George Formby Och Banjo-Ukulelen

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George Formby Och Banjo-Ukulelen Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Christian Starck George Formby och banjo-ukulelen Följande powerpoints tar upp några omständigheter som kan ha bidragit till att George Formby (1904–1961) i en mängd scenframträdanden, filmer och skivinspelningar valde att ackompanjera sig själv med en banjo-ukulele – en korsning mellan ukulele och banjo. Formbys inflytande på senare artister berörs även i någon mån. Ukulelen – så som vi känner den i dag – utvecklades i slutet på 1800-talet Hawaii från liknande instrument som portugiserna tagit med sig från Madeira. Banjo-ukulelen, eller banojolelen, kom igen till i USA på 1920-talet och blev, kanske främst på grund av dess starkare ljud, rätt populär. Artister bidrog med sånger, ackorddiagram och spelteknik. Allt detta nådde så småningom även England; både genom grammofonskivor och live-uppträdanden. George Formbys pappa, som dog då George var rätt ung, var även en uppskattad varietéartist. Formby kunde inte läsa noter, och var – enligt många källor – även oförmögen att själv stämma sitt instrument. Melodier spelade ha inte heller utan höll sig till enkla ackord. Här utvecklade han emellertid en egen spelteknik, split stroke, som veterligen inte tidigare hade använts av andra artister. För många instrument gäller att det samtidigt förekommit både förfinade och mer folkliga speltekniker. Formby representerar utan vidare det folkliga – och rent musikaliskt saknar de nog djup. Det folkliga understryks av att han i sina filmer i regel spelar en välmenande, men lite enfaldig working class hero. Men med lite tur och envishet har storyna alltid en happy end. Under andra världskriget underhöll Formby de engelska trupperna på många håll både i England och i andra länder. Han besökte aldrig Finland, men uppträdde på Skansen i Stockholm. Han är lätt att koppla till banjoukulelen – Formby spelade inte andra instrument. I föredraget har – förutom otaliga webbplatser – följande litteratur utnyttjats: David Bret (2014): George Formby, An Intimate Biography Of The Troubled Genius. Vincent Cortese (2004): Roy Smeck. The Wizard of Strings. In His Life And Times. New York. Sue Smart & Richard Bothway Howard (2011): It’s Turned Out Nice Again! Cambridgeshire. Jim Tranquada & John King (2014): The ‘Ukulele, A History. Honolulu. Ian Whitcomb (2012): Ukulele Heroes. The Golden Age. Milwaukee. Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Christian Starck Banjo-ukulelen stäms som en träukulele. Den är av sopran- eller konsertstorlek, sällan tenor. I motsats till banjon används inte stålsträngar. En banjoukulele har ofta en resonator som förstärker ljudet. ”Trummhinnan” (englska: vellum) är av kalvskinn eller något syntetiskt material. Namnet banjulele banjo (med u i mitten), introducerades av Alvin D. Keech omkring år 1917. Keech fick namnskydd (tradmark) för Banjulele Banjo. Alvin och brodern Kelvin hade ett par år tidigare flyttat från Hawaii till San Francisco. Banjo- ukulelen gav ett starkare ljud än träukulelen, viktigt vid en tid då artister uppträdde utan mikrofoner. Brödena Keech flyttade år 1924 till London där de öppnade en musikaffär , de hade tidigare verkat några år som jazzmusiker i Paris . Vid samma tid började George Formby i England att ackompanjera sig själv på ukulele. Möjligen träffade Formby brödraparet innan de flyttade tillbaka till USA. Bröderna lär inte själv ha tillverkat särskilt många ukulelen. Men de gav rätt för bland annat Dallas att använda namnet. Ett liknande instrument hade tidigare patenterats av John Bolander. I Tranquadas och Kings (2012, 112) bok om ukulelens historia finns en bild av en annons för The Banjuke (Ukulele-banjo) från år 1917. 1 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Patent. Utdrag ur Bolanders patentansökan 1917: One of the objects of the invention is to provide an improved means for securing the head to the body or rim of an instrument of this type. Another object of the invention is to provide a novel means which does away with the use of a tail piece for connecting the strings to the rim of the instrument. With these and other objects in view, the invention consists in certain novel features of construction, combination and arrangements of parts as will be hereinafter described, illustrated and claimed. Utdrag ur Bolanders patentansökan 1918 This invention comprehends improvements in musical instruments and relates more particularly to stringed instruments of the banjo family, and is a division of my application filed June 25, 1917. Serial No. 17 677 5. The invention relates to a resonator shell or reflector secured to the rear side o1 the instrument body, to throw the sound for ward. With this and other objects in view the invention consists in certain novel features of construction combination and arrangement of parts as will be hereinafter described, illustrated and claimed. Bilderna och texten är tagna från nätet, se sidor om Google patents. 2 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Finger speed! På YouTube finns uppladdat en stumfilm (!) från år 1933 där man kan se Alvin D. Keech (1890– 1943) spela ”banjulele”. Filmen är producerad av Brittish Pathé. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoskF-EdrE0. ”Then we have Alvin D. Keech, probably the world’s fastest exponent of the ”Banjulele banjo – ” En film från 1926 i vilken de ”Brittiska” bröderna Keech spelar ”banjo”, bandat i England är även bevarad. På George Formby Societys webbplats finns bilder av ett flertal Keech -ukulelen i olika storlekar, även modeller med ”long neck”. Den lilla bilden föreställer baksidan av en Keech ukulelebanjo. Kelvin Keech arbetade senare i sitt liv som radiouppläsare i USA. Keech Tutor and Solos for the ”Banujulele Banjo and the Ukulele utkom år 1922. Bröderna saluförde även Keech ukulelesträngar. 3 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Cliff Edwards (1895–1971) var nio år äldre än Formby. Eventuellt träffades även de båda herrarna. I alla händelser kände Formby till Edwards, som hade gjort ukulelen till ett populärt instrument i USA. Edwards största hit Singin’ in the Rain är från år 1929 (filmen med samma namn kom först långt senare). Andra hits är I Can’t Give You Anything But Love (1928) och I’ll See you in my Dreams (1930). Edwards var Benjamin syrsas (Jiminy Cricket) röst i Walt Disneys Pinoccio (1940) - och fick en utmärkelse för sången WhenI Whish Upon a Star. Edwards var en av de första som sjöng ”nonsensord” medan han härmade olika instrument, det som senare, av bl.a. Louis Armstrong (f. 1901) och Ella Fitzgerald (f. 1917) kom att kallas för scat. Han spelade för det mesta en sopranukulele (av märket Martin). Jag har inte stött på Edwards med en banjoukulele, men säkerligen prövade han även detta instrument. Edwards in action, se http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cm8Uqu99ndo 4 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Frank Crumit (1889–1943). Crumit var äldre än Cliff Edwards, men på sin tid inte lika känd, trots att hand spelade in omkring 250 skivor, bland dem Abdul Abulbul Amir (sång och gitarr) och The Gay Cavallero (sång, gitarr, piano, bas, slagverk). I Ukulele Lady från år 1927 kan man höra Crumit strumma på ukulele. Crumit, som tidigare ackompanjerade sig själv med gitarr och banjo, började använda sig av ukulelen kring år 1912. Mellan åren 1913 och 1915 verkade Crumit i London. Något år senare uppträdde även en annan amerikansk ukuleleartist, Wendell Hall, i samma stad. Crumit lär vara den första med att uppträda med ukulele på Broadway. Detta skedde år 1918. George Formby ägde en ansenlig mängd av Crumits skivinspelningar. På fotografiet spelar Crumit på ett åttasträngad (fyra dubbelsträngar) ukulele. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yj0TpHbRIpA 5 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Mary Singhi Breen (1895– 1970) ansvarade för den första grammofonskivan med ukulelelektioner och anses vara den första som undervisade ukulele i skolor. Trots hennes slogan ”Uke can play the melody” är hon mest känd för alla de hundratals ukulelearrangemang (ackorddiagram) som hon under 1920-talet gjorde till den tidens populära melodier. Under denna tid var ukuleleackorden betydligt vanligare än gitarrackorden inom Sheet Music. Ackorddiagrammen har säkerligen varit ägnade att öka ukulelens popularitet – nu kunde man spela utan att bekymra sig över en svårläslig notskrift. I exemplet ovan har ackorden ritats för en rätt ovanlig Eb- stämning. Observera ackorden här saknar namn. Men oftast skrevs ackordnamnen ut – då kunde ju även t.ex. gitarrister använda sig av arrangemanget. Trots att Breen här poserar med en banjoukulele torde hon för det mesta har spelat på en träukulele. 6 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Wendell Hall (1896–1969) var jämnårig med Cliff Edwards. Hall började sin musikerbana som xylofonist, men övergick tidigt till ukulelen i dess olika varianter. På de omkring tio skivupptagningar som finns på YouTube (april 2015) kan man endast höra enkelt strummande på träukulele, banjo eller gitarr. Hall största hit var It Ain't Gonna Rain No Mo’ en sång med bara två ackord, men med en massa verser. I en skivupptagning från år 1923 ackompanjerar Hall sig själv med en träukulele (på notomslaget till nämnda sång finns en bild av Hall med en tiosträngad tiple i famnen). Skivan lär ha sålts i två miljon exemplar och bidragit till ukulelens uppsving i USA. Här var en sång som alla kunde spela! Fr.o.m. slutet på 1930-talet uppträdde Hall sällan med ukulelen. Men senare, då ukulelen igen kom tillbaka, kunde Hall i likhet med andra stjärnor från 20-talet, uppleva en come back. Han räknas till country-musikens pionjärer. Vänstra bilden: Hall med en mikrofon. Han anses vara en av de första radiokändisarna, b.la. gifte han sig – som kanske den första i världen – i etern. http://soundtracktomyday.blogspot.fi/2013/06/the-big-hits-of-1923.html Bilden till vänster :Reklam för Ludwig Banjo ukulele av märket Wendell Hall. Källa: http://www.banjoukes.com/Manufacturers/Ludwig/Ludwig-AD.html 7 Helsingfors ukulelefestival 2015 Roy Smeck (1900–1984). Här har vi en musiker som behärskar sina instrument! Förutom ukulele spelade Smeck spelade gitarr, hawaiigitarr och tenorobanjo. Det är osäkert om Smeck alls intresserade sig för abjoukuelen.
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