DOCSLIB.ORG

Distribution of C3 and C4 Grasses Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Central Argentina

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Distribution of C3 and C4 Grasses Along an Altitudinal Gradient in Central Argentina Journal of Biogeography (1997) 24, 197±204 Distribution of C3 and C4 grasses along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina Marcelo Cabido*,Norma Ateca², Marta E. Astegiano² and Ana M. Anton**IMBIV, UNC-CONICET, CC 495, 5000 CoÂrdoba, Argentina and ²Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, UNC. CC 509, 5000 CoÂrdoba, Argentina Abstract. The distribution pattern of C3 and C4 grasses nine climatic and environmental variables showed the was studied in eight sites located between 350 m and 2100 m highest correlation with July mean temperature, but all along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina. Of 139 temperature variables show highly signi®cant correlations taxa ®fty-nine are C3 and eighty C4. Species of the C3 tribes with % C4. Correlation with annual rainfall is lower but (Stipeae, Poeae, Meliceae, Aveneae, Bromeae and Triticeae) also signi®cant. These results are consistent with previous and C3 Paniceae species increase in number at higher research showing the relative importance of C4 grasses as elevations; only one C3 species was found below 650 m. temperature increases. C3 species make a high contribution C4 Aristideae, Pappophoreae, Eragrostideae, Cynodonteae, to relative grass coverage below the C3/C4 ¯oristic crossover Andropogoneae and Paniceae increase at lower altitudes. point but are rare below 1000 m. The ¯oristic crossover point is at about 1500 m; the ground cover cross-over point is at about 1000 m. Analysis of the Key words. C3 and C4 grasses, altitudinal gradient, climate, relationships between % C4 species along the gradient and Argentina. METHODS INTRODUCTION The distribution of C and C grasses were obtained for Physiological diVerences of C and C grass species are 3 4 3 4 eight sites along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 350 m re¯ected in their distribution patterns along environmental to around 2100 m a.s.l. in the CoÂrdoba Mountains (31°60¢S gradients or under varying climatic conditions. C grasses 4 and 65°50¢W). Floristic surveys and Braun-Blanquet cover are generally represented more on warmer environments, abundance data (Braun-Blanquet 1932), provided by while C grasses are represented more on cooler 3 Cabido (1985), Cabido & Acosta (1986), Cabido, Breimer environments. These distribution patterns are remarkably & Vega (1987), Acosta et al. (1989) and Cabido et al. (1994), consistent at a large range of spatial scales (Wentworth, were used to assess the distribution of species. All the sites 1983), and in all parts of the world where they have been were open grasslands where grasses are the dominant species. investigated (Hattersley, 1992; Ehleringer & Monson, 1993). Only the two lower sites had scattered trees. The climate is Usually temperature is the variable mostly correlated with temperate with warm season rainfall (70% of the rain falls the occurrence of C species in grass ¯oras (Teeri & Stowe, 4 from November to March). A detailed description of the 1976; Cavagnaro, 1988), even though some authors have area is given by the authors cited above. stressed the importance of water availability and soil Total number of C and C grass species, % C species moisture indices (Chazdon, 1978; Tieszen et al., 1979). 3 4 4 and%C and C grass cover were calculated for each According to Hattersley (1983) generally both C and C 3 4 3 4 elevational site. Cover values were obtained from Braun- grass species increase in number with increasing rainfall in Blanquet data. The C photosynthetic pathway was their preferred temperature regime. 4 identi®ed by examination of Kranz anatomy in cross- The study reported here is one of the few examining the sections of fresh and herbarium specimens and from distribution of C and C grass species along an elevational 3 4 literature data (Smith & Epstein, 1971; SaÂnchez & Arriaga, gradient for grasslands in a temperate summer-rainfall 1990; Hattersley & Watson, 1992). region of the world (in Central Argentina). Our objective Pearson's correlation coeYcients were calculated for the was to identify those climatic variables most correlated with relationships between distribution parameters (% C4 and C4 grass species composition. numbers of C3 and C4 species) and climatic variables obtained from the National Meteorological Service (Servicio MeteroroloÂgico Nacional 1958, 1962a, 1962b), from records of the Argentine Railways (unpublished data) and from * Corresponding author: Marcelo Cabido, IMBIV, Casilla de Correo 495, stations located in private properties (Palacios & Zamar, 5000 CoÂrdoba, Argentina. 1986) (Table 1). 1997 Blackwell Science Ltd 197 198 Marcelo Cabido et al. TABLE 1. Climatic parameters for the eight sites along an elevational gradient in Central Argentina. Altitude (m) 350 600 1000 1400 1600 1800 1900 2100 AAT 18.1 17.5 13.1 11.6 10.7 9.7 8.8 8.1 ANF 9.6 28.7 41.9 57.3 65.1 74.0 85.8 89.6 JANT 20.0 16.5 14.7 12.3 11.7 10.2 9.1 8.3 JAMT 34.5 30.6 27.5 23.6 22.1 20.0 18.0 15.8 JuANT 4.1 5.1 2.7 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.1 -2.0 JuAMT 18.8 17.3 15.1 13.0 11.8 10.3 8.3 8.8 JMT 27.2 24.0 22.1 17.9 16.6 15.4 12.1 13.3 JuMT 10.8 10.4 8.3 6.7 6.0 5.2 4.2 4.1 AR 680 750 786 887 858 873 840 891 SR 365 432 473 530 597 586 549 644 ALT=altitude; AAT=annual average temperature; AR=annual rainfall; SR=summer rainfall; ANF=average number of days with frost; JANT=January average minimum temperature; JAMT=January average maximum temperature; JuANT=July average minimum temperature; JuAMT=July average maximum temperature; JMT=January mean temperature; JuMT=July mean temperature. FIG. 1. Frequency of occurrence of C3 and C4 grass species by tribe along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina. Light bars=C3 species; dark bars=C4 species. Blackwell Science Ltd 1997, Journal of Biogeography, 24, 197±204 Distribution of C3 and C4 grasses in Argentina 199 more prevalent at lower altitudes. Andropogoneae species are more common at intermediate sites (between 1000 m and 1400 m). C3 and C4 grasses show a divergent distribution along the gradient (Fig. 2). The number of C3 species decreases from thirty-seven at 2100 m to four at 600 m, and only one (Stipa sanluisensis Speg.) at 350 m. C4 grasses are more numerous in the lower zone and less so above 1400 m (Table 2). Nevertheless, nine C4 grasses are still found at 2100 m where the January average maximum temperature is only 15.8°C. The ¯oristic crossover point (equal numbers of C3 and C4 species) is at approximately 1500 m but the ground cover cross-over point is at 1000 m (Fig. 2). Although C3 species decrease considerably below 1600 m, their contribution to total grass coverage is well over 50% from above 1000 m (Table 2). Remarkably high positive correlation was found between both summer and winter temperature variables with % C4 species (Table 3). Correlation of % C4 with rainfall is nega- tive and also is signi®cant. Correlations between the number of C4 species and climatic variables are not signi®cantly diVerent (results are not presented). DISCUSSION There are clear diVerences in the distribution of C3 and C4 grasses along the altitudinal gradient studied. Lower altitude grasslands consist mainly of C4 grasses, whereas C3 grasses dominate at higher altitudes. Our ®ndings are comparable with those reported for diVerent regions of the world (Hattersley, 1992; Hattersley & Watson, 1992; Ehleringer & Monson, 1993). All temperature variables tested showed strong correlations with the relative abundance of C4 and C3 species, suggesting that the cooler the winter, the greater the relative success of C3 grasses, and the hotter the summer the greater the relative success of C4 grasses. An equally close relationship was found between % C4 and January average maximum temperature for Australia (Hattersley, 1983). While temperature and related variables are highly correlated with % C4 at continental scales (Hattersley, 1992), good correlations with rainfall are also reported along elevational gradients at more local scales, where precipitation increases with altitude (Chazdon, 1978; Rundel, 1980). In our study area rainfall also shows good correlation with % C4 and when only summer rainfall is correlated the coeYcient is even higher. Our ®nding contrasts FIG. 2. Relative C3/C4 grass species composition (%) and coverage with that of Cavagnaro (1988) who reported non-signi®cant (%) along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina. correlation with rainfall for a close but climatically diVerent region in Argentina. The cross-over point for the number of species occurs at RESULTS 1500 m, and is characterized by a mean annual daily Of the 139 grass taxa found along the elevational gradient, minimum temperature of approximately 7°Cto8°C. The ®fty-nine were C3 and eighty C4. Only the tribe Paniceae cross-over point occurs at diVerent elevations in other contains both C3 and C4 species. Most of the tribes show regions of the world but at similar mean minimum trends in their representation with increasing or decreasing temperature ranges (Tieszen et al., 1979; Rundel, 1980). altitude (Fig. 1). The C3 tribes Poeae, Aveneae, Bromeae and Several authors have found that mean minimum and mean Arundineae and C3 Paniceae species are more represented maximum temperatures of the warmest month are the single at higher altitudes. In contrast, the C4 tribes Aristideae, best predictors of C3 and C4 species numbers (Wentworth, Pappophoreae, Cynodonteae and C4 Paniceae species, are 1983). When our results are compared with those reported Blackwell Science Ltd 1997, Journal of Biogeography, 24, 197±204 200 Marcelo Cabido et al. TABLE 2. Number of species, % species and % cover of C3 and C4 grasses for eight locations along an altitudinal gradient in Central Argentina.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fauna Antófila De Vereda: Composição E Interações Com Flora Visitada
    MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO ______________________________________________________ FUNDAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Fauna antófila de vereda: composição e interações com flora visitada CAMILA SILVEIRA DE SOUZA Orientação: Drª Maria Rosângela Sigrist Co-orientação: Drª Camila Aoki Campo Grande - MS Abril/2014 1 MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO _______________________________________________________ FUNDAÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MATO GROSSO DO SUL CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS E DA SAÚDE PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA VEGETAL Fauna antófila de vereda: composição e interações com flora visitada CAMILA SILVEIRA DE SOUZA Dissertação apresentada como um dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biologia Vegetal junto ao colegiado de curso do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Orientação: Drª Maria Rosângela Sigrist Coorientação: Drª Camila Aoki Campo Grande Abril/2014 2 BANCA EXAMINADORA Drª Maria Rosângela Sigrist (Orientadora) (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS) ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Rogério Rodrigues Faria (Titular) (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS) ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Andréa Cardoso de Araújo (Titular) (Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS) ___________________________________________________________________ Dr. Danilo Bandini
    [Show full text]
  • Normas/Guidelines
    Normas para submissão do manuscrito Iheringia, Série Botânica, periódico editado pelo Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, destina-se à publicação semestral de artigos, revisões e notas científicas originais sobre assuntos relacionados a diferentes áreas da Botânica. O manuscrito pode ser redigido em português, espanhol e inglês, recebendo este último idioma prioridade de publicação e será avaliado por no mínimo dois revisores e corpo editorial. Os artigos após publicação ficarão disponíveis em formato digital (pdf) no site da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (http://www.fzb.rs.gov.br/conteudo/2135/?Iheringia_S%C3%A9rie_Bot%C3%A2nica) e no portal da CAPES. A revista encontra-se indexada no Web of Science – Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). O encaminhamento do manuscrito deverá ser feito em uma via impressa e uma cópia em CD- RW para a editora-chefe no endereço: Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do RS, Rua Salvador França, 1427, CEP 90690-000, Porto Alegre, RS. O manuscrito deve ser escrito em fonte Times New Roman, tamanho 12, espaço 1,5, em páginas numeradas (máximo de 40 páginas incluindo figuras). A apresentação dos tópicos Título, Resumo, Abstract, Introdução, Material e Métodos, Resultados e/ou Discussão, Conclusões, Agradecimentos e Referências deve seguir o estilo dos artigos publicados no último número da revista, encontrado no site. A nota (no máximo seis páginas) destina-se a comunicações breves de resultados originais, não sendo necessário apresentar todos os tópicos de um artigo. O nome dos autores é seguido apenas pelo endereço profissional e e-mail. Menção de parte de dissertação de mestrado ou tese de doutorado é indicada por número sobrescrito, abaixo do título do manuscrito.
    [Show full text]
  • Eduardo Martínez Carretero Alejandro García
    Editores El centro-oeste de Argentina posee una gran riqueza San Juan AUSPICIADO POR: Martínez Carretero E. física, biológica y cultural que se refl eja en sus diversas García A. 2016 regiones biogeográfi cas y bioclimáticas. Autores Acosta J. El manejo de los recursos naturales –para su uso Alcober O. sostenido y la posibilidad de satisfacer las necesidades Asunto P. de la población– requiere conocer la diversidad física, Atencio P. GEOBOTÁNICA Y Azeglio E. biológica y cultural del territorio de San Juan. FITOGEOGRAFÍA Bizzotto F. Blanco G. En ese marco, el objetivo de este libro es reunir Blanco Fager V. información de base sobre diversos recursos naturales y Bordonaro O. Bracamonte H. culturales de la provincia. Eduardo Martínez Carretero Carrascosa H. Colombi C. A través de 27 capítulos, 46 autores provenientes del Alejandro García Cúnsulo M. medio académico y la administración pública brindan Editores Dalmasso A. un panorama actualizado de la geología, geomorfología, Damiani O. Fanchin A. paleontología, arqueología, historia, agua, vegetación, Ganci C. fauna y marco legal provincial, y aportan elementos García A. Godoy Luna E. para la educación ambiental en busca de un manejo Gómez A. conservativo. Haene E. Kurban A. Disponer de información generada por académicos Laspiur A. locales con un profundo conocimiento de campo y una San Juan Lauro C. Manduca F. sólida base conceptual, le confi ere un importante valor 2016 Márquez J. e identidad a esta obra que, además de constituir una Martínez Carretero E. referencia en los temas abordados, representa un estímulo Martínez R. Mercado G. para la realización de futuros aportes que contribuyan a Moreno G.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in the Larrea Divaricata Scrubland of the Arid “Chaco”, Central Argentina
    Journal of Agricultural Technology Arbuscular mycorrhizas in the Larrea divaricata scrubland of the arid “Chaco”, Central Argentina M.A. Lugo1, A.M. Anton2 and M.N. Cabello3* 1Área de Ecología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Ejercito de Los Andes 1148, D5700HHW, San Luis, Argentina. 2Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV – CONICET), Museo Botánico, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 491, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. 3Instituto Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Aven 53 No 477, B1900AVJ, La Plata, Argentina Lugo, M.A., Anton, A.M. and Cabello, M.N. (2005). Arbuscular mycorrhizas in the Larrea divaricata scrubland of the arid “Chaco”, Central Argentina. Journal of Agricultural Technology 1 (1) : 163-178. Arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonization and spore diversity were analyzed, in terms of seasons, dry and wet period and host species, in an arid secondary scrubland ecosystem (“Jarillal”) in Central Argentina. Larrea divaricata, dominant in this plant community, was the most colonized species followed by the grass Trichloris crinita (“herbaceous stratum fitness indicator”) whereas the lowest values were found in Sporobolus pyramidatus and Neobouteloua lophostachya (both of them “disturbance indicators”). Root colonization was closely related to host role in the community. The AMF diversity was low because of the disturbed features of “Jarillal” and arid conditions. Spore total density, specific spore density and spore richness were more related to the seasons and water availability than to the host species. Key words: AM colonization, AM fungal spore diversity, bushland, grassland, seasonality, soil moisture. Introduction Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are found in nearly all soils where plants grow, and they are expected to have their greatest impact when plants are exposed to growth-limiting environmental stress (Allen, 1991; Sylvia and Williams, 1992; Smith and Read, 1997; Varma, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Grasses and Grasslands in South America
    TAXON 24(I): 53-66. FEBRUARY 1975 EVOLUTION OF GRASSESAND GRASSLANDS IN SOUTH AMERICA Arturo Burkart* Summary This is a discussion of the South American grasslands from the standpoint of their evolution and composition. The tribes are considered in relation to climate, and grasses are classified as mega-, meso-, or microthermic with respect to their temperature requirements. The principal grassland regions are three: (A) Tropical and Subtropical, which include the Llanos of the Orinoco River system and the Campos Cerrados of Central Brazil; (B) Temperate, including the Pampa of Argentina and the Campos of Uruguay; and (C) Cold Country Grasslands, which are the Steppes of the high Andes and Patagonia, and also the Pairamos of Colombia and Ecuador. Some attention is given to the floristic composition of each of these regions. The subject of endemism is dealt with, as well as the problem of disjunct distribution. Included is a discussion of changes brought about by agriculture and ranching in historic times, and what may be expected in the future. INTRODUCTION The Gramineae, with about 6oo genera and some 6ooo species, is one of the largest families of flowering plants. It is a truly cosmopolitan group, and remarkable because of the capacity of its members to form the domi- nant vegetation over large areas of the earth's surface. The terms steppes, savannas, prairies, pusztas, campos or pampas all refer to vegetation types in which grasses are dominant. To quote Ronald Good (1953; p. 53) "Pride of place must certainly go to the Gramineae . ., the great family ... Not only do the grasses reach to the furthest land in the north and to the borders of Antarctica in the south, but their degree of distribution is usually particularly complete and continuous.
    [Show full text]
  • Runoff and Soil Loss in Undisturbed and Roller-Seeded Shrublands of Semiarid Argentina
    J. Range Manage. 56: 227-233 May 2003 Runoff and soil loss in undisturbed and roller-seeded shrublands of semiarid Argentina MANUEL 0. AGUILERA, DIEGO F. STEINAKER, AND MANUEL R. DEMARIA Authors are Range Scientist, Biologist, and Wildlife Ecologist, San Luis Experimental Station, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), CC 17, Villa Mercedes, 5730, San Luis, Argentina. Abstract Resumen La vegetacion afecta los patrones de escorrentia perdida de Vegetation influences runoff and soil losses in semiarid environ- y suelo en los ambientes semiaridos. En arbustales del Centro de ments. In shrublands of Central Argentina, grazing has resulted Argentina, el pastoreo ha producido reducciones en la cobertura in a reduction of plant cover, an increase in the proportion of vegetal, aumento del suelo desnudo, erosion. Se evaluaron los bare soil, and eroded soils. Patterns of y runoff and soil losses patrones de escorrentia perdida de suelo afectados por affected by seeding cultivated grasses were evaluated. We investi- y tratamientos de siembra de pastos cultivados mediante el rolado. gated the effects of roller-seeding of Cenchrus ciliaris L and the Nuestro estudio examino los efectos del rolado siembra de influence of microsite cover-type on the dynamics of water ero- y Cenchus ciliaris L y la influencea del tipo de micrositio en la sion. Evaluated cover-types were: bare soil, shortgrass cover, and dinamica de la erosion hidrica. Los tipos de cobertura evaluados tallgrass cover. Evaluations were performed 2 growing seasons fueron: suelo desnudo, cobertura de pastos cortos, cobertura de after roller-seeding. The experimental design was a split-plot, y pastos altos.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Relationships Between Plant Functional Traits and Environment in Grasslands
    GLOBAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PLANT FUNCTIONAL TRAITS AND ENVIRONMENT IN GRASSLANDS EMMA JARDINE A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Department of Animal and Plant Sciences Submission Date July 2017 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all I am enormously thankful to Colin Osborne and Gavin Thomas for giving me the opportunity to undertake the research presented in this thesis. I really appreciate all their invaluable support, guidance and advice. They have helped me to grow in knowledge, skills and confidence and for this I am extremely grateful. I would like to thank the students and post docs in both the Osborne and Christin lab groups for their help, presentations and cake baking. In particular Marjorie Lundgren for teaching me to use the Licor, for insightful discussions and general support. Also Kimberly Simpson for all her firey contributions and Ruth Wade for her moral support and employment. Thanks goes to Dave Simpson, Maria Varontsova and Martin Xanthos for allowing me to work in the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, for letting me destructively harvest from the specimens and taking me on a worldwide tour of grasses. I would also like to thank Caroline Lehman for her map, her useful comments and advice and also Elisabeth Forrestel and Gareth Hempson for their contributions. I would like to thank Brad Ripley for all of his help and time whilst I was in South Africa. Karmi Du Plessis and her family and Lavinia Perumal for their South African friendliness, warmth and generosity and also Sean Devonport for sharing all the much needed teas and dub.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Inventory No. 153 "Tuil
    *2 Plant Inventory No. 153 "TUil Ill I PLANT MATERIAL INTRODUCED BY THE DIVISION OF PLANT EX- PLORATION AND INTRODUCTION, BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY, SOILS, AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING, AGRICULTURAL RE- SEARCH ADMINISTRATION, JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1945 Nos. 150209 to 153051) Page CONTENTS 3 101 Inventory Index of common and scientific names This inventory, No. 153, lists the plant material (Nos. 150209 to 153051) received by tlie Division of Plant Exploration and Introduc- tion during tlie period from January 1 to December 31,1945. It is a historical record of j)lant material introduced for Department and other specialists, and is not to be considered as a list of plant material for distribution. PAUL G. RUSSELL, Botanist. Station, Plant BeUsville, [ft I B R A R Y ENI SERIAL RECOR0 N0V4 1952 «.$. 997380—52 INVENTORY 150209 to 150211. CARTA ILUNOENSIS (Wangenh.) K. Koch. Jug- landaceae. Pecan. From Maryland. Seeds obtained from the Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Beltsville. Received Jan. 12, 1945. 150209. Desirable. 150211. Stuart. 150210. Schley. 150212 to 150214. ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L. Fabaceae. Peanut. From Maryland. Seeds obtained from the Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Beltsville. Received Jan. 16, 1945. 150212. Improved Spanish 2 B. 150214. Virginia Station Jumbo. 150213. Spanish 13-38. 150215. PERILLA FRUTESCENS (L.) Britton. Menthaceae. Green perilla. From Maryland. Seeds obtained from the Division of Drug and Related Plants, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering, Beltsville. Received Jan. 17, 1945.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification of the Chloridoideae (Poaceae)
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (2010) 580–598 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev A classification of the Chloridoideae (Poaceae) based on multi-gene phylogenetic trees Paul M. Peterson a,*, Konstantin Romaschenko a,b, Gabriel Johnson c a Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA b Botanic Institute of Barcelona (CSICÀICUB), Pg. del Migdia, s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain c Department of Botany and Laboratories of Analytical Biology, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD 20746, USA article info abstract Article history: We conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the subfamily Chloridoideae using six plastid DNA Received 29 July 2009 sequences (ndhA intron, ndhF, rps16-trnK, rps16 intron, rps3, and rpl32-trnL) and a single nuclear ITS Revised 31 December 2009 DNA sequence. Our large original data set includes 246 species (17.3%) representing 95 genera (66%) Accepted 19 January 2010 of the grasses currently placed in the Chloridoideae. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of Available online 22 January 2010 DNA sequences provides strong support for the monophyly of the Chloridoideae; followed by, in order of divergence: a Triraphideae clade with Neyraudia sister to Triraphis; an Eragrostideae clade with the Keywords: Cotteinae (includes Cottea and Enneapogon) sister to the Uniolinae (includes Entoplocamia, Tetrachne, Biogeography and Uniola), and a terminal Eragrostidinae clade of Ectrosia, Harpachne, and Psammagrostis embedded Classification Chloridoideae in a polyphyletic Eragrostis; a Zoysieae clade with Urochondra sister to a Zoysiinae (Zoysia) clade, and a Grasses terminal Sporobolinae clade that includes Spartina, Calamovilfa, Pogoneura, and Crypsis embedded in a Molecular systematics polyphyletic Sporobolus; and a very large terminal Cynodonteae clade that includes 13 monophyletic sub- Phylogenetic trees tribes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny and Classification of the Cynodonteae
    TAXON 65 (6) • December 2016: 1263–1287 Peterson & al. • Phylogeny and classification of the Cynodonteae A molecular phylogeny and classification of the Cynodonteae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) with four new genera: Orthacanthus, Triplasiella, Tripogonella, and Zaqiqah; three new subtribes: Dactylocteniinae, Orininae, and Zaqiqahinae; and a subgeneric classification of Distichlis Paul M. Peterson,1 Konstantin Romaschenko,1,2 & Yolanda Herrera Arrieta3 1 Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. 2 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev 01601, Ukraine 3 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Durango-COFAA, Durango, C.P. 34220, Mexico Author for correspondence: Paul M. Peterson, [email protected] ORCID PMP, http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9405-5528; KR, http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-4193 DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/656.4 Abstract Morphologically, the tribe Cynodonteae is a diverse group of grasses containing about 839 species in 96 genera and 18 subtribes, found primarily in Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas. Because the classification of these genera and spe­ cies has been poorly understood, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on 213 species (389 samples) in the Cynodonteae using sequence data from seven plastid regions (rps16-trnK spacer, rps16 intron, rpoC2, rpl32-trnL spacer, ndhF, ndhA intron, ccsA) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS 1 & 2) to infer evolutionary relationships and refine the
    [Show full text]
  • Neobouteloua, a New Grass Genus*
    106 BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE BOTANICA NEOBOUTELOUA, A NEW GRASS GENUS * FRANK W. GOULD 00 Tlie New World grass genus Bouteloua, . comprising about 30 species, has its center of distribution and variability in northern Mexico and southwestern United States. As presently interpreted, the genus is represented in South America by six species, B. curtipen- dula (Michx.) Torr., ]!.. disticha (Kunth) Benth., B. filiformis (Pourn.) Griffiths, B. simplex Lag., B. megapotamica (Spreng.) Kuntze and B. lophôstachya Griseb. Only B. megapotariiica and B. lophostachya are restricted to South America, the former ranging from northern Brazil to central Argentina and the latter present in central and western Argentina and Chile. Examination of herbarium specimens of B. lophostachya has convinced the writer that this taxon, cannot properly be placed in either of the recognized subgenera of Bouteloua, and, indeed, represents a distinct and well defined genus. NEOBOUTELOUA Gould, gen. nov. Herha perennis, surculis e hasi gangliiforme ramosissimo erectis 10 - 35 cm. altis. Folia crassa, rígida, disticha, hasi culmi conforta. Inflorescentia plerumque ramulis 12 - 35 persistentihus axis qua- drangularis paginis 4 irregulariter dispersis, hinatis, vel verticillatis. Famuli plerumque 1-4 cm. longi, spiculis 12 - 25 adpressis. Spiculae r Technical Article N° 57.38, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. Research supported by grant GB 2491 from the ' National Science Foundation. , The writer is indebted to the curators of the folk wing herbaria for the priviledge of examining herbarium material: 1. Conservaticre et Jardin botaniques, Geneva (G). 2. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens (K). 3. The New York Botanical Garden (NY). 4. Muséum National d’Histoire .
    [Show full text]
  • Grasslands of the World.Pdf
    The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The mention or omission of specific companies, their products or brand names does not imply any endorsement or judgement by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105337-5 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Chief, Publishing Management Service, Information Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to [email protected] © FAO 2005 CONTENTS Foreword xiii Acknowledgements xv Contributors xvii Glossary of technical terms and abbreviations used in the text xviii Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 Purpose of the book 13 Structure of the book 13 Complementary information resources 16 References 17 Chapter 2 – The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa 19 R.S.
    [Show full text]