MI/DEQ/WB-08/020

MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY WATER BUREAU FEBRUARY 2008

STAFF REPORT

A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE WATERSHED INCLUDING THE IRON, BRULE, PAINT, MICHIGAMME, STURGEON, AND LITTLE CEDAR RIVERS SUBWATERSHEDS BARAGA, DICKINSON, IRON, MARQUETTE, AND MENOMINEE COUNTIES, JUNE 2007

INTRODUCTION

Biological, chemical, and physical habitat conditions of selected streams located in the Menominee River (MR) watershed were assessed by staff from the Surface Water Assessment Section (SWAS). The habitat and macroinvertebrate community were qualitatively evaluated using the Great Lakes and Environmental Assessment Section Procedure 51 (MDEQ, 1990; Creal et al., 1996) at 37 sites, water chemistry samples were collected at 6 sites, and visual assessments of biological integrity and physical habitat conditions were made at 1 additional site (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 1, 2, and 3). Historical fish community data were also provided for the MR watershed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR, 1997; 1998).

GENERAL WATERSHED HISTORY AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The water bodies discussed in this report are located in Baraga, Dickinson, Iron, Marquette, and Menominee Counties of the Upper Peninsula (UP) (Figures 1-3). All of the water bodies are located in the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregion and most flow through the extensively forested landscape prior to entering the Menominee River along the Michigan and Wisconsin border. This large watershed originates near Mount Curwood (1978 feet above sea level) in central Baraga County and flows south through the Peshekee and Michigamme Rivers systems. The majority of streams in the MR watershed are protected for coldwater fish. Forty percent of Michigan’s UP “blue ribbon” trout waters are located within the MR watershed.

The headwater geology of the MR watershed strongly influences its surface water quality/quantity characteristics. The watershed topography is characterized by sandy hills and elliptical ridges, called kames and drumlins, respectively, which were created by retreating glaciers during the last ice age (Albert et al., 1986). These well-drained sandy deposits have high infiltration rates (Hendrickson et al., 1973), can be up to 200 feet thick, and are the major sources of cold groundwater to the rivers. The lower Michigamme River subwatershed has a large area of pitted and flat glacial outwash plains. Most MR watershed streams originate in sedge and forested wetlands or shallow kettle lakes, which cause the water to appear stained from the presence of decaying plant material.

The MR watershed also has considerable iron-bearing rock formations, known as the Marquette and Menominee Iron Ranges (Dorr and Eschman, 1970). These iron ranges were extensively mined in the late 1880s, which led to considerable development within the MR watershed at the turn of the century. Many of the iron mines ceased operating rather quickly, although a few continued until the mid-20th century. Concentrated discharges of dissolved iron from abandoned mines in the Brule and Iron Rivers subwatersheds have produced an orange paste-like precipitate called “yellow boy,” that has physically smothered and degraded bottom substrate habitat for fish and insects.

The logging industry also began in the MR watershed during the late 1800s and the entire watershed was extensively logged by the early 1900s. Networks of gravel roads left over from the logging era still exist in Dickinson, Baraga, and northern Iron Counties. Large scale agriculture did not follow the cutting of the forest due to the short growing season and watershed soil type. Consequently, most of the land was abandoned in the early 1900s. In 1928, the U.S. National Forest Reservation Commission made the first purchase of deforested stump land in the Western UP. By 1935, the U.S. National Forest Reservation Commission purchased over 1.7 million acres that later became known as the Ottawa National Forest. Today, the Ottawa National Forest encompasses much of the upper Brule and Paint Rivers systems; while most of the Michigamme River system is owned by commercial forest product companies.

Prior to the logging era, the lower watershed was intensely managed with fire by Native Americans to stimulate wildlife use. The name Brule (originally “Brulee”) comes from the early French explorers and means “burned woodlands” (MDNR, 1983).

The predominant vegetation in the hilly uplands are sugar maple, basswood, and yellow birch, while the lowland vegetation is dominated by american elm, black ash, trembling aspen, and red maple. The vegetation of the drier outwash sand plains includes balsam fir, white pine, Brule River Random Site red pine, and paper birch.

A number of point source discharges exist within the area of study. In the MR headwaters there are the West Iron County Sewer Authority Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and the National Steel-Dober pit site in Caspian on the Iron River, and the Wastewater Sewage Lagoons at Crystal Falls and Alpha. In the mid-river area of Dickinson County, there is a combination of large and small National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitted facilities, including the Iron Mountain/Kingsford WWTP, Verso Paper-Quinnesec, Niagara Paper, and Norway WWTP. The lower Menominee River has several industrial and municipal NPDES permitted facilities such as Scott Paper, Great Lakes Pulp and Fiber, Stephenson WWTP, and Menominee Paper.

The Sturgeon Dam was located on the Sturgeon River near Waucedah, Michigan. This structure was to be removed as part of a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission agreement with the Wisconsin Electric Power Company called, “Wilderness Shores Settlement Agreement,” dated February 10, 1997. The Sturgeon Dam removal plan called for the 50-foot dam to be removed in three stages over a period of 4-5 years. The staged removal of Sturgeon Dam began in 2003 and was completed by 2007(see dam removal images below). By removing the dam in stages, it will allow the 248-acre reservoir and associated sediment to stabilize, thereby reducing fish and wildlife impacts. The waterfall has been restored and the Sturgeon River is now free flowing in the lower stretch.

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2005 Partial Removal 2007 Complete Removal

In April 2002, the western end of the UP experienced a 50-year flood event impacting many tributaries in the MR system. The county road system washed out at numerous points including several of the 2007 survey stations (Mining Journal, 2002).

Fish community assessments using Procedure 51 were not performed during the 2007 study. However, extensive fish community data have been collected by the MDNR, Fisheries Division, for many MR watershed streams, including the Brule, Iron, Paint, Pine, and Michigamme Rivers, and Armstrong Creek (MDNR, 1973, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987; Taft, 1992, 1993, 1995, and 1998; and Wagner et al., 1994). These historical fish community data clearly indicate that the majority of streams in the MR watershed support coldwater game fish, primarily brook and brown trout, either seasonally or year-round.

MONITORING OBJECTIVES

These watershed surveys were conducted to evaluate water quality and aquatic life within the Menominee River watershed. A total of 38 sites were either monitored or visited during this survey (Tables 1 and 2; Figures 1-3). Specifically, the survey objectives were to:

1. Produce a statistical summary of biological integrity using a probabilistic sampling design to assess the current status and condition of individual water bodies and determine whether Michigan water quality standards (WQS) are being met.

2. Support water quality-based effluent limit development for existing NPDES permits in the watershed.

3. Identify NPS of water quality impairment and evaluate the effectiveness of specific NPS water quality improvement projects.

4. Satisfy monitoring requests submitted by internal and external customers.

5. Determine if the water quality is changing over time.

Funding for NPS planning and best management practice (BMP) implementation has been provided for in Dickinson and Iron Counties within the MR watershed. Numerous BMPs and stream habitat improvement projects using federal Section 319 or the state’s Clean Michigan

3 Initiative (CMI) bond monies have been implemented since 2000 by both the Dickinson County Conservation District and the Iron River Watershed Council. A cattle exclusion project along the lower Iron River at the James Shepich farm was evaluated in 2007 and is discussed below. Future enhancement projects are expected to be evaluated in the Iron River, Fumee Creek, White Creek, and Hamilton/Fitzgerald Creek watersheds by SWAS staff.

RESULTS

Current Status/Attainment of Standards

A. Probabilistic Sites

The MDEQ, Water Bureau, has recently begun to incorporate a stratified random sampling design component into the annual watershed assessments (MDEQ, 2008A). The purpose of this probabilistic monitoring is to collect biological data for attainment status and temporal trend analysis. Probability sampling allows us to extend the conclusions from a limited number of sampling stations to all sites in the watershed. The resulting data can be used to infer the condition of the state’s waters at site-specific, watershed, or statewide scales.

The status and trend program utilizes river valley segments to provide the basic sampling unit. A river valley segment is defined as a stream reach that is relatively homogenous with respect to ecological segments of rivers and streams that share common geologic, flow, and temperature characteristics (Seelbach and Wiley, 1997). The smallest river unit (valley segments) that can be interpreted from large-scale geologic maps, are in reality relatively large with each segment having its own unique identification number coupled with a known specific length. As such, valley segments provide a randomly selectable sampling unit that can be stratified.

To develop a statistically-based estimate of attainment status in the MR watershed, a total of 30 randomly selected stream/river sites were assessed using Procedure 51 (N=24) and our draft nonwadable Procedure (N=6) (MDEQ, 2008B). Sites were stratified based on size and water temperature. The strata included small cold, medium cold, medium warm, large warm, large cold, and very large cold river sites. There are no small warm or very large cold segments to sample in the MR watershed. Six of the 30 sites were on the lower MR and were sampled using the nonwadable protocol (MDEQ, 2008B). The number of sites in each category, total watershed miles, and probabilistic results are summarized in Table 1. The probabilistic sites correspond to Stations 1-30 in Figures 1-3.

All of the 30 probabilistic sites (100%) in the 2007 MR watershed biological survey were supporting the “the other indigenous aquatic life “ component of the designated use specified in Rule 323.1100(1)(e) of the Michigan WQS (MDEQ, 2006). Based on these data and the probabilistic monitoring methodology, 90% is the lower 95% confidence interval limit for the estimate of water bodies attaining this designated use component. This means there is a 95% confidence that no less

4 than 90% of the MR watershed is meeting the “the other indigenous aquatic life” component of the designated use.

The overall mean Procedure 51 score for benthic macroinvertebrates at the 24 wadable probabilistic sites was 2.6 (“Acceptable”). Mean scores in the four strata with more than one monitored site ranged from 1.5 (medium small cold) to 4.75 (large warm). In terms of metric scores, 6 of the 24 wadable sites rated “Excellent” (> +4). Only 4 of the 24 sites had a negative metric score; 2 were in the small cold strata, one in medium cold, and one in medium warm. The lowest score (-4) occurred in the Peshekee River (Station 8), river segment that flowed through a tannic acid-laden wetland complex.

The total number of taxa in the wadable probabilistic sites ranged from 17-48 (Table 3). Peshekee River (Station 8) low score site The number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) families ranged from 4 to 19. Mayflies and caddisflies composed 13 to 80 percent of the macroinvertebrate communities at the wadable probabilistic sites.

Stream habitat quality was generally quite good at the probabilistic stations. Habitat rated “Excellent” at 11 locations and “Good” at 13 locations (Table 4).

The six non-wadable stations were located along the middle (Iron Mountain Area) and lower segments (Menominee County) of the MR watershed and were assessed using methods outlined in MDEQ, 2008B. All the sites scored “Good” with taxa richness that varied from 21 to 29 taxa.

B. Targeted Sites

NPDES Program Support

To support water quality-based effluent limit development, benthic macroinvertebrate, habitat, and/or water chemistry samples were collected at locations on White Creek near the Norway WWTP. This creek has been monitored several times in the past by MDNR and MDEQ staff (Surber, 1954; Taft, 1989; 2003)

White Creek - Upstream and Downstream of the WWTP

Stations 35 and 36 were located above and below, respectively, the Norway WWTP outfall 001 (Figure 2, Table 3). Both stations rated “Acceptable” for macroinvertebrates. Upstream of the Norway outfall 001, 18 macroinvertebrate taxa were collected with scuds dominating (45 percent) the macroinvertebrate community. Additional common taxa included midges, blackflies, baetid mayflies, and dobson flies. Station 36, located approximately 75 yards downstream of the Norway WWTP effluent pipe, had 22 macroinvertebrate taxa present. The dominant taxon was baetid mayflies (32 percent) with blackflies, midges, and scuds in decreasing abundance. The macroinvertebrate communities were very similar, which indicates that the Norway WWTP effluent has little effect on the White Creek fauna. The habitat at both sites rated “Excellent.”

5 NPS Program Support

Biological and physical habitat data were collected on the Iron River at the Shepich Farm and Poterfield Creek near Bagley, Michigan, to evaluate the effectiveness of NPS water quality improvement/protection projects and to monitor based upon a Right-to-Farm complaint. In addition, streams that have ongoing NPS funding or past NPS issues were also monitored including Hamilton, 26-Mile, Fribley, and White Creeks.

Lower Iron River-James Shepich Farm

The Iron River is a major coldwater tributary to the MR and has been the target of several NPS projects administered by the Iron River Watershed Council. In 2003, Jim Shepich (the landowner) and Jim Bond (Iron River Watershed Council Technician) installed more than one mile of fencing through the Shepich farm and woods to prevent any further stream bank destruction by unrestricted cattle access. The fencing cost $15,917, of which the MDEQ reimbursed $5,442 to the landowner. An alternate watering source was also installed, which cost approximately $4,700. In June 2007, SWAS Iron River (Station 31) personnel visited the James Shepich cattle farm and surveyed the stream segment (Station 31) area historically impacted by cattle. The monitoring results indicated that the previously damaged stream segment has fully healed. This stream segment is now supporting an acceptable macroinvertebrate community (+1) with 75 percent of the taxa composed of caddisflies and mayflies (Table 3). The stream habitat rated “Excellent” with a wide, fully vegetated buffer strip along the full length of the farm (Table 4).

Poterfield Creek

In the mid 1990s and again in 2002, the MDEQ sent Station 37 complaint letters to the Michigan Department of Agriculture, Right-to-Farm program staff regarding runoff from several farms that contained high levels of phosphorus (>3 milligrams per liter [mg/l]) from manure sources during spring runoff. This seasonal runoff ultimately entered Poterfield Creek via a small warmwater swampy unnamed drainage approximately one-half mile from the source. This river segment has been included on the Section 303(d) list of water bodies not supporting one or more designated uses and requiring the development of a TMDL since the 1990s. The Right-to-Farm program staff have worked with the landowners on manure management, including changing storage and feeding areas to reduce seasonal farm runoff. White Water Associates (MDEQ contractor) sampled this unnamed drainage three times during the 2007 spring melt. Their data indicate that total phosphorus levels have dropped to an average of 0.5 mg/l during peak flows. In 2007, SWAS staff also monitored Poterfield Creek at the intermittent channel (Station 37) and upstream at a control site (Station 38) on the Betty Eichhorn property. The macroinvertebrate community scored “Acceptable” at both sites with midges and scuds the most dominant taxa (Table 3). The numbers of sensitive mayfly, caddisfly, and stonefly taxa were 3, 3, and 1, respectively, for Station 37 and 2, 3, and 1, respectively, for Station 38. The habitat rated “Excellent” at Station 37 and was one point away from being “Excellent” at the control site (Station 38). No evidence was observed to indicate that agricultural runoff was causing a water quality problem at this time. Water samples were

6 taken from both stations for total phosphorus and ammonia. The total phosphorus concentration at Station 37 was elevated compared to Station 38 due, in part, to the inadvertent addition of detritus in the water sample.

26-Mile Creek and Fribley Creek

26-Mile Crossing - 2002 26-Mile Crossing- 2007 In April 2002, the western end of the UP experienced a 50-year flood event that damaged numerous road stream crossings throughout the Michigamme River watershed. Impacted streams included 26-Mile and Fribley Creeks, located northwest of Amasa, Michigan, along unpaved county roads known as “4 Corners Road” and “the Grade.” In 2002, the habitat of both 26-Mile and Fribley Creeks scored “Excellent” with “Acceptable” macroinvertebrates; +1 and -1, respectively. The SWAS monitoring results from 2007 indicated that 26-Mile Creek still had “Excellent” habitat while Fribley Creek had slipped into the very high range of “Good” habitat, primarily due to lower scores on sediment deposition and flow-related metrics. In 2002, the hard substrate had been scoured clean and consequently scored better for habitat than in 2007. Both streams experienced an increase of macroinvertebrate taxa numbers between 2002 and 2007. The 26-Mile Creek had 32 macroinvertebrate taxa in 2007 versus 20 taxa in 2002. The Procedure 51 macroinvertebrate score increased from + 1 to +4 (almost an “Excellent” score of +5). Fribley Creek also showed a substantial (40 percent) increase in macroinvertebrate taxa in 2007 versus 2002, as well as increasing from -1 to +3 in the macroinvertebrate score. One obvious conclusion is the excessive flooding reduced the macroinvertebrate numbers in 2002 at both locations.

Hamilton Creek at the Lake Mary Outlet

In June 2007, SWAS staff sampled Hamilton Creek downstream of the Lake Mary low-head dam structure, Hamilton Cr. d/s Lake Mary which is the most downstream lake in the watershed. This stream system has three small lakes along its course (Lake Mary, Lake Louise, and Hamilton Lake). Lake Mary has numerous homes with an extensive weedy littoral zone and an ongoing chemical weed control program. This site was selected by the MDEQ to supplement monitoring data gaps for this stream segment of Hamilton Creek. Dickinson County Natural Resources Conservation Service is currently implementing stream improvements throughout the Hamilton/Fitzgerald Creek watershed using Michigan CMI bond monies. The habitat score rated “Good” with lower scores for available cover, velocity/depth regime, and flow status. The macroinvertebrate community rated “acceptable” with 22 taxa present. There were three varieties of freshwater mussels including threeridge (Amblema plicata), fluted-shell (Lasmigona costata), and floater (Pyganodon grandis).

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WATER CHEMISTRY

Ambient water chemistry samples were taken at six locations within the MR watershed, including the primary outfall of the Norway WWTP (Table 5). Ambient water hardness concentrations varied from 191 mg/l calcium carbonate (CaCO3) at the Lake Mary Outlet on Hamilton Creek (Station 34) to 261 mg/l CaCO3 upstream of the Norway WWTP on White Creek (Station 35). Elevated hardness values were associated with streams influenced by human activities such as storm water and iron mine drainage or point source discharges.

Waters directly influenced by human activities had higher phosphorus concentrations. A grab sample of the Norway WWTP effluent was collected and the total phosphorus concentration in the sample was 0.60 mg/l, which is well below the 1.0 mg/l monthly average effluent limit in their NPDES permit.

No toxic chemicals were detected at any station at levels that exceeded the Michigan WQS.

CONCLUSION

Based on the 2007 probabilistic biological survey results, there is 95% confidence that no less than 90% of the MR watershed supports the “other indigenous aquatic life” component of R 323.1100(1) (e) of the designated use specified in the WQS (MDEQ, 2006). This is encouraging given the extensive historic logging, mining activities and past nutrient enrichment pollution problems documented by state of Michigan representatives (Surber, 1953) in the MR watershed.

Among eight targeted sites assessed for benthic macroinvertebrates, five scored “Excellent” and three rated “Acceptable” (only one of three had a metric score < 0). The habitat condition at five of these targeted sites rated “Excellent” and three rated “Good.”

Benthic macroinvertebrates rated “Acceptable” both upstream and downstream of the Norway WWTP on White Creek. Total phosphorus levels at the Norway WWTP were within the permitted effluent limits and no nuisance aquatic plant conditions were observed downstream of the Norway WWTP outfall.

One of the objectives of the watershed survey was to determine whether conditions are changing over time. Because the area is sampled on a five-year cycle, and evaluating water quality trends was not a primary objective of previous surveys, we cannot draw clear conclusions and data limitations must be considered. However, there is some indication that conditions may be improving at some sites. There are eight sites where the benthic macroinvertebrate community was assessed in 2007 and in a previous year. Of these, one showed improvement in 2007 (based on metric score, total taxa, and/or EPT taxa number), while six showed minimal or no change. The most noteworthy improvement was Phillip Creek at County Road 577, which is a clay-colored, forested wetland drainage in Menominee County. Due to the addition of more caddisfly (one versus three) and stonefly taxa (zero versus one), this site’s macroinvertebrate score increased from -5 to -2. Otherwise, the benthic macroinvertebrate community was very similar between the two years. None of the sites had a worse community in 2007 compared to previous years. Because a number of sites were randomly selected in 2007, additional probabilistic sampling in 2012 will allow for a much more robust and statistically defensible trend assessment in the future.

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Field work by: Gary Kohlhepp, Aquatic Biologist Kay Edly, Aquatic Biologist Matthew Wesener, Aquatic Biologist William Taft, Aquatic Biologist Surface Water Assessment Section Water Bureau

Jamie Zbytowski, Great Lakes Environmental Center

Report by: Gary Kohlhepp, Aquatic Biologist Kay Edly, Aquatic Biologist William Taft, Aquatic Biologist Surface Water Assessment Section Water Bureau

9 REFERENCES

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Hendrickson G.E., R.L. Knutilla and C.J. Doonan, 1973. Hydrology and Recreation on the Coldwater Rivers of Michigan’s UP, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Information Series Report 4. 39pp.

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