogu koristiti djaci studenti raznih Cujudi i one na tredem stepenu studija. uzrasta, uklju- 3 vni sastavci,"atomi" biti formule 5 . Primer 1.1. Sa LESS se u Micro-prologu oznaCava relacija biti manji.Tako, taCne su ove formule (LESS 1 2), (LESS 5 6), (LESS 2 3.4). U sluCaju LPA, ,.RELACIJE, FORMULE kao i Arity -prologa umesto tih imamo redom ove zapise 1<2, 5<6, 2<3.4. To u stvari, nije zapis tipa (1.1), veC sada Cemo reCi njegovo prosire- buduCi da u njemu pojam nje.Naime, kao i uopste u matematici,ako je n=2 obiCno se umesto rel(a,b) L) Za Prolog se mote reCi da je relacijski jezik, :matematiCke) relacije ima osnovnu ulogu. piSe: a rel b. Primera radi, umesto =(x,y) piSemo x=y i sl. 6 J vezi sa relacijama uopSte, u matematiCkoj logici a i u mnogim verzijama Primer 1.2. Sa EQ se u Micro-prologu oznaCava relacija jednakost .Tako, )rologa, koriste se zapisi oblika,tzv. formule : taCne su formule (EQ 2 2), (EQ 6 6). U LPA, kao i u Arity-prologu te se formule piSu u obliku 2=2, 6=6. : 1.1 ) Primer 1.3. Kao tto znamo sabiranje(brojeva) je operacija, a ne relacija. (Citati : "rel od al,...,an " ill objekti al,...,an su u relaciji rel) Medutim, uvek se operaciji mote pridru2iti odgovarajuCa relacija. Recimo, u vezi sa sabiranjem mo2emo uoCiti ovu relaciju zbir: ;de je rel tzv.ime relacije (reci demo i formule (1.1)), dok su al,...,an ,bjekti na koje se odnosi ta relacija. Odmah istaknimo da demo pored zapi- zbir(x,y,z) a x + y = z ;a (1.1) koristiti i ovakav zapis (to je tzv. lista) : U svakoj verziji Prologa postupa se u duhu te definicije . Tako u Micro- (1.2) (re/ al ... an) prologu imamo ovu definiciju (umesto reel zbir koristi se reC SUM) koji je, u stvari, pozajmljen iz jezika LISP 1 . Inate, zapisi tipa2 (1.2) (1.3) (SUM _X _Y _Z) 04 _X + _Y = _Z Koristeelibrary.matf.bg.ac.rs se u osnovnoj verziji Micro-prologa. 3 Prema toj definiciji imamo primere: (SUM 1 2 3),(SUM 2 -3 -1) i sl.0 (1.3) gapomenimo da je u literaturi veC uobiCajeno da se za zapise tipa (1.1) simboli _X,_Y,_2 mogu biti zamenjeni ma kojim vrednostima (brojevima) - to ka2e da pripadaju tzv. EdinburgSkoj sintaksi. Vedina danaSnjih Prologa ko- su tzv.promenljive. Od sintakse Prologa zavise oznake promenljivih. Tako: risti tu sintaksu.Medutim, osnovna verzija Micro-prologa kao tto smo rekli (1.4) U EdinburgSkoj sintaksi promenljive su ma koje reCi koje poCinju ne- koristi jezik lista, reel Cemo drukCije koristi: LISP-sintaksu. nekim velikim slovom,kao: A,X,Y23,Beograd, a takode kao u (1.3) po- Napomenimo da demo u ovoj knjizi koristiti ove verzije Prologa: Cinju znakom donje podcrte.Takve, sa podcrtom poCinjude, promenljive Micro-prolog, kao predstavnika Lispovske sintakse su jedine vrste promenljivih u sluCaju Micro-prologa. Arity-prolog i LPA-prolog koji koriste EdinburgSku sintaksu U Micro-prologu se mno2enju pristupa sliCno sabiranju. Naime,u tu svrhu Istaknimo, da demo u daljim delovima knjige postupno upoznavati opSti pro- koristi se relacija TIMES : loSki algoritam. Na ovom mestu pomenimo da Ce se tokom algoritma u svakom (TIMES _X _Y _Z) 4.-o- _X * _Y = _Z. koraku pojavljivati 4adunanje vrednosti neke formule, a sama ta vrednost Ce biti taCno,netacno ,znaCi potpuno sliCno kao Sto je to sluCaju matema- Recimo,taCna je formula (TIMES 2 3 6). U vezi sa SUM i TIMES dodajemo i tiCkoj logici (i matematici uopSte).ZnaCi,kratko reCeno u Prologu Ce osno- sledece: kol njihovih formula je dozvoljeno da jedan od argumenata bude promenljiva, koja joS nije dobila vrednost. Tako, "smislene" su formule: (SUM _x 2 3), (SUM 3 2 _y), (SUM 2 _z 15) 1 Lisp je jedan od najstarijih viSih programskih jezika. Nastao je krajem pedesetih godina.Izumeo ga je John Mc Carthy. Lisp se veoma Cesto koristi i ukoliko _x,_y,_z joS nemaju vrednosti, onda sve tri su taCne, i dodatno u oblasti VeStaCke inteligencije. Za razliku od Prologa on je pravi funk- (kao tzv. boCni efekat) te promenljive dobiju redom vrednosti 1, 5, 13. Virtual Library of Faculty Mathematics - University Belgrade cijski jezik. U Lispu osnovnu ulogu imaju liste oblika (1.2), all tads je . Medutim, ako recimo a, _b rel oznaka neke funkcije. Recimo, (+ 2 3) iznosi 5, dok (+ 2 (* 3 4)) iz- nemaju nikakve vrednosti, formula (SUM _a _b 7) je besmislena, i pri po- nosi 14.Inace, reC "lisp" dolazi od engleskih reCi List Processing. Saju njenog raCunanja Prolog prekida algoritam porukom: CONTROL ERROR. 2U stvari,osnovna verzija Micro-prologa koristi joS opStije formule. Blize to su liste oblika (rell_X). ViSe o tome kasnije (vid. (4.1.4)). 3 U naSe vreme veC ima priliCan broj verzija prologa,kao: 5 lstaknimo da se u mnogim proloSkim knjigama sreCe malo drukCije izra2ava- DEC-10 Prolog, CProlog, Quintus, Arity, LPA, Micro-prolog,Prolog - 1, nje. Tako, umesto formula obiCno se ka2e cilj, pa dalje shodno tome se 3, Sigma Prolog, Turbo Prolog ,i dr. Prolog-2,Prolog- umesto recimo raCunamo formulu mehanizam, 0 kale postavljamo cilj 0, i sl. Mi inoCe Medutim, uz neke nevelike razlike svi oni u osnovi imaju isti namerno koristimo "formulsko" izra2avanje, jer tako smo manje udaljeni algoritam (ka2e se i Warren-ovu "matinu", jer David Warren je 1977 isti od pravog, odnosno strogog opisa opSteg proloSkog algoritma. u potpunosti opisao taj algoritam). 6 Ubrzo Ce o njoj biti vise reCi. 4 koristiti redom reCi da, ne (na Ponekad Cemo umesto reCi taCno, netaCno 7 engleskom yes, no). U stvari, takvu promenljivu je bolje zvati nepoznata(vid. Napomenu 2.1.1) 5 4 mote biti ma koja konstantska rec(atom) 8 .Tu se f odnosi na dva sastav- Primer 1.4. UoCimo skup S={1,2,3,4,5,6} i jednu njegovu relaciju p odrede- ka(dve komponente) x i g(Y,23).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dc Prf-SPOJ-Classical.Ps
    Archives of the Sphere Online Judge classical problemset Editors: 1 u.swarnaprakash NghiaHemant Nguyen Verma Hoang Blue Mary Andrés Leonardo Rojas LukasŁukasz Mai Kuszner Adrian Kosowski Duarte Stephenbalaji Merriman Adrian Kuegel Brian YashRahul Garg Camilo Andrés Varela León Spooky RobertNeal Zane Rychcicki Jin Bin Paritosh Aggarwal VOJChinh problem Nguyen setters Thanh-Vy Hua Le Đôn Khue ?????Paweł Dobrzycki Roman Sol Csaba Noszaly KonradPatryk Pomykalski Piwakowski Wanderley Guimaraes Analysis Mode (Bogardan ZhangFrank RafaelTaizhi Arteaga Michał Czuczman Hellkite) MauroMiorel PaliiPersano Jelani Nelson (Minilek) Abhilash I P.KasthuriTomek Czajka Rangan• Daniel Gómez Didier Paul Draper SebastianPripoae Toni Kanthak Ngô Minh Đu+’c Bobby Xiao BartłomiejReinier César Kowalski Mujica Neal Wu Darek Dereniowski IvanHdez Alfonso Prasanna Nguye^~n Ha Du+o+ng OlamendyRadu Grigore Piotr Łowiec Nguyen Minh Hieu MartinMark Gordon Bader Robin Nittka Qu Jun dqdLovro Puzar Ahmed Aly Fabio Avellaneda PiotrLordxfastx Piotrowski Adam Dzedzej Hoang Hong Quan TomaszRuslan Sennov Goluch Ajay Somani Nguyen Van Quang Huy Rahulabhijith reddy d Nikola P Borisov Tomas. Bob Diego Satoba Mir Wasi Ahmed Pawel Gawrychowski Luka Kalinovcic Matthew Reeder yandry pérez Rafal clemente Marco Gallotta Tomasz Niedzwiecki Pavel Kuznetsov Andrés Mejía-Posada Robert Gerbicz Andres Galvis Chen Xiaohong Slobodan Simon Gog Alfonso2 Peterssen Kashyap KBR Krzysztof Kluczek John Rizzo Jose Daniel Rdguez Race with time Abel Nieto Rodriguez Michał Małafiejski Bogusław K. Osuch Ivan Metelsky Gogu Marian Phenomenal Le Trong Dao Nguyen Dinh Tu Muntasir Azam Khan 2 Last updated: 2009-10-09 09:00:05 3 Preface This electronic material contains a set of algorithmic problems, forming the archives of the Sphere Online Judge (http://www.spoj.pl/), classical problemset.
    [Show full text]
  • Prolog W Formie Dialogu Pomiędzy Studentem I (Cokolwiek) Sokratycznym Profesorem
    Teksty Drugie 2007, 1-2, s.127-143 Prolog w formie dialogu pomiędzy studentem i (cokolwiek) sokratycznym Profesorem. Bruno Latour Tłumaczenie zbiorowe pod kierunkiem Krzysztofa Abriszewskiego http://rcin.org.pl Bruno UTOUR Prolog w formie dialogu pomiędzy studentem i (cokolwiek) sokratycznym Profesorem^ {Gabinet w London School of Economics, późne wtorkowe popołudnie w lutym, przed pójściem do Beaver na kwartę piwa. Słychać ciche, ale natarc^we pukanie. Student za­ gląda do gabinetu.) Student: - Czy nie przeszkadzam? Profesor: - Nie, to i tak są moje godziny pracy. Proszę wejść i usiąść. S: - Dziękuję. P: - Mniemam, że... czuje się Pan trochę zagubiony? S: - Właściwie tak. Muszę przyznać, iż trudno mi zastosować Teorię Aktora-Sieci w moich badaniach nad organizacjami. P: - Nic dziwnego - nie można zastosować jej do niczego! S: - Ale uczono nas... mam na myśli... wydawało mi się, że to tutaj całkiem gorący towar. Czy mówi Pan, że jest zupełnie bezużyteczna? P: - Mogłaby być użyteczna, ale tylko jeśli nie „stosuje” się do niczego. S: - Przepraszam, ale czy to ma być jakaś sztuczka Zen? Muszę Pana ostrzec, że jestem jedynie doktorantem w badaniach nad organizacjami, więc proszę nie ocze­ kiwać... Nie jestem w temacie, jeśli chodzi o francuską myśl, przeczytałem trochę Mille Plateaux, ale nie bardzo zrozumiałem, o co tam chodzi... 1 Tłumaczenia zbiorowego pod kierunkiem Krzysztofa Abriszewskiego dokonali: Adrian Gahbler, Andrzej Kilanowski, Paweł Mil, Radosław Naworski, Natalia Organista, Dawid Piekło, Robert Szatkowski, Wojciech Wańczyk, Jakub Wolski. ^ http://rcin.org.pl Prezentacje P: - Przepraszam. Nie chciałem się wymądrzać. Chodzi o to, że ANT (skrót od ang. Actor-Network Theory - przyp. tłum.) przede wszystlsim jest negatywnym ro­ zumowaniem.
    [Show full text]
  • World Record Lunch
    World Record Lunch A group of people is trying to beat the world record for the largest number of people having lunch at the same time. In order achieve this goal, they are using the country's largest bridge and they have decided to arrange the tables following the shape of the letter 'S'. The table layout can be described by 4 integers: NH, NV, H and V. The two first integers, NH and NV, represent respectively the number or rows and number of columns in the layout. The last two integers represent respectively the number of tables in each row and column. For a given layout, the tables are numbered consecutively, starting with table #1 in the top-right corner. The following figure illustrates several possible layouts: Thousands of groups of people are expected to come, and the organizers have to define where to seat everyone. Each group needs a certain number of tables and they do not share tables with other groups. Furthermore, a group wants their tables to be together and not split among rows and columns, that is, they want a set of consecutive tables either on the same row or on the same column. If this condition cannot be met, the group prefers to go away and have lunch at another place. The groups also enjoy having some privacy and prefer unoccupied adjacent tables, that is, no one at the table exactly before the first table of the group, and no one at the table exactly after the last table of the group. If this happens, we say that the group found a private place.
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Programming Contest Ratings
    Department of Informatics Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Programming Contest Ratings Dizertaèná práca v odbore doktorandského ¹túdia: 11-80-9 teoretická informatika RNDr. Michal Fori¹ek ©koliteľ: prof. RNDr. Branislav Rovan, Ph.D. Bratislava, 2009 iii Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor prof. Branislav Rovan for being an exceptional and inspirational teacher and advisor. I'm also grateful to other faculty members { and students { at our university. Thanks to many of them, both studying and teaching here has been a pleasure, and that is one of the factors that significantly influenced my career choices so far. But without any doubt my biggest thanks must go to my fiancée Jana. Without her constant love, support and understanding I would not be able to finish this Thesis. iv Contents Abstract (English) 1 Abstrakt (Slovensky) 3 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Goals of the Thesis . .5 1.2 Outline of this Thesis . .6 1.3 Motivation . .7 2 Background 11 2.1 Programming contests landscape . 11 2.1.1 Important programming contests . 11 2.1.2 Programming contests terminology . 14 2.1.3 Overview of the existing research on competitions . 16 2.2 Rating Systems and Rating Algorithms . 20 2.2.1 Introduction . 21 2.2.2 Overview of the Elo rating system . 22 2.2.3 TopCoder's event format . 23 2.2.4 TrueSkill(TM) rating algorithm . 25 2.2.5 eGenesis rating algorithm . 25 2.3 Item Response Theory . 26 2.3.1 Introduction and motivation .
    [Show full text]
  • PROGRAMMING EXERCISES EVALUATION SYSTEMS an Interoperability Survey
    PROGRAMMING EXERCISES EVALUATION SYSTEMS An Interoperability Survey Ricardo Queirós1 and José Paulo Leal2 1CRACS & INESC-Porto LA & DI-ESEIG/IPP, Porto, Portugal 2CRACS & INESC-Porto LA, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Keywords: Learning Objects, Standards, Interoperability, Programming Exercises Evaluation. Abstract: Learning computer programming requires solving programming exercises. In computer programming courses teachers need to assess and give feedback to a large number of exercises. These tasks are time consuming and error-prone since there are many aspects relating to good programming that should be considered. In this context automatic assessment tools can play an important role helping teachers in grading tasks as well to assist students with automatic feedback. In spite of its usefulness, these tools lack integration mechanisms with other eLearning systems such as Learning Management Systems, Learning Objects Repositories or Integrated Development Environments. In this paper we provide a survey on programming evaluation systems. The survey gathers information on interoperability features of these systems, categorizing and comparing them regarding content and communication standardization. This work may prove useful to instructors and computer science educators when they have to choose an assessment system to be integrated in their e-Learning environment. 1 INTRODUCTION These surveys seldom address the PES interoperability features, although they generally One of the main goals in computer programming agree on the importance of the subject, due to the courses is to develop students’ understanding of the comparatively small number of systems that programming principles. The understanding of implement them. This lack of interoperability is felt programming concepts is closely related with the at content and communication levels.
    [Show full text]
  • Spoj, Topcoder, Github Í Experience May 2014 – Software Engineering Intern, Google, New York
    2609 Orchard Ave Los Angeles, CA-90007 Krishna Bharadwaj H +1 310-691-4078 B [email protected] Spoj, TopCoder, Github Í www.krishnabharadwaj.info Experience May 2014 – Software Engineering Intern, Google, New York. Present Worked on the inline browse data computation for git repositories Sep 2012 – Co-founder & Technology Lead, SMERGERS, Bangalore. Jul 2013 SMERGERS is a SME focused Mergers & Acquisitions Platform. Aug 2011 – Full stack Web Developer, BlockBeacon, PricePoint, Bangalore. Aug 2012 Worked remotely with startups in Santa Monica and San Francisco as an independent consultant. Aug 2011 – Founder & Developer, Refer a Geek, Bangalore. Sep 2012 Refer a Geek aimed at bringing the Referral model of recruting beyond any one company. Jul 2009 – Software Engineer, National Instruments India R&D, Bangalore. Jun 2011 Designed and developed physical layer algorithms for WCDMA/HSPA+ in LabVIEW. Education Fall 2013 – Masters in Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Present Student Programmer, Information Sciences Institute(USC) - Working with Dr. Mehdi Yahyanejad June 2009 BE, Information Science, B. M. S. College of Engineering, Bangalore. Microsoft Student Partner, Placement Coordinator & BMS Linux Users Group. Technical Skills & Interests Programming C/C++, Python, LabVIEW, PHP, Javascript Expertise Data Structures & Algorithms – Spoj, TopCoder, Github Databases MySQL, Oracle, MongoDB Web Dev HTML, CSS, jQuery, Django, CodeIgniter OS Windows & Linux system administraton A Others Qt, NumPy, Matplotlib, LTEX
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION to PROGRAMMING Dr
    INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING Dr. Dipanjan Roy IIIT, Lucknow 2 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow A warm welcome to all of you! 3 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Why are you here? 4 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow What is your expectation from this class? 5 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Is programming important for your career? Why? 6 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow What is Programming? . It is the process of creating a set of instructions that tell a computer how to perform a task. It is sequence of instruction along with data for a computer. Programming can be done using a variety of programming "languages," such as SQL, Java, Python, C++, etc. 7 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Hierarchy of Computer Languages High Assembly Machine Computer Level Language Language Hardware Language 8 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Programming Languages . C . C++ . Java . Python . JavaScript . R . Ruby . SCALA . C# 9 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Types of Programming 1. Web Development Programming 2. Desktop Application Programming 3. Distributed Application Programming 4. Core Programming 5. System Programming 6. Programming Scientist https://www.wikihow.com/Become-a-Programmer 10 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow How to become a programmer? WRITE CODE OPTIMIZE/ COMPILE IMPROVE DEBUG EXECUTE 11 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Important Tips and Links . Resources: . https://www.geeksforgeeks.org . https://www.tutorialspoint.com/index.htm . https://stackoverflow.com/ 12 Dr. Dipanjan Roy, IIIT, Lucknow Important Tips and Links . Online Coding Platform: . https://www.topcoder.com . https://www.coderbyte.com/ . https://www.hackerrank.com/dashboard . https://www.codechef.com/ . https://www.spoj.com/ .
    [Show full text]
  • If I Am Not Good at Solving the Problems on the Competitive Programming Sites Like Codechef Or Hackerrank, Where Am I Lagging? - Quora
    9/28/2014 If I am not good at solving the problems on the competitive programming sites like CodeChef or Hackerrank, where am I lagging? - Quora QUESTION TOPICS If I am not good at solving the problems on the RELATED QUESTIONS competitive programming sites like CodeChef or HackerRank CodeChef: I am in my third year of Hackerrank, where am I lagging? university now. What should be my Codeforces strategy so that I am comfortable with I am a second year undergrad at one of the IITs and very decent with my CPI Sphere Online Judge solving problems of gene... (continue) (SPOJ) as of now. I have tried quite a few times to start with the likes of above mentioned sites but even the basic level questions take a long time for me to Computer Programming: Why am I CodeChef unable to concentrate in problem solving, get completed? If I know the programming language, if I understand the coding, reading, poor at math? TopCoder questions, where is the fallacy on my part that is preventing me from getting Competitive over them(solving questions) quickly and efficiently? I am quite motivated towards Programming programming, but there is a phase when I am unable to solve most of the problems. Software Follow Question 190 Comment Share 2 Downvote How do I ge... (continue) Programming Languages I am new to competitive programming, just joined CodeChef 10 days back. I am Indian Institutes of Sumit Saurabh finding the easy level questions very Technology (IITs) Edit Bio • Make Anonymous difficu... (continue) Computer Science Write your answer, or answer later.
    [Show full text]
  • Competitive Sport Programming and Open Source Technologies
    Competitive Sport Programming and Open Source Technologies - Ravi Kiran S ( Final Year, CSE ) - Sukin Kumar ( Final Year, CSE ) What is competitive sport programming? What are all the various competitions that happen all over the world? Various Global Programming Competitions: ● ACM-ICPC ( International Collegiate Programming Contest ) ● Google Codejam ● Facebook Hackercup ● Codechef Snackdown and many more... ACM-ICPC: Intro: ● The ACM ICPC is considered as the "Olympics of Programming Competitions". It is quite simply, the oldest, largest, and most prestigious programming contest in the world. ● The ACM-ICPC (Association for Computing Machinery - International Collegiate Programming Contest) is a multi-tier, team-based, programming competition. Headquartered at Baylor University, Texas, it operates according to the rules and regulations formulated by the ACM. The contest participants come from over 2,000 universities that are spread across 80 countries and six continents. Contest Structure: ● Online Round ● ICPC Regional Round ( Regional Sites: Amritapuri, Chennai, Kolkata, Kharagpur, Gwalior in India ) ● ICPC World Finals ACM-ICPC: Eligibility: ● Enrolled in a degree program at an institution. Contest Format: ● It is a team contest. ● Each team should have three members and one reserve (3 + 1). ● Each team must be headed by a coach, who must be a university faculty or staff member. ● The contest can have several problems (8 to 10 in general), of varying difficulty levels and mostly being algorithmic in nature. More Information: ● https://www.codechef.com/icpc Google Codejam: Intro: ● Code Jam calls on programmers around the world to put their skills to the test by solving multiple rounds of algorithmic puzzles. The online rounds conclude in the World Finals, which rotates globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Next-Generation Programming Learning Platform: Architecture and Challenges
    SHS Web of Conferences 77, 01004 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf /20207701004 ETLTC2020 Next-Generation Programming Learning Platform: Architecture and Challenges Yutaka Watanobe1,∗, Chowdhury Intisar1,∗∗, Ruth Cortez1,∗∗∗, and Alexander Vazhenin1,∗∗∗∗ 1Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Aizu Abstract. With the rapid development of information technology, programming has become a vital skill. An online judge system can be used as a programming education platform, where the daily activities of users and judges are used to generate useful learning objects (e.g., tasks, solution codes, evaluations). Intelligent software agents can utilize such objects to create an ecosystem. To implement such an ecosystem, a generic architecture that covers the whole lifecycle of data on the platform and the functionalities of an e-learning system should take into account the particularities of the online judge system. In this paper, an architecture that implements such an ecosystem based on an online judge system is proposed. The potential benefits and research challenges are discussed. 1 Introduction of the oldest major OJSs, UVa Online Judge, started pro- viding service in 1995 [1]. A number of OJSs are currently With the growing significance of technology and the ubiq- operated by various organizations and related tools are ac- uitous availability of information, a number of initiatives tively researched [2]. in computer education have been promoted by various or- Although learning materials have been dramatically ganizations. Programming has become a vital skill not improved, most major OJSs have shortcomings regarding only for information technology but also for industry and their educational use. For example, black-box tests are a academia.
    [Show full text]
  • Topcoder SRM Solution
    Codeforces #172 Tutorial xiaodao Contents 1 Problem 2A. Word Capitalization2 2 Problem 2B. Nearest Fraction3 3 Problem A. Rectangle Puzzle5 4 Problem B. Maximum Xor Secondary9 5 Problem C. Game on Tree 10 6 Problem D. k-Maximum Subsequence Sum 12 7 Problem E. Sequence Transformation 15 1 1 Problem 2A. Word Capitalization Brief Description Capitalize a given word. Tags implementation, strings Analysis As the first problem in the problemset, it intended to be simple so that any one could solve it. Just implement what the problem said under your favorite language. Negative Example h6363817, A.nahavandi, Sigizmynd, addou: There are always some competitors started write down the code before they got comprehensive understanding on the statement and the restriction. There is more than one single case and I am not going to list all of them here. LordArian, Cyber.1: Another part of our compatriots are still unfamiliar with some basic builtin-function. They are going to reinvent the wheel and it will definitely cost more of their time on implementation. And at the same time this means more possibility of making mistakes. Suggested Code astep, navi, shloub, Hohol: For situation like this, we believe that the shorter the better! There are the shortest codes on Ruby, Perl, Python and Haskell. And I hope there could be at least one of them to your taste. 2 2 Problem 2B. Nearest Fraction Brief Description x Find the nearest fraction to fraction y whose denominator is no more than n. Tags brute-force, greedy, math, number theory Analysis This problem can be solved by a straight forward method since we are at Div II, simply enumerate all possible denominator, and calculate the nearest fraction for each denominator.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Online Judge Systems and Their Applications
    1 A Survey on Online Judge Systems and Their Applications SZYMON WASIK∗†, Poznan University of Technology and Polish Academy of Sciences MACIEJ ANTCZAK, Poznan University of Technology JAN BADURA, Poznan University of Technology ARTUR LASKOWSKI, Poznan University of Technology TOMASZ STERNAL, Poznan University of Technology Online judges are systems designed for the reliable evaluation of algorithm source code submitted by users, which is next compiled and tested in a homogeneous environment. Online judges are becoming popular in various applications. Thus, we would like to review the state of the art for these systems. We classify them according to their principal objectives into systems supporting organization of competitive programming contests, enhancing education and recruitment processes, facilitating the solving of data mining challenges, online compilers and development platforms integrated as components of other custom systems. Moreover, we introduce a formal definition of an online judge system and summarize the common evaluation methodology supported by such systems. Finally, we briefly discuss an Optil.io platform as an example of an online judge system, which has been proposed for the solving of complex optimization problems. We also analyze the competition results conducted using this platform. The competition proved that online judge systems, strengthened by crowdsourcing concepts, can be successfully applied to accurately and efficiently solve complex industrial- and science-driven challenges. CCS Concepts: •General and reference ! Evaluation; •Mathematics of computing ! Combinatorics; Discrete optimization; •Theory of computation ! Design and analysis of algorithms; •Networks ! Cloud computing; Additional Key Words and Phrases: online judge, crowdsourcing, evaluation as a service, challenge, contest ACM Reference format: Szymon Wasik, Maciej Antczak, Jan Badura, Artur Laskowski, and Tomasz Sternal.
    [Show full text]