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The Fate of Far West: Geophyiscal Invesfigafions to Locate the Wreck of an Iconic Upper Missouri River Mountain Packet Steamboat

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The Fate of Far West: Geophyiscal Invesfigafions to Locate the Wreck of an Iconic Upper Missouri River Mountain Packet Steamboat The Fate of Far West: Geophyiscal Investigations to Locate the Wreck of an Iconic Upper Missouri River Mountain Packet Steamboat Douglas D. Scott, Bert Ho, Sadie Dasovich, Steve Dasovich, and David L. Conlin Far West is legendary as part of the history of steamboating on the Upper Missouri River. It is noteworthy for its association with the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn. It represents the whole class of mountain packets that plied the Missouri River in the 1870s. Far West’s service ended as a lower Missouri River steamboat engaged in local trade until she snagged on October 20, 1883 and sank. Side scanning sonar and magnetometer data were collected in the Missouri River channel near the likely wreck site. Two anomalies may be associated with known historic steamboat landings or a steamboat wreck. Introduction history venues and resources. Missouri exists the way it does today, mostly because of the Mississippi and Far West is legendary as part of the history of steam- Missouri Rivers. The submerged cultural resources of the boating on the Upper Missouri River. It is especially state have received little attention and are often damaged noteworthy for its association with the 1876 Battle of or destroyed due to various projects. This is largely due to the Little Bighorn. In many ways Far West is iconic as the mistaken impression that those resources have been an historically well documented steamboat employed destroyed or so damaged from being underwater that in the Missouri River trade and transport (Figure 1). It they have no historical value left. Underwater archaeolo- is representative of the whole class of mountain packets gists know this is often not true (Petsche 1974; Corbin 2000; 2006; Kane 2004; Lopinot and Thompson 2013). Underwater environments often act to preserve organic materials and shipwrecks are prime examples of this scenario. Lindenwood University’s Department of Anthropology and Archaeological Research Program FIGURE 1: Far West Patrolling the Tongue River, 1878. received a grant from the Missouri Humanities Council From Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, July 27, 1878. (2085) to conduct an archaeological survey for the wreck site of Far West. The grant allowed Lindenwood to assemble a team of archaeologists to document and that plied the Missouri River in the 1870s. search for the remains of Far West using the latest under- Like many of her class, Far West came to an igno- water archaeology methods. The National Park Service’s minious end. She outlived her usefulness as an Upper Submerged Resources Center (SRC) provided qualified Missouri packet, was sold off by her original owners, and marine archaeologists and remote sensing geophysical ended her service as a lower Missouri River steamboat equipment to conduct a systematic search for the wreck engaged in local trade. She transported household and site. agricultural goods up and down the lower Missouri River until she snagged on October 20, 1883 and sank Brief History of Far West in five feet of water. The cargo, engines, boilers, and most of the superstructure down to the waterline were salvaged within a few days, leaving her lower hull as the Construction and Specifications only physical reminder of this once famous and proud Far West was built in Pittsburgh in 1870 for the steamboat. Coulson Packet Company at a cost of $24,000. Far West Missouri’s ties to water-related resources and water was 188 feet (58 m) long with a beam of 33 feet (10 transportation are woefully underrepresented in public m) and had three decks, a cupola-like pilot house and 2019 Underwater Archaeology Proceedings 1 two tall smoke stacks. She drew only 20 inches (51 cm) Far West, like many other steamboats on the Upper of water unloaded and 30 inches (76 cm) loaded with Missouri, plied the waters carrying commercial goods for 186 tons of freight. Between her first and second decks the next several years. The Coulson Packet line sold Far were two powerful high pressure steam engines built by West to Durfee and Peck of the Northwest Transportation Herbertson Engine Works of Brownsville, Pennsylvania, Company in 1880. The steamboat continued service on each with 15 inch (38 cm) diameter pistons and a 5 foot the Upper Missouri until 1882 when it was sold to H. (1.5 m) stroke. The engines were powered by steam from N. Dodd and Victor Bonnett. Far West entered the lower three boilers that consumed as many as 30 cords of wood Missouri short trade route in November 1882 (St. Louis a day. The engines drove a single 30 foot (9.1 m) wide Globe-Democrat 1882). stern wheel. Far West also had two steam capstans, one In just over eleven months, until its snagging and on each side of the bow, reportedly the first boat built sinking on October 20, 1883, Far West made routine with more than one. The cargo capacity fully loaded runs up and down the lower Missouri River from St. was 397.8 tons (Annual Report of the Quartermaster Louis to Tuscumbia and return. Its trips up and down General 1876). the river were regularly reported by the St. Louis Globe- Far West was built for the Coulson company as an Democrat in its Rivers column. The normal cargo for the Upper Missouri River packet boat. Generally, Far West now 13-year-old steamboat were hardware and goods and its sister boats sailed between Sioux City or Yankton, from St. Louis meant for the upriver communities. The South Dakota (then Dakota Territory) up river to the downstream cargo consisted largely of farm produce head of navigation, Fort Benton, Montana. The com- meant for the St. Louis market (Scott et al. 2018) pany regularly contracted with the Department of the On the morning of October 20, the aged steamboat Interior to deliver Indian annuities to various agents for struck a snag near the head of Mullanphy Island, below distribution to the tribes required under various treaty St. Charles as reported in a German language newspa- obligations. Likewise, the company also contracted with per (St. Charles Demokrat 1883). She settled in five the U. S. Army for transport of men and supplies to the feet of water with a reported four inches of water on various up river forts and camps, as well as transporting her starboard side with her larboard side dry (St. Louis supplies for various expeditions (Lass 1962; 1985; 2008; Anzeiger Des Westens Sonntagsblatt 1883). The St. Scott et al. 2018). Louis Globe-Democrat (1883a) reported Far West was Far West is first reported as an active steamer on valued at $8000.00, but there was no insurance on the the Upper Missouri River on October 19, 1870 (The boat (Figure 2). This value was one-third of her original Yankton Press) just months after it was built and fitted construction price. However, the cargo was fully insured out. Newspapers along the Upper Missouri reported and consisted of 3,000 sacks of grain, 135 barrels of steamboat departures and arrivals, as well as some delays apples, 11,000 packages of sundries and bulk meats, and due to river conditions and accidents (Lepley 2001). 73 head of hogs. Most of the cargo was saved. The wreck Far West was a well-known boat on the Upper Missouri was salvaged and its decking, pilot house, boilers, cylin- prior to 1876, but it was its performance in transport- ders, steam pipes, other machinery, and even its kitchen ing the Little Bighorn battle wounded to Fort Abraham stove, cooking utensils, and other miscellaneous items Lincoln in record time that made it truly famous (Gray were sold at public auction (Figure 3) on October 31, 1968). The steamboat did not just happen to be in the 1883 at St. Louis (St. Louis Globe-Democrat 1883b). area, it was contracted along with other Coulson line All that likely remained of the once proud and famous boats to transport men and material during the cam- steamboat was its snag-damaged and broken lower hull, paign seasons of 1876 and 1877. some of its internal trussing or hog chain system, and The story of Captain Grant Marsh’s epic dash from perhaps some of its paddle wheel. Over the years the the juncture of the Little Bighorn and Big Horn Rivers ever-changing Missouri River enveloped the wreck, hid- to Fort Lincoln with battle wounded, in record time, is ing it from view. literally the stuff of legend (Chittenden 1962:387-390; Hanson 2003). Although not neglected in history, but The Likely Wreck Site Area often little mentioned in the Little Bighorn literature, is the movement of the wounded from the valley camp Wrecks occurred from the time steamboats began to the meeting with the steamboat Far West (Scott et al. plying the Missouri River. It is estimated that between 2018) 600 and 800 steamboats wrecked on the Missouri River 2 Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology FIGURE 3: Advertisement for the sale of salvaged fittings from Far West in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 28, 1883. 1897. Among the hundreds of wrecks located on the map is the approximate site of Far West wreck. In partnership with Lindenwood University, the SRC provided boat support and two archeologists for a remote sensing survey in the Missouri River for the steamboat Far West. Survey areas based on archival research and historic maps of the river were created for the project, and the SRC conducted both a side scan sonar survey and a marine magnetometer survey of those areas. 2017 Side Scan Sonar Survey On September 15th and 16th, SRC vessel Cal Cummings was launched from St. Charles, Missouri and transited down river approximately five miles to FIGURE 2: St.
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