External Displaced Syrians and Compatriots Remaining in the Home Country: Evidence on Human Capital and Values from Vienna and Damascus

Home , Artouz, Darayya, Jdeidat Artouz, Qaboun, Qanawat, Qatana

External displaced Syrians and compatriots remaining in the home country: Evidence on human capital and values from Vienna and Damascus

Zakarya Al Zalak1, Bernhard Rengs2, Judith Kohlenberger3 and Isabella Buber-Ennser2

1 Technological Statistical Institute, Damascus, Syria 2 Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital (IIASA, VID/ÖAW, WU), Vienna Institute of Demography (Austrian Academy of Sciences), Vienna, Austria 3 Vienna University of Economics and Business, Department for Socioeconomics, Institute for Social Policy, Vienna, Austria

Corresponding authors: [email protected]

Paper presented at the PAA 2018, Denver Work in progress April 6, 2018 Do not cite without authors’ permission

Abstract The large number of displaced persons originating from the Middle East has recently initiated various research projects on forced migration, especially in Europe where Germany, Austria and the Nordic countries witnessed comparable high inflows of asylum seekers. The current study aims to compare external displaced Syrians arriving in Austrian in 2015 and their compatriots remaining in the home country, with a focus on human capital and values. It builds on DiPAS (Displaced Persons in Austria Survey), a social survey among displaced persons in and around Vienna (carried out in 2015) as well as on a sister survey among persons residing in and around Damascus, in fall 2017 and beginning of 2018. The current research concentrates on individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics like education and family context, as well as on attitudes and values. It aims to find out if Syrians seeking refuge in Europe differ from their compatriots in and around Damascus. Keywords: Syria, human capital, values, displaced persons.

1. Introduction The violent conflicts in Syria, starting in 2011, have led to forced migration within and outside the country. Increasingly, empirical evidence becomes available on externally displaced persons from Syria and other countries, arriving in Europe in recent years, especially in 2015 (Brücker, Rother, & Schupp, 2016; Buber-Ennser et al., 2016; Hainmüller, Hangartner, & Lawrence, 2016; Ichou, 2014; Kohlbacher & Schiocchet, 2017). Further empirical evidence stems from forced migrants living in Jordan, Lebanon or Turkey (Alpak et al., 2015; Ghattas, Sassine, Seyfert, Nord, & Sahyoun, 2015; Habib, Hojeij, Elzein, Chaaban, & Seyfert, 2014; Özer, Sirin, & Oppedal, 2013). Given their large numbers, refugees constitute an important element of global population dynamics and are receiving increasing attention in demography and social sciences (Hugo, Abbasi-Shavazi, & Kraly, 2017). However, knowledge not only on numbers but also on sociodemographic characteristics of those remaining in the country remains fragmented, especially as long as armed conflicts and internal and external displacement continues. The present study addresses an important research gap that stems from the scarcity of quantitative data and studies on the population on Syrian territory. The current study aims to shed light on persons living in and around the Syrian capital in 2017/18. Based on a survey on socio- demographic characteristics among adults in Damascus and Rif Dimashq we study demographic characteristics, human capital, health, values and attitudes of the surveyed population to get insights on parts of the population residing in this area. Moreover, we compare those remaining in and around Damascus with externally displaced Syrians arriving in Austria in 2015 and living in and around the Austrian capital Vienna. The survey, called DamS (Damascus Survey) focused on persons living in Damascus and the governorate Rif Dimashq. The fieldwork was carried out in fall 2017 and at the beginning of 2018, aiming to uncover the socio-demographic characteristics and values of persons living in the Syrian capital and around to investigate who is currently residing in these specific areas in Syria. Building on DiPAS, a survey carried out in fall 2015 among forced migrants in and around Vienna, we are able to compare Syrians who left the country for Europe with those in the metropolitan area in the home country. Education and human capital are and will be key for Syria’s future and the (economic) reconstruction of the country in post-war years.

2. Syrian population and internal displacement In 2004, 17,9 million persons in total were living in Syria (Statistical Office of the Republic of Syria, 2004). Due to the violent conflicts starting in 2011, many lost their lives, left the country or moved within the country. According to the internal displacement monitoring center (IDMC), Syria ranks first among countries worldwide in terms of its internally displaced populations. In 2017, 6,278,000 people were officially counted as displaced, which amounts to roughly 30% of Syria’s overall population in pre-war times. Currently, the country is faced with 692,000 newly displaced per year (IDMC, 2017). The majority of internally displaced persons have found refuge in Northern Syria, particularly in the governorate of Idlib. In October 2017, the global Camp Coordination and Camp Management (CCCM) Cluster, coordinated by UNHCR, accounted for an internally displaced population of 3,199,526 in Northern Syria, who was accommodated in 351 camps. In 2016, the rate of internally displaced persons hosted in camps increased by 50%. Additional displacements from other parts of Syria, including Homs and Damascus are expected for the course of 2018 and will add an additional strain on existing infrastructure (CCCM, 2017). As of January 2018, it is estimated that 2.65 million people live in Idlib and its surroundings, nearly half of whom are IDPs. These also include new displacements from Rif Dimashq in the wake of so-called evacuation agreements (OCHA, 2018). For these and related reasons, the city and vicinity of Damascus do not host extensive IDP camps. Geographically, Damascus is a city with dense inner core, surrounded by a motor way. Space for large refugee accommodations is hence limited and resources are scarce. The number of IDPs in Damascus is hence difficult to ascertain, given the lack of official statistics, as is overall population size. From 2011 to 2015 alone, a drop from 1.8 million inhabits to 1.5 million was reported (BBC, 2016a). Most IDPs in Damascus city live with families and friends, rather than in one of the few official shelters, which have reportedly been subjected to forced removal. It is predominantly former schools and community centers that function as IDP living quarters. Services provided there are limited, including basic health and food provision by humanitarian organizations, which tend to be government-controlled (BBC, 2016b). Smaller camps in the governorate of Damascus have been established in the city of Aadra and Al Horjelah, approximately thirty minutes from the city of Damascus. For the latter, news reports suggest that some 6,000 families found shelter (Hamjo, 2016). While substantiated

3 information remains difficult to obtain, the situation in the governorate of Damascus appears to be a relatively stable one. In 2017, two neighborhoods even reported refugee returns (REACH, 2018). So far, however, there are no comprehensive statistics on actual or expected returnees, as the Syrian crisis continues.

3. Empirical evidence on educational attainment among Syrians Up until the outbreak of conflict in 2011, Syrian young people were among the most educated in the Middle East region, with Syria having achieved near universal primary education enrolment and a secondary school completion rate of 74% (Bouchane, 2016). Evidence from the Syrian Census carried out in 2004 reveals: Among Syrians aged 15 years and more, one in two were either illiterate or literate, whereas 18% had primary certificate, 14% an intermediate certificate, 9% a secondary certificate and about 8% obtained a vocational certificate or were university graduates (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004). But large regional differences existed in pre-conflict times. The educational profile of persons living in Damascus was high compared to the overall Syrian population (Figure 1). The share of low educated was substantially lower in Damascus (35%), and on the upper end of the distribution substantially more (13%) held a vocational certificate or a university diploma. Individuals residing in Damascus countryside (Rif Damashq) were on average better educated than the general Syrian population, as the share of low educated was slightly above 40%. Nevertheless, the proportion of those with secondary of higher education was at Syrian average (17%), whereas medium level of education (primary or intermediate certificate) was more common in Rif Damashq than in Syria overall (40% versus 32%). Generally, nine years of basic education are mandatory in the country. In 2015, the literacy rate (defined as those aged 15 and over who can read and write) among Syrians was still relatively high in comparison with the region as a whole at 86.4 percent (males: 92 percent; females: 81 percent) (CIA, 2016). Due to the long years of violent conflicts, a large number of Syrian children - both inside and outside the country - is out of school (UNICEF, 2016; UNICEF MENA, 2015), with long-term effects of the educational profile of the Syrian population.

Figure 1: Regional educational differences in Syria, 2004

Quneitra

Swaida

Daraa

Al Rakha

Tartous

Deer Al Zour

Al Hasakah

Idlib

Lattakia

Hama

Homs

Aleppo

Damascus Countryside

Damascus

Syria

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Illiterate Literate Primary certificate Intermediate certificate Secondary certificate Vocational certificate University graduate Not stated

Source: Syrian census 2004 (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2004), population aged 15 years of age and more

Recent empirical evidence revealed that externally displaced Syrians arriving during the last years in Europe were a highly selective group in terms of education. The educational level of forced migrants arriving in Austria in 2015 turned out to be high compared with the average level in their country of origin (Buber-Ennser et al., 2016). In particular, Syrian (as well as Iraqi) migrants display consistently high levels of education, with roughly one in two surveyed Syrians having at least an upper secondary education, whereas no or minimal formal education turned out to be very low (less than 10%). The findings by Buber-Ennser et al. (2016) on educational attainment of Syrian forced migrants are corroborated by further recently collected data in Austria and Germany (AMS, 2017; Brücker, Rother, Schupp, et al., 2016; Kohlbacher, Rasuly-Paleczek, Hackl, & Bauer, 2017; Mitterndorfer, 2017; Neske, 2017; Rengs et al., 2017). Ongoing research

5 on the demographic profile of the Syrian refugee population in selected European countries and the US will complement these findings (Carlson & Williams, 2018/19, forthcoming). As concerns external displacement to neighbouring countries, more than 1 million Syrians are currently registered as refugees in Lebanon (UNHCR, 2018). A further 1.3 million Syrian refugees are hosted in Jordan, which amounts to roughly 20% of the country’s population. Research on these externally displaced persons includes refugees’ access to health care services (El-Khatib, Scales, Vearey, & Forsberg, 2013) as well as exposure of women and children to violence (Charles & Denman, 2013). Among children exposed to the atrocities of war and largescale violence, depression tends to be the most common mental health disorder. A recent survey by UNHCR finds that Syrian refugees in Lebanon have become more vulnerable as the conflict in their home country continues. In 2017, a share of 58% of Syrian households in Lebanon lived in what is officially defined as ‘extreme poverty’ (i.e. less than $2.87 per person per day). This is an increase of approximately 5%, compared to the situation in the previous year. The Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon (VASyR) further finds that almost 90% of Syrians in this neighbouring country are in debt, while food insecurity and obtaining legal residence pose great challenges to displaced families (WFP/UNHCR/UNICEF, 2017). Regardless of educational attainment, labour market access and qualifications, employment opportunities are extremely limited in both Jordan and Lebanon, as the countries’ economies are heavily affected by the ongoing conflict in the neighbouring Syria.

4. Field phase, material and methods Research on representativity in social surveys (capturing a country’s population in times of peace) identified various factors affecting survey participation, including education, urbanisation, age, migration background, economic situation, religiosity, and health (Billiet, Philippens, Fitzgerald, & Stoop, 2007; Miller & Wright, 1995). Carrying out surveys in times of violent conflicts is much more challenging, and methodological aspects identified for surveying refugees and vulnerable groups (Bloch, 2004; Faugier & Sargeant, 1997; Jacobsen & Landau, 2003), like aspects of security and trust, also apply. To add, being in a situation of emergency (e.g. power outages, expected mortar shells) constitutes particularly difficult circumstances for collecting data. Moreover, accommodation by local governmental and non-governmental organisations, frequently

6 on an ad hoc basis, additionally renders sampling difficult. Research on displaced persons involves a degree of compromise (McMichael, Nunn, Gifford, & Correa-Velez, 2015; Polzer Ngwato, 2013), and some go as far as concluding that “representativity is an unachievable ideal in survey research on refugee populations” (Vigneswaran & Quirk, 2013, p. 110). We argue that this also holds for surveying populations in times of civil war. Regarding methodological approaches of data collection, snowball sampling is frequently applied, especially in qualitative research on hard to reach populations (Faugier & Sargeant, 1997). While the Syrian government does provide some smaller accommodation in Damascus to host IDPs, access to these accommodations for carrying out surveys is difficult. For reasons of feasibility, an alternative approach was adopted for the current survey and study: Students randomly recruited from the Statistical Institute in Damascus, from Damascus University (Faculty of Education; Faculty of Arts), and from Levant University1 (Faculty of Sharia and Law at the Department of Islamic Economics) conducted interviews in their local vicinity and among their own neighborhoods. Due to the lack of stability in and around Damascus, interview locations were only chosen in regime-controlled areas. Each student interviewer volunteering for the survey carried out at least five interviews in its respective area. Accordingly, the interviews in Damascus took place in the following areas (Table A0 and Figure A0): Al-Midan (28), Al-Mazzeh (37), Barzeh (40), Al-Salhiyeh (23), Al-Shaghour (8), Duma (24), Ruken al Din (13), Jdayet Artooz (12) and Jaramana (21) as well as Old Damascus Al Qanawat, Abbasiyyin, Qaboun, Al-Kadam, Saroujah, Al Mouhajrin and Kafar Sousah (with less than 10 interviews in the respective districts). In the winter of 2017/18, these areas were among the safest parts of the Damascus. Traditionally, the population of central Damascus, a well-off, historical neighborhood with a transportation hub and a high density of markets and shops, displays medium to high-income levels. In the governate Rif Dimashq interviews were carried out in Qatana (33), Duma (24), Darayya (25), At-Tall (21), Al-Qutayfah (21), Yabroud (13), Sahnaya (12), Jdeidat Artouz (12), as well as Az Zabadani, An-Nabk, Qudssaya, Qudsaya Suburb and Alassad Suburb (with less than 10 interviews in these places) (Table A0 and Figure A0). The questionnaire was based on DiPAS (Displaced Persons in Austria Survey) and adapted to the Syrian context (see Appendix). It is organized around five main themes: (1) demography (age, gender, country of origin, ethnicity, marital status, former place of residence), (2) human

1 Three mosques were changed to a new university (called Levant University) in 2016. 7 capital (highest educational attainment, type of schooling); (3) employment (participation in the labor market, type of employment); (4) health (self-perceived health, limitation in activities of daily living); (5) attitudes and values (religion, gender equity, division of household work). Data were collected using paper-and-pencil questionnaires (in Arabic). The interviews were conducted in three stages with 200 questionnaires distributed per stage. Our analysis includes the first two stages of the survey, with 373 out of 400 questionnaire returned.2 23 incomplete questionnaires were excluded from the analyses (interviews were aborted because of difficult conditions, such as power outages, expected mortar shells or lack of trust from respondents in case their response was overheard). Our final sample comprises 350 adult respondents. As the survey also includes questions on spouses and children, in total information on 1,992 individuals is available (Table A1). We are aware that information on family members might include bias in reporting.

5. Results We explore below the themes covered by the DamS questionnaire in terms of demographic characteristics, educational attainment, health, religion and attitudes.

5.1. Demography The majority of respondents were female (59%) (Table A2). Mean age was 44 years, with interviewed men being older than their female peers (49 and 42 years respectively). Survey participants were residing in Damascus (56%) and in Rif Dimashq (including places like Yabroud, Dscharamana or Duma). Almost all were born in Syria (97%), had Syrian citizenship (95%), Arabic ethnicity (97%) and were Muslim (97%). Roughly two in ten respondents reported displacement due to war. Individuals had lived most of their lives in Damascus or Rif Dimashq (98%). Nine out of ten interviewed persons were married, whereas widowhood was reported less often (6%). Singles (1%) as well as divorced interviewees (2%) were rare. As expected by the marital status and age of respondents, childlessness was rare (3%), respondents had on average 3.8 children. Regarding loss of close family members since the beginning of the war, one in ten had lost spouse and/or children, one in ten siblings, 8% parent(s) and 15% other family member,

2 The third stage was carried out in March 2018, resulting in a total of 541 respondents (see Table A0), but data of the third stage are not included in the current version of the paper. 8 whereas 57% reported no loss of close family members. Ownership of housing was frequent (49% were living in their own home, further 18% in a home belonging to the family), three out of ten were living in a rental home. Only a minority (3%) were living in other types of housing, which were no specified and might indicate precarious housing conditions.

Fig. 2: Family structure of persons included in the survey, by gender and age

80+ 75-80 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 Age groupAge 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Number of persons Male resp. & partner in SYR Female resp. & partner in SYR Male children in SYR Female children in SYR Male partner abroad Female partner abroad Male children abroad Female children abroad

Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=1,992 individuals captured in the survey.

As the survey also includes questions on spouses and children, in total information on 1,992 individuals is available. These comprise 350 respondents, 326 spouses and 1,316 children. The majority of individuals included in the data was living in Damascus or Rif Dimashq (92%) at the time of the interview, only 138 persons (mainly adult children) were living abroad at the time of the interview (Table A1). Numbers of males and females are almost equal (52% and 48%). Three out of ten were minors, the remaining were either respondents, spouses or adult children. An age pyramid for the individuals captured in DamS is shown below (Figure 2), excluding individuals living abroad only slightly changes the figure (Figure A1). Especially the age group 30 to 34 years

9 is small, as indicated by a marked indentation in the age pyramid. In 2004, the age pyramid for the Syrian population - as well as the one for inhabitants of Damascus and Rif Dimashq – almost had the shape of an ideal pyramid (Figures A2 and A3). The population structure of persons captured in the survey was thus substantially different. Still open: employment situation. Overall, our results indicate that the surveyed population constitutes a selective group of persons currently living in Syria: Respondents were living in comparable wealthy surroundings of Damascus, often owned the house/apartment they were living in, displayed low shares of widowhood and despite long years of civil war, almost six out of ten had not lost close family members since the beginning of the war.

5.2.Educational attainment In this section, the analysis concentrates on the educational attainment of the adult population in our survey (including adult children and spouses) aged 20-59 years, living in either living in Damascus or Rif Dimashq at the time of the interview (1,015 persons, 503 men and 512 women). The restriction to Damascus and Rif Damashq and to this age span is due to the fact that few persons were living in other governorates of Syria or abroad, resulting in few cases when differentiating by sex and age.3As the age structure of the population surveyed in DamS is quite specific, with few persons in their 30s and early 40s, we applied weights accounting for the distribution of the population in Damascus and Rif Dimashq in 2004.4 The surveyed population is substantially higher educated than the overall population in Syria as well as in Damascus in 2004. Only 7% had no or only some primary education. One in two has completed primary or lower secondary education, 22% had completed upper secondary education and further 22% had achieved a post-secondary education (Figure 3). Gender differences are minor with women being slightly less educated than men. Surprisingly, results are similar with and without weights. Further analyses reveals that this is due to the fact that the educational levels by 5-years-age groups is quite similar in the sample (Figures A4 and A5).

3 In total 776 persons were aged below 20 and 56 persons 60 years or more. Only 3 individuals have to be excluded due to missing information on education. We exclude 128 persons living abroad (mainly adult children) and 14 persons living in other parts of Syria than Damascus or Rif Dimashq. 4 More specifically, we assumed an identical distribution by age and sex of persons living in Damascus and Rif Damashq, based on the 2004 Census. In fact, the age pyramid of these two areas is similar to the one of the total Syrian population in 2004 (Figures A2 ad A3). 10

Figure 3: Educational level of persons living in Damascus and Rif Dimashq aged 20-59 years, by sex Damascus survey, weighted,20-59 100%

90% 22 22 22

80%

70% 24 21 22 60%

50%

40%

30% 47 50 49

20%

10% 8 5 7 0% Male Female Total No formal education (ISCED 0) Some primary education (ISCED 0) Completed prim. or lower secondary (ISCED 1-2) Completed upper secondary (ISCED 3) Post-secondary education (ISCED 4-6)

Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=99 individuals aged 20-59 years, living in Syria at the time of the interview. Weighted numbers.

5.3.Health General self-assessed health was rated as followed: 21% reported very good health, further 47% good health and 28% had a neutral answer (neither good nor bad). The proportion of interviewed persons reporting bad or very bad health was low (4%). We calculate the share of interviewed persons who perceived their own health as not (very) good and carried out multivariate analyses to identify variables affecting health. As expected, older persons (especially aged 60+) and respondents who had lost spouse or child(ren) since the beginning of the war, significantly more often evaluated their own health as poor (Table 1). Moreover, persons in Rif Dimashq more often reported bad health. In the multivariate framework highly educated persons less often reported bad health. Gender-specific analyses reveals that among men, age is an important factor, whereas

among women the loss of spouse or child(ren) is crucial for self-perceived health (Table 1, right colums).xxx Still open: Combine with limitations in activities of daily living.

Table 1: Binary logistic regression for perceiving health as not good All respondents Men Women Age Below 40 (Ref.) 0 0 0 40-59 0.41 1.31* 0.07 60+ 1.51** 2.47** 1.50 Sex Male (Ref.) 0 Female 0.23 Education No or some primary -0.60 . -0.13 Completed prim. or lower sec. (Ref.) 0 0 0 Completed upper secondary -0.39 -0.50 -0.26 Post secondary -0.81** -0.95+ -0.73+ Rural/urban Damascus (Ref.) 0 0 0 Rif Dimashq 0.48* 0.73+ 0.31 Lost relatives/others due to war None 0 0 0 Spouse and/or child(ren) 1.22** 0.78 1.40** Others -0.05 -0.19 0.12 Constant -1.28*** -2.03** -0.91** R² 0.0795 0.1228 0.0732 N 350 139 208 Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=350 respondents. Significance levels: + p<0.10; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001.

When comparing interviewed persons in and around Damascus in 2017/18 with Syrian asylum seekers arriving in Austria in 2015, we find that women and men below age 40 assessed their health in a rather similar way: 7-10% among men and 25-29% among women reported bad health. Differences are more pronounced in the age group 40-59, where men living in and around Damascus more often reported bad health than male asylum seekers arriving in Austrian in 2015 (34% versus 18%). Contrary, women in and around Damascus less often reported bad health than their peers arriving in Austria in 2015 (35% and 40% respectively) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Share of persons not in good health by age and sex surveyed in and around Damascus and Vienna 100

60 40 34 35 40 29 25 18 20 10 7

0 Below 40 40-59 Below 40 40-59 Damascus (DamS) Vienna (DiPAS)

Male Female

Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=324 respondents aged below 60 years, Displaced Persons Austria Survey (DiPAS), n=183 Syrians aged below 60 years.

5.4.Religion and attitudes As mentioned earlier, almost all respondents were Muslim. DamS captured religious affiliation as well as religiosity, despite the fact that measuring religious intensity is never an easy task (Hill & Hood, 1999). Self-assessed religiosity was evaluated by asking the respondents to rate their religiosity on a scale from 1 (not religious at all) to 10 (very religious). (The exact wording of the question was: “Apart from the fact of belonging to a religious community or not, how religious do you consider yourself?”. See Appendix.). A distinction in low, medium and high level of religiosity (answering 1-2, or 3-8, or 9-10 respectively) reveals that 17% assess their religiosity as low, 73% as medium and 10% as high. Binomial regression analyses for characteristics associated with low levels of religiosity reveal no significant variation by age, education among men, but some effects in expected direction among women in the sense that older women and lower educated women more often are very religious (results available on request).. A comparison with the survey among asylum seeking Syrians arriving in Austria in 2015 indicated that the proportion of very religious persons was 6% among Syrians arriving in Austria but also among interviewed individuals in and around Damascus below age 40 (and thus identical) (Figure 5). Contrary, older respondents in Syria more often reported to be very religious (11%). Still open: attitudes.

Figure 5: Share of respondents in and around Damascus as well as Vienna, who report to be very religious

Total

Female Damascus Male

Total

Female Vienna

Male

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

50-59 Below 40

Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=324 respondents aged below 60 years, Displaced Persons Austria Survey (DiPAS), n=183 Syrians aged below 60 years. Remark: Respondents below age 60 were excluded due to small numbers in DiPAS, especially among men.

6. Discussion This chapter still needs to be written. As the mean age of interviewees was 44 years, data include many families with adult children. We are aware that the persons included in our data are not representative of the overall population residing in Damascus and Rif Damashq at the end of 2017 and the beginning of 2018. Nevertheless, we argue that this survey provides valuable empirical evidence on individuals living in and around Damascus in 2017/18.

Acknowledgements This research paper was made possible through the support of students of the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Economics and the Statistical Institute in Damascus. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who conducted this survey in Damascus and Rif Dimashq, in times of armed conflicts. Our sincere thanks go to Shiraz Shahoud for translating. We are immensely grateful to Rana Saleh, Hisham Shahoud, Rahf Issa, Nour Safi, Alaa Al Turk, Rayiduh Zalikha. We also thank all the persons who participated in this survey in Syria. Financial disclosure: No third-party funds were used to cover costs caused by planning, implementing, analyzing and disseminating our study.

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Appendix

Table A0: Interviews by locations Governorate District Stages 1 and 2 Stage 3 Damascus Al-Shaghour 8 20 Damascus Al Salhiyeh 23 7 Damascus Abbasiyyin 4 0 Damascus Qaboun 4 0 Damascus Al-Kadam 3 5 Damascus Al Qanawat 1 13 Damascus Al-Mazzeh 37 11 Damascus Al Mouhajrin 0 4 Damascus Al-Midan 28 23 Damascus Barzeh 40 5 Damascus New Cham 9 14 Damascus Old Damascus 1 9 Damascus Ruken al Din 13 3 Damascus Saroujah 1 13 Damascus Kafar Sousah 2 0 Rif Dimashq Sahnaya 4 8 Rif Dimashq Jaramana 21 10 Rif Dimashq At-Tall District 21 3 Rif Dimashq Zabadani District 6 0 Rif Dimashq Al-Qutayfah District 21 0 Rif Dimashq An-Nabk District 0 1 Rif Dimashq Darayya District 9 16 Rif Dimashq Duma District 24 2 Rif Dimashq Qudssaya 2 6 Rif Dimashq Qatana District 33 0 Rif Dimashq Yabroud District 13 4 Rif Dimashq Qudsaya Subburb 0 5 Rif Dimashq Jdeidat Artouz 12 12 Rif Dimashq Alassad Suburb 0 1 Rif Dimashq Jdayet Artooz 12 0 Unknown 10 8 Total 350 191

Figure A0: Map of locations and number of interviews

Table A1: Individuals captured in the sample Respondents Family in Syria Family abroad Total Spouses Children Spouses Children 0-17 18+ 0-17 18+ In Syria 350 313 582 609 1,799 Abroad 13 3 122 198 Total 350 1,504 138 1,992 Source: Damascus Survey (DamS), n=1,992 individuals captured in the survey.

Table A2. Sample characteristics. Respondents Respondents, partners and children Absolute Relative Absolute Relative Gender Male 142 41% 1,044 52% Female 208 59% 948 48% Age Below 20 4 1% 20-29 33 9% 30-39 83 24% 40-49 110 31% 50-59 94 27% 60+ 26 7% Mean age 42 years Below 18 586 29% 18+ 1,406 71% Place of residence Damascus 196 56% Rif Dimashq 154 44% Other places in Syria 15 1% Abroad 138 7% Damascus and Rif Dimashq 1,839 92% Country of birth Syria 340 97% Iraq 1 0% Jordan 1 0% Lebanon 4 1% Other 4 1% Citizenship Syria 334 95% Stateless 1 0% Palestinian in Syria 11 3% Palestinian in Iraq 1 0% Other 3 1% Ethnicity Arab 339 97% Kurdish 4 1% Turkmen 1 0% Other 6 2% Place in Syria lived most of the life Al Hasakah 1 0% Damascus 201 58% Daraa 2 1% Lattakia 2 1% Quneitra 1 0% Swaida 3 1% Rif Dimashq 139 40% Missing 1 0% Religious affiliation Islam 339 97%

Christian 10 3% None (e.g. Atheist) 1 0% Marital status Married 319 91% Widowed 20 6% Divorced 7 2% Single 4 1% Number of children Childless 12 3% 1 child 20 6% 2 children 55 16% 3 children 71 20% 4 children 80 23% 5+ children 112 32% Mean number of children 3.8 children Lost family members since beginning of war None 200 57% Parents 27 8% Spouse and/or child 32 9% Sibling 40 11% Others 51 15% Type of residence living in Own home 173 49% Family’s home 64 18% A rental home 100 29% Other 12 3% No answer / refusal 1 0% Total 350 100% 1,992 100% Source: Damascus Survey, n=350 interviewed persons.

Figure A1:DAMS persons Syria

80+ 75-80 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 Age GroupAge 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 250 200 150 100 50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Number of Persons Male Resp. & Partner in SYR Female Resp. & Partner in SYR Minor Male Children in SYR Minor Female Children in SYR Adult Male children in SYR Adult Female children in SYR Source: 1,851 persons living in Syria at the time of the interview

Figure A2: Syrian population in 2004

80+ 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39

Age GroupAge 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0 - 4 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Percent of Total Population Male Female

Source: Syrian Census 2004; N=17,859,062 persons; except individuals with missing age

Figure A3: Syrian population living in Damascus and Rif Damashq in 2004

80+ 75 - 79 70 - 74 65 - 69 60 - 64 55 - 59 50 - 54 45 - 49 40 - 44 35 - 39 Age GroupAge 30 - 34 25 - 29 20 - 24 15 - 19 10 - 14 5 - 9 0 - 4 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Percent of Total Population Male Female

Source: Syrian Census 2004; N=3,909,130 persons; except individuals with missing age

Figure A4: Educational level of persons living in Damascus and Rif Dimashq aged 20-59 years, by age and sex, unweighted 100%

90% 22 23 20 23 22 80% 70% 24 20 23 22 22 60% 50% 40% 30% 50 49 49 47 49 20% 10% 7 8 7 0% 5 6 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 Total

No formal education (ISCED 0) Some primary education (ISCED 0) Completed prim. or lower secondary (ISCED 1-2) Completed upper secondary (ISCED 3) Post-secondary education (ISCED 4-6)

Source: Damascus Survey; n=1,015 interviewed persons.

Figure A5: Educational level of persons living in Damascus and Rif Dimashq aged 20-59 years, unweighted and weighted, by sex 100% 90% 21 22 22 22 22 22 80% 70% 23 22 22 24 21 22 60% 50% 40% 30% 48 50 49 47 50 49 20% 10% 7 6 8 5 7 0% 6 Male Female Total Male Female Total Unweighted Weighted

No formal education (ISCED 0) Some primary education (ISCED 0) Completed prim. or lower secondary (ISCED 1-2) Completed upper secondary (ISCED 3) Post-secondary education (ISCED 4-6)

Source: Damascus Survey; n=1,015 interviewed persons.

Appendix Questionnaire

“Damascus Survey (DamS)”

An empirical survey of the social values of Syrian

households

Executive team in Damascus: Dr. Zakarya Alzalak1 (Executive Director), Rana Saleh (Assistant Executive Director), Hisham Shahoud (supervisor of students), Rahf issa (review and audit), Nour safi (review and audit), Alaa Al Turk (uploading and processing data), Rayiduh zalikha (uploading and processing data)

1 Technological Statistical Institute, Damascus, Syria

December 2017

Q0.1 Interviewer: Please specify the area in which you are interviewing 1 Damascus 2 Rif Dimashq

Questionnaire

This study is an academic empirical study on a sample of Syrian households that contributes and helps in determining many demographic variables and values. Social development during the crisis …. (Information will not be used individually for any reason other than the general reasons for research.)

Q1 Interviewer: Please enter the sex of the interviewee 1 Male 2 Female

Q2 How old are you? ___ (code age in years)

Q3 Have you left Syria for more than three months since 2014? 1 Yes, mention the country 2 No 99 Now answer/refusal

Q4 In which country were you born? ___ (governorate)->Q4a ____(country)

Q5 Which country was your last place of residence? ___ (governorate) ____ (country)

Q6 What is your citizenship/nationality? 1 Syria 2 Iraq 15 Palestinian Syrian 16 Iraqi Palestinian 14 Without nationality/stateless 99 No answer/refusal 77 Other Q8 What type of housing do you live in? 1 Your own home 2 Your family’s home 3 A rental home 99 No answer / refusal 77 Other

Q9 What is your ethnicity? 1 Arab 2 Kurdish 3 Turkmen 99 No answer / refusal 77 Other

Q10 What is your religion? 1 Islam 2 Christian 3 None (Atheist) 99 No answer / refusal 77 Other

Q11 What is your highest level of educational attainment? 1 No formal education (never been to school) 2 Some primary (elementary) 3 Completed primary (6 years) 4 Completed lower secondary (In Syria called “intermediate”) (9 years) 5 Completed upper secondary (12 years) 6 Bachelor 7 Master and more 99 No answer / refusal

Q12 If Q11 is (5), (6) or (7): Which type of school did you attend? 1 Science 2 Humanities (History, Law,…) 3 Technical (including e.g. industrial, agriculture, craft) 4 Islamic law school/studies 5 Commerce and economy 99 No answer / refusal 77 Other

Q13 How many years of education have you completed? ______Years

Q14 Do you speak another language? 1 Yes (go to 15) 2 No (go to 16) 99 No answer / refusal (go to 16)

Q15 Which other language(s) do you speak? Q15_1 English Q15_2 German Q15_3 French Q15_4 Kurdish Q15_5 Turkish Q15_99No answer / refusal Q15_77 Others

Q16 Have you ever actively participated in the labor market? 1 Yes 2 No 99 No answer / refusal

Q19 How can your work be classified? 1 Employed 2 Self-employed 3 Helping family member in a family business or a farm 77 Other 99 No answer / refusal

Q21 How many hours do you usually work each week? 1 5 to 9 hours (1 day per week) 2 10 to 19 hours (2 days per week) 3 20 to 34 hours (3-4 days per week) 4 35 or more hours (more than 4 days per week) 5 Seasonal work 99 No answer / refusal

Q29 How tall are you? ______(code height in cm)

Q30 What is your general assessment of your health? 1 Very good 2 Good 3 Neither good nor bad 4 Bad 5 Very bad 99 No answer / refusal

Q31 Do you have any long-term (chronic) illness or health problems? 1 Yes 2 No 99 No answer / refusal

Q32 Has any health problem restricted the performance of your everyday activities over a long time (at least in the last 6 months)? 1 Yes, very much 2 Yes, to some extent 3 No, not at all 99 No answer / refusal Q37 Do you consider to emigrate from the country in case of instability? 1 Yes 2 No 88 Do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q37a Could you please specify the reasons? Q37a_1 I do not think that the general political situation will stabilize within the next years Q37a_2 I do not think I will feel safe even if the general situation stabilizes Q37a_3 I don’t think that the economic situation will stabilize within the next years Q37a_4 I don’t think that I will be able to make a living in my former home country, even if the situation stabilizes Q37a_5 My reasons for leaving my country are not related to instabilities in the country Q37a_88 Don’t know Q37a_99 No answer / Refusal Q37a_77 Other (brief answer)

Q38 Did you lose any family member since the beginning of the war? 1 Yes 2 No (go to 40) 99 No answer / refusal (go to 40)

Q39 Whom did you lose? (Multiple answers, code as 38a, 38b, …) 1 Father 2 Mother 3 Wife 4 Husband 5 Son or Daughter 6 Brother or sister 77 Others 88 No answer / refusal

Q40 What is your marital status? 1 Married (go to 41) 2 Widowed (go to 49) 3 Divorced (go to 49) 4 Single (go to 55) 99 No answer / refusal (go to 55)

Q41 How old is your wife/husband? ______(code in years)

Q42 Where does your wife/husband live? ___ (governorate) ____ (country)

Q43 What is your wife's/husband's highest level of educational attainment? 1 No formal education (never been to school) 2 Some primary (elementary) 3 Completed primary (6 years) 4 Completed lower secondary (In Syria called “intermediate”) (9 years) 5 Completed upper secondary (12 years) 6 Bachelor 7 Master and more 88 Do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q44 If 43 is (5), (6) or (7): Which type of school/studies did your wife/husband attend? 1 Science 2 Humanities (History, Law,…) 3 Technical (including e.g. industrial, agriculture, craft) 4 Islamic law school/studies 5 Commerce and economy 88 Do not know 99 No answer / refusal 77 Other

Q45 Did your wife/husband ever actively participate in the labor market? 1 Yes 2 No (go to 48d) 88 Do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q48 How can your wife/husband’s work be classified? 1 Employed 2 Self-employed 3 Helping family member in a family business or a farm 77 Other 88 Do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q52 If married, widowed or divorced: Do you have any living children? 1 Yes 2 No

Q52a How many living children do you have? ______

Please tell me some details about your first/second/… child.

Q53 First name

Q54 How old is [name]? _____ (code in years)

Q55 Sex of [name] 1 Male 2 Female

Q56 Where does [name] currently live? 20 Here with me 30 Other governate (in Syria) 2 Iraq 3 Turkey 8 Afghanistan 11 Pakistan 12 Kosovo 13 Somalia 10 Austria 15 On the way to Europe/US/other region 16 Camp -> in which country (code as 52b) 17 Jordan 18 Lebanon 77 Other country 88 Do not know

Q57 What is the educational level of [name]? 1 No formal education (never been to school) 2 Some primary (elementary) 3 Completed primary (6 years) 4 Completed lower secondary (In Syria called “intermediate”) (9 years) 5 Completed upper secondary (12 years) 6 Bachelor 7 Master and more 99 No answer / refusal

The following statements were selected from the World Value Survey, a non-commercial, scientific investigation which seeks to help understand changes in the beliefs, values and motivations of people throughout the world. There is no “right” or “wrong” answer to these questions. Please note that we do not ask for your country’s official or legal stance on the following statements nor should your response be guided by social conventions and expectations. Rather, we are interested in your personal beliefs and values. We would like to stress that your answers to these questions are completely confidential and will not affect your application for asylum in Austria in any way – our survey is conducted for purely scientific purposes and none of the data your provide us with will be forwarded to third parties.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements? For each question choose between Strongly agree Agree Neither agree/nor disagree Disagree Strongly disagree No answer / refusal

Q59 When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women. 5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree/nor disagree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly disagree 99 No answer / refusal

Q60 Men make better political leaders than women do. 5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree/nor disagree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly disagree 99 No answer / refusal

Q61 Having a job is the best way for a woman to be an independent person. 5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree/nor disagree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly disagree 99 No answer / refusal

Q62 Women should not work outside the family unless forced to do so. 5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree/nor disagree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly disagree 99 No answer / refusal

Q63 Men make better bosses than women. 5 Strongly agree 4 Agree 3 Neither agree/nor disagree 2 Disagree 1 Strongly disagree 99 No answer / refusal

Q64 Please tell me whether you think abortion can always be justified, never be justified, or something in between. 1 1 (Never) 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 (Always)

Q65 Would you mind if your child would learn about other religions in school? 1 It would be ok 2I do not care 3I would not want that 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q66 Apart from the fact of belonging to a religious community or not, how religious do you consider yourself? Please answer using a scale, where 0 indicates “not at all religious” and 10 “very religious”. 1 1 (Not at all religious) 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 (Very religious)

The following questions are also taken from non-commercial surveys with an exclusively scientific purpose. They ask about your family’s decision-making in concrete situations, such as everyday shopping, childcare or the distribution of household work.

Q67 Who usually makes the decisions or takes actions in your household when buying rather expensive household items e.g. fridge, tv 1 Mostly the husband 2 Mostly the wife 3 Husband and wife together 4 Children 5 Parents 6 Everyone 7 Another person 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

؟In your household who does the following things

Q68 Cares for sick family members 1 Mostly the husband 2 Mostly the wife 3 Husband and wife together 4 Children 5 Parents 6 Everyone 7 Another person 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q69 Childcare 1 Mostly the husband

2 Mostly the wife 3 Husband and wife together 4 Children 5 Parents 6 Everyone 7 Another person 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q70 Does household chores 1 Mostly the husband 2 Mostly the wife 3 Husband and wife together 4 Children 5 Parents 6 Everyone 7 Another person 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q71 Keep household account 1 Mostly the husband 2 Mostly the wife 3 Husband and wife together 4 Children 5 Parents 6 Everyone 7 Another person 88 I do not know 99 No answer / refusal

Q74a Interviewer: Please choose who participated in the interview (was in hearing range) 1 Only interviewee 2 Interviewee and his/her partner (husband/wife/) 3 Interviewee and family (children present) 4 Interviewee and others in hearing range 77 Other situation

Q74e Interviewer: who answered questions 59 - 71 (attitudes and practices)? 1 The interviewee alone 2 The partner of the interviewee alone 3 Both partners together 4 The whole family 5 The interviewee and bystanders 77 Other situation