DOCSLIB.ORG

Thyroid Radionuclide Uptake Measurements

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thyroid Radionuclide Uptake Measurements IAEA-152 THYROID RADIONUCLIDE UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS PAPERS PRESENTE PANEA T DA L MEETING ORGANIZEE TH Y DB INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, AUSTRIA ,197 Y 17-21MA 1 A TECHNICAL REPORT PUBLISHED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1973 The IAEA does not maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Microfiche Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Kärntner Rin1 g1 P.O. Box 590 A-1011 Vienna, Austria on prepayment of US $0.65 or against one lAEAmicrofiche service coupon. PLEAS AWARE EB E THAT MISSINE TH F GO L PAGEAL THIN SI S DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK POREWORD Tests of thyroid function based on measurements of the uptake of radioiodine by the gland (thyroid uptake tests) con- stituted one of the first diagnostic applications of radioactive tracers and have been widely used in the diagnosis and investiga- tio thyroif o n d diseases n I96 I Internationae . 0th l Atomic Energy Agency invited a group of consultants to draw up a standardized procedure for such uptake measurements. The recommendations of this group related primarily to measurements of the uptake of I 24 hours after its oral administration - the basis of the thyroid uptake test most commonly performe werd I96n i an de 0 - publishen i d a number of scientific journals. Durin ensuine gth g decade thyroid uptake tests underwent con- siderable development. New radionuclides were utilized, new instru- ment d techniquean s measuremene th r fo s uptakf o t e were devisedd ,an n increasina g emphasi places swa uptakn o d e measurements made relatively soon after administration of the radioactive tracer. Parallel development took plac n testi e s f radioinvolvino e -us e gth nuclides but based on measurements of parameters other than uptake. In view of these advances the Agency decided in 1970 to convene a second panel of experts to review the status of thyroid uptake tests and to up-date, and where necessary amend, the I960 recommendations. ThiAgency'e th s t panea t s lme Headquarter y Ma 1 2 so t fro 7 1 m s repor it 197bee s d ha t1nan submitte publicatior fo d scientifio t n c journal Englishe th n si , French, Russia d Spanisnan h languagese Th . various working papers presented durin meetinge gth , which contain information supplementary to that given in the report, have been gathered togethe thin ri s document orden ,i r thae tb they ma y available to all interested persons. CONTENTS I CLINICAL ASPECTS Clinical requirements for thyroid radioisotope uptake measurement s ......................................... 1 . WAlexandeD . d J.Gan r . Shimrains Observation e rationalth n o s r thyroifo e d uptake measurement polemia : s c ............................7 . C.C. Harri J.Kd an s . Goodrich I I CHOIC RADIONUCLIDP O E E Radioiodine dosimetry and the use of radioiodines other than ^-^1 in thyroid diagnosis. ................ 13 H.N. Wellma d R.Tan n . Anger. Jr , Thyroid 1-131 uptake measurements and the determina- tion of effective half-life of 1-131 in patients with the rapeutic doses... ................................. 31 H. Kakehi . Saegus. TatenK Y , d oan a III EARLY UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS 99 m The measurement of thyroid uptake using To ........ 41 A. W.O. Goolden, H.I. Glas d E.Dan s . Williams 1 3 1 99m The measurement of the thyroid uptake of Tc , I and 2j a-t early times after isotope administration. 63 J.G. Shimmin W.Dd san . Alexander e measuremenTh kinetie th f o tc constant describing the thyroidal concentratio d organinan c "bindinf o g iodide and pertechnetate. ............................ 75 J.G. Shimmins, J.¥.K. Robertson, W.D. Alexanded ran J . Lazarus Quantitative scintigraph e stud th earlf o yn i y y thyroid uptake ......................................1 9 . B. Bok IV LATE UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS The performance of the IAEA standard collimator for thyroid radioiodine uptake measurements with fadio- nuclides other than 131i. ............................ 121 R.G. Daou Spectral region assessment of the influence of thyroid dept thyroin o h d radioiodine uptake. ........5 13 . H.N. Wellman, J. Tieman and E.L. Saenger Method of measuring thyroid 1-131 uptake by a digitized scintigram of thyroid gland. ............... 149 H. SaegusKakehK d an ia Thyroid 1-131 uptake measurement with a scintillation camera. .............................................. 157 H. Kakehi and K. Saegusa SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 165 CLINICAL REQUIREMENT THYROIR SFO D RADIOISOTOPE UPTAKE MEASUREMENTS ¥.D. Alexander and J.G. Shimmins University Department of Medicine Gardiner Institute; Western Regional Hospital Board Regional Departmen Clinicaf o t l Physic d Bio-Engineerinsan g Glasgow, Scotland ABSTRACT This paper discusses the clinical requirements for thyroid uptake tests in relation to other tests of thyroid function, with particular reference to the assessment of the response of the thyrotoxic patient to therapy. The 20-minute thyroid up- take test is especially useful for the latter purpose since t i indicate underlyine th s g functiona lthyroi e statth f s o ea d distinct fro s ratit m f hormono e e production usee r b fo dn ca , repeated assessment s i itsel d an sf unaffecte antithyroiy "b d d drugs. Introduction Thyroid function tests have been of great value in the diagnosis of thyroid disease t untibu , l recently the/have bee managen i littlf no e eus - ment. If in the thyrotoxic patient one wants to confirm the clinical diagnosis, then thyroid functio ne othe th test n e usefulro ar shand , If ., one want knoo t s w whether drug r destructivo s e treatment will ultimately giv bese eth t results, then thyroid function test usualle ar s y of no help whatever. Help is needed because each form of treatment of thyrotoxicosis has a major disadvantage. As far as radioiodine therapy is concerned the chief trouble has been the high incidence of late hypothy- roidism. After subtotal thyroidectom incidence yth f relapseo hypod ean - thyroidism taken together has generally been considerable. The chief I problem with antithyroid drug therapy is that half the patients relapse after completin normaga l cours treatmentf eo coule on df I predic. t a t e beginningth r durino , firsmonthse w gth fe t treatmenf o , t which patients would relapse and which would remain euthyroid after longterm antithy- roid drug therapy, then treatment could be rationalized by using radio- iodine or surgery for those patients unsuitable for drug therapy. Diagnostie cUs Chemical measurements (PBI, thyroxine iodine, free thyroxine index) are used more frequently than thyroid radioiodine uptake measure- ments. But considerable use of thyroid uptake measurements continues. In one clinic the monthly figures were - Thyroxine iodine estimations 500 Thyroid radioiodine uptake 50 Initial assessemen f Graveso t ' disease We have reexamined the question whether any of the features of thyrotoxicosis observed at the initial assessment correlate with a good prognosis after antithyroid drug therapy. Factors "which sho wsignifia - cant difference in the group of patients who remained euthyroid after completion of treatment include goiter size, 2-minute thyroid radioiodine uptake, 20-minute thyroid radioiodine uptake, and protein-bound iodine. Assessment of response during antithyroid drug treatment When assessing the response to treatment during antithyroid drug therap requiree yon s informatio fouf no r different kings. 1. Is the patient hyper- eu- or hypothyroid, i.e., what is the level of thyroid hormone production? 2. What is the underlying functional state of the thyroid as distinct from the level of thyroid hormone production? 3. What is the prognosis, i.e., is the patient drug-responsive and suitabl r longterefo m antithyroid dru grelapsee therapysh s i r -o , pron betted ean r treate operatioy db r radioiodineno ? f longterI . 4 m antithyroid drug therap s beinyi g given, when nca treatment be discontinued? The 20-minute thyroid uptake during antithyroid drug therapye Th . ZO-minute thyroid radioiodine uptake measures a different parameter of iodine metabolism compared with conventional uptake measurements •whic s speciahha l clinical valu patientn ei s receiving antithyroid drug therapy. This is because it reflects principally the iodide trapping functioaccumulatioe thyroide th th , f e. o n . e i ,th iodidy f nb o n eio thyroid gland. Radioiodine test thif o s s type allow assessmenf o t thyroid function during treatment with antithyroid drugs, and are unique than i t they indicat underlyine eth g functional thyroie statth f eo s da distinct from the level of thyroid hormone production (Figs. 1 and 2). The tracer dose has to be given intravenously since otherwise the rate of absorptio t wouln gu fro e dm th interfer e 'wit resule teste hth th f .o t Perhap s fai i dra o t t ri s analog n wa y betwee 20-minute nth e uptake and the ESR during treatment of tuberculosis or rheumatic fever. The ESR reflects the activity of the tuberculous disease and when it returns normagoof o t o s di prognostit i l c significance. However, thero n s ei guarantee that the ESR will not rise again, the result of reactivation of 3 diseasee t th seemi d an s, that exactl same yth e 20-minut s trueth i f eo e thyroid uptake in thyrotoxicosis (Figs. 3 and 4). Assessmen f Responso t e After Antithyroid Treatment After antithyroid drug therapy is discontinued, it is usually unnecessary to make measurements of both thyroid uptake and circulating hormone. The latter alone is sufficient since the values are concordant. However, in three patients unexpected results were observed. 20 Ml N. FREE T •IVROXINE UPTAKE0/ IN DEX Ml . .M •30 é" 20 Uptah«m M 0 2 %A •20 s HI Tniodothyrofiin» 10 -10 \\ —————— C'-*>\ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Managing Terrorism Or Accidental Nuclear Errors, Preparing for Iodine-131 Emergencies: a Comprehensive Review
    Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 4158-4200; doi:10.3390/ijerph110404158 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Review Managing Terrorism or Accidental Nuclear Errors, Preparing for Iodine-131 Emergencies: A Comprehensive Review Eric R. Braverman 1,2,3, Kenneth Blum 1,2,*, Bernard Loeffke 2, Robert Baker 4, 5, Florian Kreuk 2, Samantha Peiling Yang 6 and James R. Hurley 7 1 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY 10010, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (B.L.); [email protected] (F.K.) 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Natural Science Research Laboratory, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 6 Department of Endocrinology, National University Hospital of Singapore, Singapore 119228; E-Mail: [email protected] 7 Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-646-367-7411 (ext. 123); Fax: +1-212-213-6188. Received: 5 February 2014; in revised form: 26 March 2014 / Accepted: 28 March 2014 / Published: 15 April 2014 Abstract: Chernobyl demonstrated that iodine-131 (131I) released in a nuclear accident can cause malignant thyroid nodules to develop in children within a 300 mile radius of the incident.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Thyroid to Background Ratios in Hyperthyroid Cats Ann Bettencourt
    Evaluation of Thyroid to Background Ratios in Hyperthyroid Cats Ann Bettencourt Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences Gregory Daniel David Panciera Marti Larson July 2, 2014 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Pertechnetate, Radioiodine, Thyroid:Background Ratio, Scintigraphy, Feline, Thyroid Evaluation of Thyroid to Background Ratios in Hyperthyroid Cats Ann Bettencourt Abstract Hyperthyroidism is the most common feline endocrinopathy. 131I is the treatment of choice, and over 50,000 cats have been treated using an empirical fixed dose. Better treatment responses could be achieved by tailoring the dose based on the severity of disease. Scintigraphy is the best method to quantify the severity of the disease. Previously established scintigraphic quantitative methods, thyroid to salivary ratio (T:S ratio) and % dose uptake, are the most widely recognized measurements. Recently, the thyroid to background ratio (T:B ratio) has been proposed as an alternate method to assess function and predict 131I treatment response. The purpose of this study was to determine the best location of a background ROI, which should be reflective of blood pool activity. We also hypothesized that the T:B ratio using the determined background ROI would provide improved correlation to T4 when compared to T:S ratio and % dose uptake in hyperthyroid cats. Fifty-six hyperthyroid cats were enrolled. T4 was used as the standard measure of thyroid function and was obtained prior to thyroid scintigraphy and 131I therapy. Blood samples were collected at the time of scintigraphy and radioactivity within the sample was measured.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacy Reengineering (PRE) V.0.5 Pre-Release Implementation
    PHARMACY REENGINEERING (PRE) Version 0.5 Pre-Release Implementation Guide PSS*1*129 & PSS*1*147 February 2010 Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Enterprise Development Revision History Date Revised Patch Description Pages Number 02/2010 All PSS*1*147 Added Revision History page. Updated patch references to include PSS*1*147. Described files, fields, options and routines added/modified as part of this patch. Added Chapter 5, Additive Frequency for IV Additives, to describe the steps needed to ensure correct data is in the new IV Additive REDACTED 01/2009 All PSS*1*129 Original version REDACTED February 2010 Pharmacy Reengineering (PRE) V. 0.5 Pre-Release i Implementation Guide PSS*1*129 & PSS*1*147 Revision History (This page included for two-sided copying.) ii Pharmacy Reengineering (PRE) V. 0.5 Pre-Release February 2010 Implementation Guide PSS*1*129 & PSS*1*147 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................................1 Project Description ....................................................................................................................1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................3 Menu Changes ..........................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Fate of Sodium Pertechnetate-Technetium-99M
    JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE 8:50-59, 1967 Fate of Sodium Pertechnetate-Technetium-99m Dr. Muhammad Abdel Razzak, M.D.,1 Dr. Mahmoud Naguib, Ph.D.,2 and Dr. Mohamed El-Garhy, Ph.D.3 Cairo, Egypt Technetium-99m is a low-energy, short half-life iostope that has been recently introduced into clinical use. It is available as the daughter of °9Mowhich is re covered as a fission product or produced by neutron bombardement of molyb denum-98. The aim of the present work is to study the fate of sodium pertechnetate 9OmTc and to find out any difference in its distribution that might be caused by variation in the method of preparation of the parent nuclide, molybdenum-99. MATERIALS & METHODS The distribution of radioactive sodium pertechnetate milked from 99Mo that was obtained as a fission product (supplied by Isocommerz, D.D.R.) was studied in 36 white mice, weighing between 150 and 250 gm each. Normal isotonic saline was used for elution of the pertechnetate from the radionuclide generator. The experimental animals were divided into four equal groups depending on the route of administration of the radioactive material, whether intraperitoneal, in tramuscular, subcutaneous or oral. Every group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups, in order to study the effect of time on the distribution of the pertechnetate. Thus, the duration between administration of the radio-pharma ceutical and sacrificing the animals was fixed at 30, 60 and 120 minutes for the three subgroups respectively. Then the animals were dissected and the different organs taken out.Radioactivityin an accuratelyweighed specimen from each organ was estimated in a scintillation well detector equipped with one-inch sodium iodide thallium activated crystal.
    [Show full text]
  • Package Insert TECHNETIUM Tc99m GENERATOR for the Production of Sodium Pertechnetate Tc99m Injection Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuti
    NDA 17693/S-025 Page 3 Package Insert TECHNETIUM Tc99m GENERATOR For the Production of Sodium Pertechnetate Tc99m Injection Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical For intravenous use only Rx ONLY DESCRIPTION The technetium Tc99m generator is prepared with fission-produced molybdenum Mo99 adsorbed on alumina in a lead-shielded column and provides a means for obtaining sterile pyrogen-free solutions of sodium pertechnetate Tc99m injection in sodium chloride. The eluate should be crystal clear. With a pH of 4.5-7.5, hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been used for Mo99 solution pH adjustment. Over the life of the generator, each elution will provide a yield of > 80% of the theoretical amount of technetium Tc99m available from the molybdenum Mo99 on the generator column. Each eluate of the generator should not contain more than 0.0056 MBq (0.15 µCi) of molybdenum Mo99 per 37 MBq, (1 mCi) of technetium Tc99m per administered dose at the time of administration, and not more than 10 µg of aluminum per mL of the generator eluate, both of which must be determined by the user before administration. Since the eluate does not contain an antimicrobial agent, it should not be used after twelve hours from the time of generator elution. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Technetium Tc99m decays by an isomeric transition with a physical half-life of 6.02 hours. The principal photon that is useful for detection and imaging studies is listed in Table 1. Table 1. Principal Radiation Emission Data1 Radiation Mean %/Disintegration Mean Energy (keV) Gamma-2 89.07 140.5 1Kocher, David C., “Radioactive Decay Data Tables,” DOE/TIC-11026, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Radioactive Iodine As a Tracer in Water-Flooding Operations
    . USE of RADIOACTIVE IODINE as a TRACER In WATER-FLOODING OPERATIONS Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/jpt/article-pdf/6/09/117/2237549/spe-349-g.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 J. WADE WATKINS BUREAU OF MINES MEMBER AIME BARTLESVILLE, OKLA. E. S. MARDOCK WELL SURVEYS, INC. MEMBER AIME TULSA, OKLA. T. P. 3894 ABSTRACT assumed that the physical conditions in the productive formation are homogeneous. Unfortunately, homogen­ The accurate evaluation of reservoir-performance eous conditions rarely, if ever, exist in oil-productive characteristics in the secondary recovery of petroleum formations. The use of a tracer that may be injected by water flooding requires use of a water tracer that into an oil sand and detected quantitatively, or even may be injected into water-input wells and detected at qualitatively, at offsetting oil-production wells provides oil-production wells to supplement data obtained fronz basic data that may be used in determining more core analyses, wellhead tests, and subsurface measure­ accurately the subsurface rates and patterns of flow ments. Radioactive iodine has been used successfully of injected water between wells than is possible by as a water tracer in field tests to determine: (1) rela­ theoretical calculations based on assumed conditions. tive rates and patterns of flow of injected water between Consideration of the data obtained by using a water water-input and oil-production wells and (2) zones of tracer assists in the application of remedial measures excessive water entry into oil-production wells. to water-input wells, such as plugging of channels, or Laboratory evaluations of potential water tracers, selective plugging of highly permeable zones, thereby previous tracer studies, the value of using a radioactive effecting a more uniform flood and a greater ultimate tracer, general field procedures, and the use of surface oil recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • EANM Practice Guideline/SNMMI Procedure Standard for RAIU and Thyroid Scintigraphy
    European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (2019) 46:2514–2525 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-04472-8 GUIDELINES EANM practice guideline/SNMMI procedure standard for RAIU and thyroid scintigraphy Luca Giovanella 1,2 & Anca M. Avram3 & Ioannis Iakovou4 & Jennifer Kwak5 & Susan A. Lawson3 & Elizabeth Lulaj6 & Markus Luster7 & Arnoldo Piccardo8 & Matthias Schmidt9 & Mark Tulchinsky10 & Frederick A. Verburg7 & Ely Wolin11 Received: 11 July 2019 /Accepted: 29 July 2019 / Published online: 7 August 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Introduction Scintigraphic evaluation of the thyroid gland enables determination of the iodine-123 iodide or the 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake and distribution and remains the most accurate method for the diagnosis and quantification of thyroid autonomy and the detection of ectopic thyroid tissue. In addition, thyroid scintigraphy and radioiodine uptake test are useful to discriminate hyperthyroidism from destructive thyrotoxicosis and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, respectively. Methods Several radiopharmaceuticals are available to help in differentiating benign from malignant cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules and for supporting clinical decision-making. This joint practice guideline/procedure standard from the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) provides recommendations based on the available evidence in the literature. Conclusion The purpose of this practice guideline/procedure standard is to assist imaging specialists and clinicians in recommending, performing, and interpreting the results of thyroid scintigraphy (including positron emission tomography) with various radiopharmaceuticals and radioiodine uptake test in patients with different thyroid diseases. Keywords Thyroid . Scintigraphy . Radioiodine uptake test . 99mTc-sestaMIBI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose Preamble approval of the Committee on Guidelines and Board of Directors of both organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothyroidism
    Hypothyroidism Alejandro Diaz, MD,*† Elizabeth G. Lipman Diaz, PhD, CPNP‡ *Miami Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL †The Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL ‡University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies, Miami, FL Educational Gap Congenital hypothyroidism is one the most common causes of preventable intellectual disability. Awareness that not all cases are detected by the newborn screening is important, particularly because early diagnosis and treatment are essential in preserving cognitive abilities. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify the causes of congenital and acquired hypothyroidism in infants and children. 2. Interpret an abnormal newborn screening result and understand indications for further evaluation and treatment. 3. Recognize clinical signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. 4. Understand the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. 5. Understand the presentation, diagnostic process, treatment, and prognosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis. 6. Differentiate thyroid-binding globulin deficiency from central hypothyroidism. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE Drs Diaz and Lipman Diaz have disclosed no financial relationships 7. Identify sick euthyroid syndrome and other causes of abnormal thyroid relevant to this article. This commentary does function test results. not contain a discussion of an unapproved/ investigative use of a commercial product/ device. ABBREVIATIONS CH congenital hypothyroidism BACKGROUND FT3 free triiodothyronine FT4 free thyroxine The thyroid gland produces hormones that have important functions related to energy HT Hashimoto thyroiditis metabolism, control of body temperature, growth, bone development, and maturation LT4 levothyroxine of the central nervous system, among other metabolic processes throughout the body. rT3 reverse triiodothyronine The thyroid gland develops from the endodermal pharynx.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Product Characteristics
    Health Products Regulatory Authority Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT Ultra-TechneKow FM 2.15-43.00 GBq radionuclide generator 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) injection is produced by means of a (99Mo/99mTc) generator. Technetium (99mTc) decays with the emission of gamma radiation with a mean energy of 140 keV and a half-life of 6.01 hours to technetium (99Tc) which, in view of its long half-life of 2.13 x 105 years can be regarded as quasi stable. The radionuclide generator containing the parent isotope 99Mo, adsorbed on a chromatographic column delivers sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) injection in sterile solution. The 99Mo on the column is in equilibrium with the formed daughter isotope 99mTc. The generators are supplied with the following 99Mo activity amounts at activity reference time which deliver the following technetium (99mTc) amounts, assuming a 100% theoretical elution yield and 24 hours time from previous elution and taking into account that branching ratio of 99Mo is about 87%: 99mTc activity (maximum theoretical elutable 1.90 3.81 5.71 7.62 9.53 11.43 15.24 19.05 22.86 26.67 30.48 38.10 GBq activity at ART, 06.00 h CET) 99Mo activity (at ART, 06.00 h 2.15 4.30 6.45 8.60 10.75 12.90 17.20 21.50 25.80 30.10 34.40 43.00 GBq CET) The technetium (99mTc) amounts available by a single elution depend on the real yields of the kind of generator used itself declared by manufacturer and approved by National Competent Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • SODIUM PERTECHNETATE ( Tc) INJECTION (NON-FISSION
    Document QAS/08.283/FINAL-REV September 2009 RESTRICTED SODIUM PERTECHNETATE ( 99mTc) INJECTION (NON-FISSION): Revised Final text for addition to The International Pharmacopoeia (January September 2009) [Note from the Secretariat: This monograph was adopted at the Forty-third WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations in October 2008 for addition to the 4 th Edition of the International Pharmacopoeia Further minor modifications have been applied to this text to be in line with the decisions taken when formatting the rest of the individual radiopharmaceuticals monographs] NATRII PERTECHNETATIS ( 99m Tc) SINE FISSIONE FORMATI INJECTIO SODIUM PERTECHNETATE ( 99mTc) INJECTION (NON-FISSION) This monograph applies to sodium pertechnetate ( 99m Tc) injection obtained from generators containing molybdenum-99 (99 Mo) produced by neutron irradiation of molybdenum and extracted from generator columns. Description. Sodium pertechnetate ( 99m Tc) injection (non-fission) is a clear, colourless solution. Technetium-99m has a half-life of 6.02 hours. Category. Diagnostic. Labelling. Label must state that the injection has been prepared from molybdenum-99 produced from non-fission. Level of molybdenum-99 per vial may be required. Additional information. Wherever V is used within the tests of this monograph, V is the maximum recommended dose , in millilitres . Requirements Complies with the monograph for “Parenteral Preparations” and with that for “Radiopharmaceuticals” . Document QAS/08.283/FINAL page 2 Definition. Sodium pertechnetate ( 99m Tc) injection (non-fission) is a sterile solution of technetium-99m in the form of pertechnetate ion, suitable for intravenous administration and that contains sufficient sodium chloride to make the solution isotonic with blood. The injection contains not less than 90% and not more than 110% of the content of technetium-99m stated on the label at the reference date and time stated on the label.
    [Show full text]
  • Procedure Guideline for Tumor Imaging with 18F-FDG PET/CT 1.0*
    Procedure Guideline for Tumor Imaging with 18F-FDG PET/CT 1.0* Dominique Delbeke1, R. Edward Coleman2, Milton J. Guiberteau3, Manuel L. Brown4, Henry D. Royal5, Barry A. Siegel5, David W. Townsend6, Lincoln L. Berland7, J. Anthony Parker8, Karl Hubner9, Michael G. Stabin10, George Zubal11, Marc Kachelriess12, Valerie Cronin13, and Scott Holbrook14 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; 2Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; 3Christus St. Joseph Hospital, Houston, Texas; 4Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; 5Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, Missouri; 6University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee; 7University of Alabama Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama; 8Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; 9University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, Tennessee; 10Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; 11Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; 12Institute of Medical Physics, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Erlangen, Germany; 13Mercy Hospital, Buffalo, New York; and 14Precision Nuclear, Gray, Tennessee I. PURPOSE available for several years, the readily apparent and doc- umented advantages of having PET and CT in a single device The purpose of these guidelines is to assist physicians in have resulted in the rapid dissemination of this technology recommending, performing, interpreting, and reporting the in the United States. This Procedure Guideline pertains results of 18F-FDG PET/CT for oncologic imaging of adult only to combined PET/CT devices. and pediatric patients. II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND DEFINITIONS Definitions PET is a tomographic scintigraphic technique in which a A. A PET/CT scanner is an integrated device containing computer-generated image of local radioactive tracer dis- both a CT scanner and a PET scanner with a single tribution in tissues is produced through the detection of patient table and therefore capable of obtaining a CT annihilation photons that are emitted when radionuclides scan, a PET scan, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Radionuclides As Tracers
    XA9847600 Chapter 3 RADIONUCLBDES AS TRACERS R.D. Ganatra Nuclear Medicine is usually defined as a "clinical speciality devoted to diagnostic, therapeutic and research applications of internally administered radionuclides.". Diagnostic implies both in vivo and in vitro uses. In modern times, there is hardly any medical research, where a radioactive tracer is not used in some form or other. Normally basic medical research is not considered as nuclear medicine, but clinical research applications of radioisotopes are considered as an integral part of this speciality. Radioisotopes are elements having the same atomic number but different atomic weights. For example, I3II, I25I, 123I are all isotopes of the same element. Their chemical and biological behaviours are expected to be identical. The slight differences in the weights, that they have, is due to differences in the number of particles that they hold inside the nucleus. Some isotopes are perturbed by this kind of change in the nuclear structure. They become unstable, and emit radiation till they reach stable state. These are called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes have few immutable characteristics: they are unstable, they all disintegrate at a specific rate, and they all emit radiations, which have a specific energy pattern. Importance of radioisotopes in medicine is because of their two characteristics: their biological behaviour is identical to their stable counterparts, and because they are radioactive their emissions can be detected by a suitable instrument. All isotopes of iodine will behave in the same way and will concentrate in the thyroid gland. There is no way of detecting the stable, natural iodine in the thyroid gland, but the presence of radioactive iodine can be detected externally in vivo by a detector.
    [Show full text]