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Pillwort Leaflet Speaking up for Scotland’s wild plants Plantlife Scotland works hard to protect wild plants and fungi on the ground and to build understanding of the vital role they play in everyone’s lives. We carry out conservation work on rare and threatened plant species, help manage Munsary Peatlands (a large reserve of internationally important blanket bog), run events and activities that help people celebrate wild plants, and influence Scottish Parliament legislation to protect wild plants and landscapes. Please help us by supporting our work. Patron: HRH The Prince of Wales. Plantlife Scotland Balallan House, Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG Tel: 01786 478509/479382 Email: [email protected] www.plantlife.org.uk ISBN: 978-1-907141-72-0 December 2012 rjpdesign.co.uk Plantlife International - The Wild Plant Conservation Design: Charity is a charitable company limited by guarantee. Registered in England and Wales, Charity Number: 1059559. Registered in Scotland, Charity Number: S Scott/Plantlife © SC038951. Registered Company Number: 3166339. Pillwort Registered in England and Wales Plantlife, 14 Rollestone Street, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP1 1DX. Tel. 01722 342730 A management guide Back from the Brink Management Series Cover picture: Pillwort loch margin Pillwort A management guide Back from the Brink Management Series Introduction Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera) has an ancient lineage and has scarcely changed from fossilised specimens. It is an unusual, remarkably unfern-like fern that grows in, or on the margins of, shallow fresh water such as ponds and lochs. It thrives on mud where water levels fluctuate and on disturbed ground, typically where animals come to the shore to drink. Pillwort looks almost like a grass or small rush, and spreads by far-creeping, pale-green runners (rhizomes). It is not only fascinating as a living fossil but also as a useful indicator of the health of water bodies where it is found. Ponds that are good for pillwort are also likely to suit other water inhabitants, such as amphibians and dragonflies. Pillwort also plays a valuable role as an oxygenator of water, including garden ponds. Despite its value, however, pillwort has declined throughout western Europe, where it is listed as endangered. Britain and Ireland hold some of the best remaining populations, but even here it is a scarce and declining species. For that reason, pillwort is a priority species for action under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan 3 Where to find pillwort Why has pillwort declined? Pillwort is found in scattered sites over most One of the main reasons for the loss of of the British Isles, except for Orkney and pillwort is the disappearance or decline of Shetland and more mountainous land. It ponds. Many former mill and farm ponds grows from sea level to 380m, usually at the have fallen into disrepair, for example, while water’s edge, between the highest flood level pools from mineral abstraction, another and the lowest drought level. It needs potential home for pillwort, are often slow-flowing water and can survive immersion developed into a landscape recreation up to 1m depth. scheme or used for landfill. Pillwort is very probably under-recorded in Potential pillwort sites still exist, of course, but Britain, because it is such an inconspicuous many factors conspire against them. Ponds and easily-overlooked species. If you own or and loch edges might be fenced off for safety manage a site which includes a pond or lake reasons or to keep animals away, removing margin that looks potential suitable for the trampled shorelines pillwort loves. Pillwort (see Table 1), you should check to see whether Pillwort is present there. In some lakes water levels are kept high and artificial sloping banks created for recreation and fishing, leaving little available habitat for pillwort. At the other extreme, water abstraction can mean water levels vary too much for pillwort to cope. In some situations, pillwort has been driven out by pollution or invasive, non-native aquatic plants. Loch Tay, typical habitat for pillwort Specific pilwort habitats are: © S Scott/Plantlife ● pond and loch edges ● river backwaters, especially along sides of miniature river deltas formed in lochs ● wet, sandy hollows in dunes and heaths, especially in southern Britain ● muddy ditches ● old clay-pit workings. 4 Back from the Brink Management Series Pillwort A management guide 5 A tell-tale characteristic of Identifying pillwort pillwort are its hairy, pea-shaped If you know or think that pillwort grows Whatever your surveying method, assess: sporocarps, shown at the bottom on a site you own or manage, the first ● the number of plants of this picture © S Scott/Plantlife stage should be to check the population ● the size of clumps size and health. ● whether clumps look healthy or not. Spotting pillwort takes patience. Its grass-like If you find colonies of pillwort, please notify appearance and its association with shallow your local Scottish Natural Heritage (or water mean it is easily confused with the much equivalent) office. It will pass records on to commoner bulbous rush Juncus bulbosus. the local botanical recorder and the Botanical Pillwort is slightly firmer and less tufted than Society of the British Isles. Please also notify the rush, but the best distinguishing feature is Plantlife by phone or email (see page xx). It is that its young, thread-like fronds uncurl in a also useful to inform the local planning tight spiral at the tip, like a watch-spring and authority and relevant environment agency, just like the croziers of other young ferns. to ensure that future development planning and water management take pillwort fully The other tell-tale characteristic are the into account. hairy, pea-shaped spore-producing bodies or sporocarps, which are up to 3mm in diameter and appear at intervals along the creeping rhizomes in late summer, or when the plant is under stress. Surveying is done most easily in dry summer weather when water levels might have dropped slightly. This can expose populations that are normally under water. However, try to survey as soon as possible after water levels fall, before plants dry and shrivel up. By far the best way to find pillwort, however, is by snorkelling. Wearing a drysuit or a heavy wetsuit, look in likely areas of shallow water up to 1m deep. The surveyor should always be accompanied by at least one person on the shore, and you should undertake a full Health The best way to find pillwort is by snorkelling & Safety risk assessment before commencing © Matilda Scharsach/Plantlife any such survey. 6 Back from the Brink Management Series Pillwort A management guide 7 Water fluctuation If you have a site with a healthy population of encouraging the growth of vegetation that pillwort, continue the current regime. Your out-competes pillwort. management plan should address the risk of future changes and include contingency plans If there is a pollution problem at your site, for incidents beyond your control, such as here are some remedies: pollution or increased water abstraction. ● Route any piped inflow from a potentially polluted source away from the pond. For sites with declining populations, consider ● Investigate alternative opportunities to installing a sluice system to manipulate water increase the flow of clean water through levels by hand. the water body, to dilute and flush out excess nutrients. Propagation ● Establish a buffer zone, up to 30m wide, of If only small populations remain, consider tall vegetation or scrub between the water propagating your own pillwort, provided this body and the main source of pollution does not threaten the remaining population (a farm or an urban development uphill and there are suitable areas for planting. from the pond, for example). Although a buffer zone is unlikely to be compatible Propagating pillwort is easy (see page xx) but with pillwort, especially as grazing animals it is vitally important you propagate only from will have to be kept out, it might allow the plants at the destination site. You should not plant to survive on other shores around the propagate from other wild sources or use water body. cultivated pillwort from garden centres. ● If your pond has been polluted for a long Cattle trampling at the edge of water creates conditions in which pillwort can thrive time, it might be necessary to dredge out © Matilda Scharsach/Plantlife Willow scrub encroachment polluted sediments from the pond base. If willow scrub is growing at an existing Obviously you should avoid areas with Management – the issues pillwort site, you will need to cut back by surviving pillwort populations, but hand. It will be almost impossible to dredging will not only be cleaning up The long-term conservation of pillwort depends trampling takes place, continue your current reinstate the area to the sort of open mud pollution but creating the sort of entirely on the correct management of its regime and build it into the whole farm plan. that pillwort prefers, but it will serve to halt disturbance pillwort favours. habitat. This will benefit many other species as You could encourage pillwort to spread further encroachment. ● If filamentous algae have become well as pillwort. It’s best to give priority to sites naturally by introducing cattle trampling to established in the pond, they are as much where pillwort survives and where its habitat adjacent shorelines. To avoid future management costs, investigate a symptom as a problem and removing can be managed effectively. Some solutions the option of raising the water level, which nutrient sources should help control them. will be expensive, but there are grants available Where populations are in decline, is it because might prevent further encroachment. Excess material can be removed by careful which are listed on page xx. trampling has been withdrawn? If so, could haul-dredging (ensuring this does no you reinstate it? If this is not possible, consider Pollution damage to pillwort populations).
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