PAPERS

Department of Geology • University of Queensland

VOLUME 10 NUMBER 1

The first fifty years of the Department of Geology of the University of Queensland DOROTHY HILL 1

Date of publication: 30 September 1981 THE FIRST FIFTY YEARS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND

by Dorothy Hill

(with 4 Text-figures)

INTRODUCTION

Courses in geology were given at the University from the beginning of teaching there in 1911. The University of Queensland Act of 1909 required that initially there be at least three Faculties, Arts, Science, and Engineering. There were four foundation chairs — Classics (Prof. J.L. Michie), Mathematics and Physics (Prof. H.J. Priestley), Chemistry (Prof. B.D. Steele) and Engineering (Prof. A.J. Gibson); appointees to three of the first Lectureships, in Physics (T. Parnell), Geology (H.C. Richards), and Biology (T.H. Johnstone) later became Professors. In 1911, Geology and Biology, though lacking Chairs, were nevertheless regarded by the initial Board of Faculties as departments for the purposes of its resolutions. Geology and Mineralogy did not become a department officially until 1919, when a Chair was established and H.C. Richards was appointed to it. Mineralogy appeared in its title in 1913 because one of Richards’ first acts as Lecturer was to persuade Prof. Steele, who was both President of the Board of Faculties and Chairman of the Faculty of Science, that mineralogy should be taught by the Department of Geology and not by the Department of Chemistry (Bryan 1948, p. 143). The immediate reason for geology being taught was the Senate’s accept­ ance of the Board of Faculties’ view that it was a necessary subject for both Civil and Mining Engineering, and a desirable optional subject in the Faculty of Science; but this was perfectly in accord with both political and public thinking on education in Queensland in the early twentieth century. The State’s wealth in mineral resources was already recognised from the heroic efforts of a small band of Queensland Government Geologists, and from the activities of hundreds of prospectors and miners controlled on the mineral fields by Mining Wardens. It was natural that the new University should teach the basic science in which professional geologists and mining engineers should be grounded. The development of education in Queensland (primary, secondary, tertiary and technical), from the 30 or 40 schools initiated by private or church enterprise that existed in 1859 when Queensland separated from New South Wales, to 1975, has been interestingly set out by Holthouse (1975). When the University was founded, secondary education had begun, provided by grammar schools under Boards of Trustees and by the Normal School run by the Department of Public Instruction; these supplied

Pap. Dep.Geol. Univ.Qd, 10(1): 1-68, Sept. 1981. 2 matriculants for Sydney, Melbourne, and other universities. Technical education was provided mainly by technical colleges which had been begun by private enterprise and were in gradual process of being taken over by the Department of Public Instruction, but also by the Charters Towers School of Mines under the auspices of the Department of Mines. The free, secular State High School system developed only after the foundation of the University. We need for our purposes only a brief outline of the way geology was taught in Queensland before 1911. For those wishing to trace the evolution of political and popular thought and action on education and to become ac­ quainted with the very interesting dramatis personae (for instance the highly individualistic Charles Lilley, for whom see H.J. Gibney, pp. 71-91 in D.J. Murphy & R.B. Joyce, ed. 1978, Queensland Political Portraits 1859-1952, published by University of Queensland Press), there are (i) Report with minutes of evidence taken before the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the working of the educational institutions of the colony, together with the pro­ ceedings of the Commission, and appendices, Mr. Justice Lilley, Chairman, Queensland, Votes and Proceedings, Legislative Assembly, session of 1875, vol. 2, p. 83-460 (the appendices include the Education Acts then in force and the Educational Bills prepared during the previous four years for the considera­ tion of the Parliament of Queensland); (ii) Report with minutes of evidence taken before the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the best means to be adopted for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a university in Queensland, together with the Proceedings of the Commission and Appendices: Sir Charles Lilley, CJ, Chairman, ibid. 1891, vol. 3, pp. 803-1004; (iii) Debates on the University of Queensland Bill, 1909, Queensland, Official Record of the Debates of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly, vol. 104; (iv) Debates on the Brisbane Technical College Incorporation Act, 1898, the Technical Instruction Act, 1908 (proclaimed in 1909), which repealed the 1898 Act, and the School of Mines Act of 1894; these give indications of the gradual transfer of control of technical education from private enterprise through State subsidy to State control. In the primary schools, geological training was negligible. Geology was set, in 1897, as an elective under the heading Object Lessons, in mixed schools and boys schools (for ages 1 U/2-13); in 1902 geology appeared as an elective in science and commercial subjects, and in 1905 under Nature Knowledge, and lessons on Geology Experimentally Treated appeared for ages 10-14Î4. Only a small number of teachers chose geology as an elective for their classes (Dr E. Clarke, in litt. 1980). Geology was an elective for the Class I teacher exam­ inations near the turn of the century, and at least 20 such teachers attended, in January 1911, a geology field camp in the Fassifern Valley arranged by the Department of Public Instruction and led by Dr W.G. Woolnough of Sydney University and Mr R.A. Wearne of the Ipswich Technical College (R.C. Hamilton, press cuttings, Fryer Memorial Library). These Class I teachers probably provided a source of teachers for geology in the technical colleges; at least Brisbane and Ipswich Technical Colleges taught geology in the last decade of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. From indirect evidence it seems likely that geology was taught also to boys in the 3

Brisbane, Ipswich, and Toowoomba Grammar Schools, but no confirmative records have been found. In 1889, A.J. Boyd, Headmaster of the Toowoomba Grammar School, published a 48-page booklet entitled ‘The Earth’s History for Boys; or, Geology in Verse’(Watson Ferguson Co., Brisbane); in its preface, the author makes reference to its successful use for a class of 30 boys. Efforts made by the Department of Mines in the teaching of geology may well have been of greater significance to the mining industry than those by the primary and grammar schools. During 1886-1891 the Department of Mines appointed itinerant Mineralogical Lecturers, two in several of these years, one to cover the northern and the other the southern mineral fields. They lectured mainly to miners and prospectors, but also to any others wishing to learn for a small fee, spending up to a month in one mining centre before moving on to the next. Identification of ore minerals, aided by blowpipe analysis, was the main aim. A printed report on the operation of a School of Mines at Gympie during 1877-8 is contained in the archives of the Geological Survey. The school erected its own building at the corner of Mary and Channon Streets and this was opened in July 1877. The Government made a grant of £208 and donated a large collection of mineral specimens to the museum. The school is known to have been short-lived (Denmead 1962, p. 9). In 1894 a School of Mines Act was passed, along the lines of the Grammar Schools Act of 1860, by which the Government supplemented a sum not less than £1000 subscribed or donated to a building fund by a sum not exceeding twice the amount subscribed. There was to.be a Board of Trustees, a majority nominated by the Governor-in-Council; annual sums would be granted by the Government towards an endowment fund to provide for salaries of lecturers and teachers; and a grant of land might be made to the Board of Trustees. In 1897 the Minister for Mines authorised V4 acre of the courthouse reserve in Charters Towers to be set aside for a School of Mines; the local Mining Institute raised the sums required, the foundation stone was laid in 1899, and the School was opened in 1901, staffed by a Director and Lecturers of high calibre; it concentrated mainly on mining subjects, but geology, miner­ alogy, and mining geology were taught. For its first year, Benjamin Dunstan of the Queensland Geological Survey acted as external examiner, but thereafter W.H. Twelvetrees of the Tasmanian Geological Survey so acted. Some 1100 students attended courses there during the twenty years of the School’s exis­ tence, most of them with only primary school background, though a few may have had technical college training. Its diplomates passed out into good jobs in the industry; one- Associate, C.C. Morton, became Chief Government Geolo­ gist of Queensland, 1946-1955. The combined effects of the 1914-1918 war and the decline of the Charters Towers field forced the closure of the school in 1920, after it had first been handed over to the Department of Public Instruc­ tion. Also in 1894, a Board of Examiners was set up by the Department of Mines to examine and grant mine managers certificates; these examinations are still conducted today. As another vehicle of importance in Brisbane, R. Logan Jack, Queens­ land Government Geologist from 1876 to 1899, set up a Geological Museum on 4 a choice site eminently accessible to the public, at the corner of Queen and George Streets, Brisbane, where the Treasury Building now stands. Here pros­ pectors, miners and the public (over 10,000 of them yearly) could examine mineral and fossil specimens and consult all the published papers and maps of the Geological Survey (Hill 1947, p. 122). The Queensland Museum also displayed minerals, rocks, and fossils. The University of Queensland Act of 1909 provided for the nascent University to control the standard of education in secondary schools by setting Junior and Senior Public Examinations, with the Senior the qualifying examin­ ation for entry to the University. Twenty foundation scholarships were to be awarded annually, but all who passed could, on payment of fees to be kept as low as possible (2 guineas a subject a term initially), be enrolled as students at the University. The Public Examinations were to replace in Queensland those held by the University of Sydney, thus, it was hoped, halting an early mani­ festation of the brain drain. For the 1910 examinations, applying University of Sydney standards, Benjamin Dunstan, Government Geologist at that time, was appointed examiner in Geology; but for the 1911 examinations the newly appointed University Lecturer in Geology, H.C. Richards, was appointed to the Board of Examiners, and as Examiner in Geology and Geography. The head of the University department and/or his deputy retained these appointments over the first 50 years of the University. A small number of students, commonly fewer than 10 a year in those early years, took the Senior examination in geology, rather more the Junior examination. These came mainly from Brisbane and Ipswich Boys Grammar Schools and Brisbane Technical College, possibly also from Ipswich and Warwick Technical Colleges. As a consequence of the small number of secondary school students studying geology in the first 50 years, the Department of Geology and Mineralogy presupposed no previous knowledge of the subject in its first year students, though of course the first year syllabus was at a higher standard than the Senior syllabus. The site selected for the University by the Parliament in 1909 was the Government House Domain. The Premier, William Kidston, in the debate on the 1909 Bill, was adamant that the new University should share a central city site with the newly founded Central Technical College, plans for whose build­ ings were already being drawn. The C.T.C. was to be domiciled next to Parlia­ ment House on the Government House Domain, at the lower end of George Street. The University would occupy Government House, the Governor being accommodated elsewhere. Kidston maintained that there was ample building space on the site for both institutions, and that the State’s education system could only gain by having its central technical institution and its University on the one site; the University standard of teaching should help the College attain a high level; further, the Central Technical College, together with Gatton Agricultural College and the Charters Towers School of Mines, were named in the Act as affiliates of the University. Kidston took this stand in spite of a strong alternative opinion that the University site should be in a Brisbane suburb — at Victoria Park or even at Yeronga. Kidston’s view prevailed; it seems to me that C.T.C. development was prejudiced by the arrangement; the University took over much space in the C.T.C. buildings and went on expanding in them for forty years. 5

Fig. 1. Professor Henry Caselli Richards. THE FIRST DECADE (1911-1920)

The Senate made an excellent choice in its first Lecturer in Geology. At its meeting on 7 April 1911, it appointed Henry Caselli Richards (Fig. 1) M.Sc. of the University of Melbourne, the appointment to take effect from 21 May at a salary of £350 per annum less 1Vi % for endowment assurances. Meantime, he was to be engaged temporarily at four guineas a week; the policy of not appointing lecturers before lectures actually began was adopted right from the opening of the University: it made funds go further. The University started with an annual Government grant of £10,000 for seven years, though by 1915 this had risen to £ 13,500. Richards was characteristically in the right place at the right time, having in 1910 been appointed Lecturer-in-Charge of the Department of Chemistry, Geology, Mining and Metallurgy in the Brisbane Central Technical College, he had indeed applied for that position in the hope that it would lead on to a post at the fledgling University (Watkins, 1979, MS in Fryer Library). The C.T.C. buildings were in the planning stage, and it seemed that through Government policy Richards’ university department might share laboratories and mineral collections with his ex-C.T.C. department. However, it was a few years before the C.T.C. building was ready for occupation, and to begin with the university geology laboratory and a diminutive lecture room were sited in old Government House, where also the Lecturer shared a room with one from another department and with the beginnings of the geology library. At that time only Government House, its outbuildings and the foundation works of some C.T.C. buildings, were sited on the Government House Domain. Old Government House (Fig. 2) was, and still is, a freestone building of unpre­ tentious dignity and grace, two-storeyed, with two elegant porticoes. The first students were indeed fortunate in having this quiet, idyllic central city site with the river on one side and the Botanic Gardens on the other, next to Parliament House and reached by a short walk down George Street from the trams in Queen Street, or from the Roma Street or Central Railway Stations. Richards was well qualified to found a department of geology. He had acquired from his undergraduate and postgraduate work at Melbourne University knowledge of all the most recent advances in mineralogy, petrology, and other branches of the science, brought from London by Prof. E.W. Skeats who had not long been appointed to the Melbourne Chair. Richards obtained postgrad­ uate experience also in Broken Hill on the de Bavey process and, like Skeats, he always maintained an active interest in economic geology and the mining industry. For postgraduate research he had worked on the building stones of Victoria, and this interest he extended to the building stones of Queensland immediately on appointment; his Saturday morning excursions always included visits to Brisbane’s natural stone buildings, where he explained to an interested crowd of students and onlookers the various properties of the stones, some­ times engaging the active interest of police who had appeared to see what the street crowd was being exhorted to do or think. Born 16 December 1884, Richards was in his 26th year when appointed. He was already a splendid organizer, with foresight, good judgment, and thoroughness, capable of rapid

nvriycassbgni 1911. in began classes University Fig. 2. Old Government House, Brisbane, where Brisbane, House, Government Old 2. Fig. 7

% * * * and firm decision, dedicated to the service and success of his Department and University. He was full of enthusiasm, vibrant, sometimes perhaps a little strident; his enjoyment of his work was obvious as was his kindliness and interest in his fellows. Geology was well-launched on its evolution as a science in 1910 when the University was founded. Geologists in all countries were making their field and laboratory observations and co-ordinating their observed facts in order to elucidate the geological history of their country and of the earth; major prob­ lems of geology were revealing themselves as multifaceted components of an all-embracing science. Facets exposed in the literature of the time were pluton­ ism, metamorphism, the newly discovered radioactivity of rocks and minerals, and geothermy, geosynclines, orogeny, sedimentation, epeirogeny, isostasy; glaciology, island arcs; origin of coral reefs; internal constitution of the earth; crust and mantle of the earth, permanence of ocean basins (continental drift had as yet no credence, the first essays appearing in 1910 and 1912); evolu­ tional palaeontology, and basic to all, mineralogy, petrography, systematic palaeontology, and regional mapping. Geologists drew not only on their own accumulating facts and deduc­ tions, but also on all other sciences; advances in chemistry, biology, physics and physical geography and in the techniques and equipment used in making these advances were all eagerly adapted to the study of the science of the earth. Experimental mineralogy and petrology were developing as our knowledge of physical chemistry grew, later to become geochemistry. Remote perception methods based on the physical properties of rocks, later to lead to the science of geophysics were still elementary, but gravity measurements were being made throwing much light on isostasy and leading to discussion on the interior of the earth. The first studies on palaeomagnetism had already been published, but their application to orogenic or diastrophic theory was far in the future. How then, did the Department of Geology set about acquainting its students with the geological knowledge of the time? To begin with, library resources were practically non-existent, but the Queensland Department of Mines gave sets of its publications and of those of the Geological Survey of Queensland, and gradually similar gifts from other states came in. Its teaching collection began with the gift of minerals by Alfred Norton, sometime Minister for Mines, and with Richards’ collection of Victorian rocks and fossils. One resource of great value was Jack & Etheridge’s 1892 classic The Geology and Palaeontology of Queensland and New Guinea’ (Queensland Geological Survey, Publ. 92, 2 vols and map, 1892). This work was compiled from the largely reconnaissance mapping achieved by the small band of State Geologists cover­ ing enormous distances using, of course, only horse transport; the map was on the scale of 16 miles to an inch, but early in the nineteen hundreds it had been updated on the 40-mile scale. From 1913, there was also Benjamin Dunstan’s Mineral Index and Guide (Queensland Geological Survey Publ. 241), a mine of relevant information. For the whole of its first fifty years, the Department accepted as one of its duties the improvement of the State’s geological map and of our knowledge of its stratigraphy; all theses had to be supported by original field-work, and 9 over the years the Department’s contribution was considerable. Its geological teaching, while international in its background and scope, could be said to be State oriented, which would no doubt have pleased our political founders. Richards began his Geology I course, which was all that the Senate had budgeted for at the time, with minuscule grants for equipment and library. Some 20 of the total of 83 students enrolled in 1911 attended his lectures, many of them from the Faculty of Engineering, a few from the Faculties of Science and Arts; some were evening students; all had qualified for matricu­ lation at the 1910 Public Examinations, or an equivalent such as the Class I teachers examinations. The course was based on that given at the University of Melbourne. Geology I was an optional subject in Science I and in Arts, but was obligatory for Civil Engineering. The first year science course for geologists in 1911-1915 was Pure Maths I, Logic, Chemistry I, and Physics I, with Geology I, a relaxation was made in 1916 when an alternative course was Pure Maths I, Chemistry I, Geology I, Biology I. Geology I was a 60-lecture course with 90 hours of laboratory work and with field excursions. The results which Richards obtained were good, when one considers the extremes in age and backgrounds of his students; in the Science and Arts group, Fred Bennett, Toowong school head teacher, gained a distinction, W.H. Bryan and eight others a pass; in the Engineering group, N.A. Lloyd won a distinction, eight others passed. There were a few women including Miss Florence Phipps, later Headmistress at Presbyterian Girls College, Warwick. During his first year Richards achieved permission to extend into a second year course for Science students (Bryan 1948, p. 143). As an even greater success, in 1912 his case for a third year course (with honours) and thus a B.Sc. in Geology, and for a special course in Engineering for third year Civil Engineers, was so persuasive that the Senate provided money for an Assistant Lecturer. Arthur Bache Walkom, M.Sc. of Sydney University, was appointed at £300 per annum, as from 1 March 1913; he was required to teach palaeontology and stratigraphy, among other duties. Thus W.H. Bryan was able to complete his B.Sc course, and on 8 April 1914, Senate noted that he had been awarded second class Honours in Geology; as the M.Sc. regulations then stood, he would be eligible for his M.Sc. degree in 1916. Walkom was a tall, spare man, contem­ plative and kindly ; a good foil for the ebullient Richards. The year 1913 was notable for the first Geology Camp, a week in the August vacation in the Spicer’s Gap area. Richards and Walkom led a party of about 30 first, second, and third year geology students from the three faculties, including four women and L.S. Bagster, Lecturer in Chemistry, with Mrs Richards and the two Richards children. The party went by train to Ipswich, where, except for six Kings College students who drove two lively horses in a two-seater buckboard from Ipswich to the campsite, they changed into the Dugandan mixed for Munbilla, whence they were transported in a train of horse wagons the five miles to the Royal Hotel at Engelsburg (later Kalbar). Next morning the wagons carried them 15 miles on to the camp on the surveyed (but never proclaimed) townsite of Clumber. Here eight bell-tents had been erected for them; evening students (including R.C. Hamilton and three other class I teachers) and Walkom inhabited one, Science students (including R.A. 10

Dart who later became famous as the discoverer of anthropoid fossils in East Africa) another, the women a third, engineers two, King’s College students another, and the Richards family in the last. On the ‘optional’ trip, a climb up Spicer’s Peak, the women were left in camp, where also some of the engineers elected to stay (Watkins, July 1979 Alumni News, pp. 24-26 and Fryer MS). Preliminary organization for this camp must have occupied days of Richards’ time. Another notable excursion in 1913 was a day trip to the Glass House Mountains; photographs of the party on this occasion are included in the Fryer collection, as also are photographs of the party to reach the top of Spicer’s Peak. In his early years, in addition to his successes in teaching and adminis­ tration, and in providing a well-balanced, broad course, Richards also set traditions of research, library acquisition, and collection building, which the Department has ever since carried on. He covered an immense area on foot in the southeast Queensland mountains, mapping and collecting volcanic rocks, and did extensive research on these in the laboratory by chemical analysis and optical petrography. All his specimens were superbly trimmed in the field to fit the small museum boxes; he wrote up his work as a D.Sc. thesis for the University of Melbourne and was awarded the degree in 1916; the results were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. He also expected and got research of quality from his staff and postgraduate students. Walkom took as his research specialty the plant fossils of southeast Queensland, and published several classical papers on'them; W.H. Bryan, for his honours thesis, mapped and described the Enoggera Granite. The Senate minutes record those of Richards’ requests for gifts of literature that were successful, e.g., the publications of the various Australian State Geological Surveys, and those of the U.S. and Indian Geological Surveys; his approach to the Geological Survey of Great Britain was not initially success­ ful, but he must have succeeded later for the Department has had holdings of the publications of that Survey also since our early years. Richards was also assiduous in searching sale catalogues, and persuaded the Fibrary Committee to fund the purchase of back runs of the Journal of Geology, the Quarterly Journal of Geology, the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Fondon and the Geological Magazine, all, it seems, for about £90. Normally the geology share of the annual library grant at that time was £20-£30, a little later as high as £50. Thus, when war broke out in August 1914, the B.Sc. course in Geology was successfully established, and M.Sc. and D.Sc. regulations had been drafted. During the war Richards and Walkom actively continued their teaching and research and administrative battles. Richards was unsuccessful in persuading the Walter and Eliza Hall Trustees that they should support a Research Fellowship in Economic Geology at the University of Queensland; the Trustees were oriented towards agricultural and biological sciences. He was also unsuccessful in building warm relations with the Geological Survey under Dunstan. Student numbers remained small and during the war there were more women than men in the day classes, though the position was reversed in the evening classes. One woman, Miss G.W. Vance, obtained second class honours in 1916 and an M.Sc. 11 in 1918, and a second. Miss lima Sterne, became in 1917 the first student to obtain first class honours in geology and an M.Sc. (1919), and one of the first two students to win a Government Foundation Gold Medal for excellence at graduation (an honour which she shared with Mr T. Thatcher, later Director of External Studies). Not only did Richards set traditions for research and library and collec­ tion building, he also set traditions of service to extra-university scientific societies and commissions. Thus, he became Vice-President of the Royal Society of Queensland in 1912 and its President in 1913 (and again in 1938). Successive members of staff later served on the Executive or Council of the Society, many of the Department’s research papers were published in the Society’s Proceedings. During the war (1917) the Senate appointed Prof. Gibson and Dr Richards as its representatives on the Queensland Committee for the Advisory Council of Science and Industry (1916-1918), set up by the Federal Govern­ ment to advise it on laboratory and research facilities that could be used in the war effort. Richards was Committee secretary, and thus began for him a life-long association, mostly as Chairman of the Queensland Committee, with the federal organization that developed, through several metamorphoses, into Australia’s outstanding research organization, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. This association proved over the years of great value to his department and university. It entailed many visits to Mel­ bourne, then the seat of Federal Parliament. Richards also set a pattern in service to the State’s educational system. Apart from his and Walkom’s work with the Senior and Junior Public Exam­ inations in Geology and Geography, he was appointed, in December 1916, Honorary Inspector of the C.T.C. Department of Mineralogy, Metallurgy, and Mining, assistance was given in examining geology for Class I teachers, including the supply of sets of specimens therefor. It does not appear from the Senate minutes that any assistance was given to the Charters Towers School of Mines, but such may be unrecorded. The Department seems not to have been involved in any lectures for the Workers Educational Association or for Workers Tutorial classes, as were many of the Arts departments. Nor did it play any part in the University’s important External Studies courses; successive heads of the depart­ ment, indeed, decided against teaching geology by correspondence, because of the difficulty of providing adequate field studies and practical laboratory work. At the end of the war there was considerable urge to introduce new departments and faculties and to improve staff salaries. One of the first effects was the official creation of the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, to the chair of which H.C. Richards was appointed from 1919 with salary of £600 p.a., his appointment being for seven years. Over the entire 50 years of our survey, teaching staff were given limited appointments, and successive reappointments had to be approved by Senate. Walkom, having developed the teaching of palaeontology and stratig­ raphy to a high level which has been maintained ever since, and indeed sur­ passed, resigned early in 1919 and A.J. Mathieson was appointed temporary lecturer, but from the beginning of lectures in 1920 W.H. Bryan carried on the 12

palaeontological and stratigraphical side of the Department’s work with devotion and success, though his personal inclination at that time was to the chemical side of geology, Bryan had returned from active service on Gallipoli and in France with a commission in the Trench Mortars and a Military Cross, and a year’s postgraduate experience at the University of Cambridge. Walkom retained an interest in and affection for the department throughout his life, and many years after leaving the University he endowed a scholarship to enable a student to proceed to Honours or postgraduate work in palaeontology and stratigraphy. Student life in the first decade naturally had an adventurous, pioneer spirit about it. Women were prominent among the day students, their long skirts, long sleeves, enormous hats and the restrictive social conventions of the time did not seem to impede them greatly. The spirit of the first year has been graphically indicated by an MS in the Fryer Library by Mrs Hilda Brotherton (née Cleminson). Chaperones were not required for lectures, but they were de rigueur, along with full dress (including gloves), for evening functions like dances; on geological and biological field camps, the wives of the staff acted as chaperones, though during the twenties at least the Professor of Geology satisfied himself of the safe if sometimes late return of women students who had ventured into the township for evening entertainment. In addition to the Commemoration Ball, there were faculty dances and a little later, dances to raise funds for travelling sports teams. One of the earliest resolutions of Senate had been to have men’s and women’s common rooms erected (for £1,000), with committees of staff and students to run them; choice of curtains of the women’s common room was left to the Registrar. All students got to know one another and the staff very well, and the staff took a parental interest in them. The University of Queensland Union was constituted in 1913. The Sports Union started even earlier. Sports were athletics, rowing, Rugby Union and cricket for the men, and hockey for the women, though tennis was played, commonly on the courts of students’ families, or at the residential colleges. The Student Benefactions Book was opened in 1915. Residential colleges for men were started by the various churches King’s by the Methodists, John’s by the Church of England, Emmanuel by the Presbyterians,and Leo’s by the Roman Catholics. An undenominational Womens College was founded by a group of women many of them graduates from other universities. Affiliation of the colleges with the University was soon granted when Senate had satisfied itself on standards. Other students domiciled outside Brisbane lived in hostels or in private lodgings, and Senate gradually instituted approved lists of such accommodation.

THE TWENTIES

Although it ended as the Great Depression overwhelmed Australia, the decade 1921-30 was a very forward looking one for the University; there were many debates on what new lecture courses, departments and faculties should be established and which should have first priority; select committees considered 13 rival contentions, and the Senate made cautious advances towards Faculties of Law, Commerce, Agriculture, Medicine, and Dentistry, and towards the teach­ ing of Education and of Surveying. Diploma courses were canvassed, mostly as first steps to degree courses; some faculties had to be content to be pro forma for a time, with a Chair only and with little other support. The Faculty of Agriculture was the only one of these that needed Geology I, and when its lectures began in 1927, Agriculture I students attended lectures in Geology I. Students enlisted for the B.Sc. (Applied Chemistry) courses (1922 on) also had lectures on Industrial Mineralogy. The decade was one of the great debates on where the permanent uni­ versity buildings should be sited, and of efforts to secure such a site. Because of the obvious space deficiencies on the Domain, the Senate favoured a site in Victoria Park, and indeed secured title to land there. However, the Mayne family, of River Road (now Coronation Drive) gave 693 acres at Moggill to the University for an agricultural development, and later provided sufficient funds for the purchase of 110 acres at St Lucia. Richards reported on the geology of the Moggill site, and supported the move to St Lucia. Much negotiation took place between the University, the City Council and the Government, and finally, in 1927, the St Lucia site was accepted by the University. Eventually, except for grounds for the Medical School at Herston, the Victoria Park site was returned to the City Council. Meanwhile, on the Domain, growing pains were being increasingly felt. The C.T.C. found its co-habitor exerting pressure on its space, but obtained some relief in a redistribution by which the Geology Department of the Uni­ versity vacated the C.T.C. Geology and Chemistry Block, and the C.T.C. va­ cated its Arts Block. The Geology Department early in 1927 removed to the top floor and two rooms on the ground floor of the Arts Block, the other ground floor rooms being occupied by the forlorn, almost fatherless University Library. Richards was President of the Board of Faculties and a member of the Buildings and Grounds Committee at the time; he was always a doughty fighter for his Department. He designed the new Geology Lecture Theatre on the top floor, and this became for many years the meeting place of the Royal Society of Queensland. He also set out a Museum on the top floor, with the specimen labels written by himself, Walkom, or Bryan or by A.N. Falk, geological assist­ ant; the displays by now included a splendid rock collection, as well as minerals, ores, and fossils. One of the ground floor rooms contained a workshop and space for the rapidly growing collections: the better specimens were by now catalogued (R numbers for rocks, F numbers for fossils, O for ores, M for minerals), New collections by staff were given L (Locality) numbers until they could be studied and the more important specimens catalogued.The Cambridge system for cataloguing fossil (including type) specimens was adopted, all parts of the one specimen being given the same number. In addition to planning for its next decade of development, the Senate was looking to improving the University’s public image. Public lectures were strongly supported, and Richards, who was Chairman of the Public Lectures Committee for part of the decade, gave lectures on Mud, on Geology and Science and on the History of the Earth, while Bryan gave an internal course 14 of five follow-up lectures. Geology as a science in the twenties was making its first moves towards the plate tectonics of the seventies by discussing the possibilities of continental drift and polar wandering. It was beginning to apply geophysical methods to the location of ore bodies, and it was making much progress in the study of the relationship between ore bodies and igneous magmas. Australia, having learned from the 1914-18 war that it must be less dependent on the help and resources of others, set up in 1921 an Institute of Science and Industry (1921-23), and then the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1926-49). Richards was our link with these important developments, serving first as secretary and then as chairman of the Queensland committee. He was thus able to advise the University and his students of, among other things, opportunities for employment. The Institute of Science and Industry continued to publish geological papers, following the lead of the earlier (1916-1918) Advisory Council of Science and Industry, but by the time the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research succeeded it Common­ wealth policy was moving towards the establishment of a separate geological authority. In 1927, following a Conference of Interstate Geologists to consider the possibility of setting up a federal Geological Survey, attended by Richards and by Benjamin Dunstan and L.C. Ball from the Queensland Geological Sur­ vey, W.G. Woolnough was appointed Geological Adviser to the Commonwealth, supported and directed by the Commonwealth Oil Advisory Committee (W.G. Woolnough, Arthur Wade, and L.K. Ward). From this beginning, the Bureau of Mineral Resources (B.M.R.) evolved two decades later. Another important development was the Imperial Geophysical Experimental Survey set up jointly by the Commonwealth Government and the British Empire Marketing Board, to test under A.B. Broughton-Edge the applicability of various geophysical methods under field conditions in Australia. Richards again represented the University at the meeting to consider the Survey to which, perhaps with his sponsorship, N.H. Fisher was attached. A notable contribution to science in this decade was made by the work of the Great Barrier Reef Committee, which had been formed in 1922 by the inspiration and hard work of the Professor of Geology of the University of Queensland. Richards read a paper to the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Queensland Branch) of which Sir Matthew Nathan, then Governor of Queensland, was President, pressing for an investigation of the problems of coral reef formation. As a result a Great Barrier Reef Committee was set up, with Nathan as Chairman and Richards as Vice-Chairman and Hon. Secretary, together with representatives of Australian and New Zealand scientific societies and.institutions and universities, and of the British Museum of Natural History. It included Sir George Knibbs as representative of the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry (1921-1923) and Sir David Rivett as representative of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. The Committee was pro­ vided with office space by this federal body, whose Queensland Assistant Secretary, Miss Hilda Todd, acted as Assistant Secretary to the Barrier Reef Committee. Also included in the Committee were members of the Royal Australian Navy and representatives of the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service; 15

both of these services provided transport along the reef for scientists and materials. The Committee quickly raised £2500, to which the Queensland Govern­ ment added £ for £ subsidy over five years and coastwise transport, and to which the University of Queensland contributed from its meagre finances. The first fruits of the Committee’s research were published jointly as Vol. 1 of the Committee’s Reports and Vol. 1 of the Transactions of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (Queensland Branch). However, friction developed between Committee and Society and subsequent volumes of its reports were published by the Committee alone. Richards organized a bore through the reef at Michaelmas Cay in 1926, drilled by a Victoria calyx drill loaned by the Victorian Department of Mines; it penetrated 427 ft of coralline material before passing into quartz glauconitic sands to 600 ft (Richards 1928, p. xi). After Sir Matthew Nathan returned to England, he continued to work for the Committee and established a Great Barrier Reef Committee there, which quickly raised £8580 (of which £1000 was contributed by the Queens­ land Great Barrier Reef Committee). The Great Barrier Reef Expedition of 1928-29 was mounted under C.M. Yonge, and spent a year on the reef with its base on Low Isles; it contributed an unsurpassed series of papers on the biology of coral reef animals and plants, and on reef sedimentology, published from 1930 onwards by the British Museum (Natural History) (Yonge 1930, p. 2). This expedition is a highlight of scientific research in Queensland, and Richards must have had great personal satisfaction in noting what his initiative and follow-up had achieved. It certainly placed the Department of Geology of the University of Queensland on the world scientific map. Richards remained hopeful of improving relations with the Geological Survey, and to this end arranged for £25-£50 to be put on the annual estimates, for lectures which he hoped would be given by Benjamin Dunstan, Chief Government Geologist; but it does not appear that any such were given, al­ though the two men attended several important geological conferences together during the decade. The appointment of an extremely able Queensland University graduate (A.K. Denmead) to the Geological Survey staff in 1927, apparently without Dunstan’s knowledge, but presumably with the approval of the Public Service Commissioner, J.D. Story, who was a powerful member of the Univer­ sity Senate, did not help matters. In 1929, Richards accepted (with Senate approval - he was always very punctilious in these matters) the Premier’s invitation to act as a member of a Royal Commission appointed to enquire into the mining industry in Queens­ land. The Commission visited all the more important mining fields and towns in the state. This experience greatly broadened his knowledge and influenced his lectures on economic geology in the thirties. The Commission reported in 1930 and, among other things, recommended that a Director of the Geological Survey be appointed with responsibility direct to the Minister for Mines, with a salary that would attract a really first class geologist of sound training and experience, personality and administrative ability; that the staff of the Survey be reinforced and a systematic geological survey be undertaken; that three specialist officers be appointed to it, a topographical surveyor, a petrologist- 16

mineralogist, and a geophysicist; and further, that an essential qualification for appointment to professional positions on the Survey and other technical branches of the Mines Department be a university degree or its equivalent. The report does not seem to have improved relations between the University and the Survey; many of its other recommendations were implemented, but not those concerning the Director and technical officers. In 1927 Richards and Prof. B.D. Steele were appointed to the Advisory Oil Board set up by the Department of Mines. During the twenties, the Department through its head played an ever- increasing role in intra-university administration also. Richards was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science in 1923; in 1925 he became President of the Board of Faculties and consequently resigned as Dean of Science, and became also an associate member of several important Senate committees such as Education, Buildings and Grounds, and the Select Committee to consider University development. Richards became President of the Staff Association in 1925 and remained in that office until 1944. In 1926 he was elected to the Senate on which he continued until 1932. He was ex-officio Chairman of the Public Examinations Committee, the Music Advisory Board, and the Joint Committee for the control of Tutorial Classes - all of which took up time and energy, but in which his fair-mindedness and efficiency contributed greatly to the smooth running of the University. He played a full part in the debates on the University site, and was also appointed Chairman of a Committee to consider the establishment of the Faculty of Agriculture. He represented the University at several of the interstate meetings of the Standing Advisory Com­ mittee of the Australian Universities, which evolved later into the Austrlaian Universities Vice-Chancellors Committee. A general urge to develop research became apparent in the decade. The State Government was persuaded to subsidise donations to the University for research purposes by £ 1 for £ 1, to a maximum of £ 10,000 in any one year. An Open Scholarship for the encouragement of scientific research was instituted in 1927, at £200 p.a., but suspended during the depression years of the thirties. However, the University in 1924 expressed itself against the idea canvassed by the University of Melbourne at that time that Australian universities should introduce the research Ph.D. degree, preferring to assist its outstanding post­ graduate students to gain research experience abroad. Richards also continued as Chairman of the Queensland Committee of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Departmental staff increased significantly during the twenties, and total student numbers also with the formation of new faculties and the popularity of university education generally. While Richards and Bryan were engaged on field work in the Esk area, Richards’ car slid off a greasy road (no bitumen on country roads then) and Bryan’s leg was badly broken, necessitating leave of absence for the third term of 1925. It was arranged that F.W. Whitehouse, who had graduated with first class honours in Geology and a Gold Medal in 1922, and had just returned with his Ph.D. from Cambridge and been appointed to the Geological Survey staff, should replace Bryan temporarily. When Bryan returned to duty it had become apparent that Richards’ multiplying duties and 17

the growth and projected growth of student numbers justified a new appoint­ ment. Thus, Whitehouse was appointed Lecturer as from 1 July 1926, at £450 p.a., it having been arranged that he should continue doing palaeonto­ logical work for the Survey for which the Department of Mines would pay £150 annually to the University towards his salary. He took over from Bryan the lectures on palaeontology and stratigraphy, and Bryan lightened Richards’ load by lecturing in mineralogy and petrology. Also, in 1923 the Department acquired its exceptionally able clerk-typiste. Miss M. McCarthy. Walter Heywood Bryan, who had replaced A.B. Walkom in 1920, taking over the palaeontology and stratigraphy courses established by Walkom, in addition had developed a splendid course for the third year on Major Problems, during which he effortlessly imparted to his students the habit of going back to original sources when reviewing any aspect of science. Bryan was a quiet kindly man, sympathetic with, and helpful to students, very loyal to Richards and collaborating closely with him in research and administration, efficiently standing in for him when Richards’ many journeys representing the University took him away (Acting Professors received only £100 p.a. additional pay). He was more deliberate than Richards, preferring for instance to “sleep on it” before replying to mail or to requests to take action; Richards on the other hand aimed at return-of-mail replies; Bryan in a passing reference to this, once said “Time and again I’ve seen him caught by changes in circumstances”. Bryan greatly valued reliability in his associates, and thought that second class honours graduates were in general more dependable as departmental officers than first class graduates. He had an astringent, even comical sense of humour, which he seldom expressed because of his care not to hurt people’s feelings (Hill 1966, p. 614). His tastes in research were eclectic; in 1926 he received the first D.Sc. to be awarded to a student who had graduated from this university, with a thesis on “Earth movements in Queensland”. He increased his interest in crustal struc­ ture, and with the beginning of the Faculty of Agriculture he developed an interest in soils. Frederick William Whitehouse was charismatic, vital, and a bachelor, enthusiastic about his teaching, his research, his U.Q. Dramatic Society and Rowing Club activities, and his various amusements which at this time included jogging around Kangaroo Point footpaths at night to keep fit. His academic career had been brilliant; coming to the University in 1919, he had obtained first class honours in geology with a Gold Medal and a Foundation Travelling Scholarship, which was for two years at £250 p.a., but was extended for a third year when at the end of two years his Cambridge supervisors wrote to the University asking that his scholarship be extended for a year to enable him to complete his Ph.D., the only time the Scholarship has been so extended. His thesis was on Queensland Cretaceous cephalopods and bivalves, and was a suit­ able starting point for the work he was to accomplish on the Great Artesian Basin, and which he began in the twenties. Miss Mary McCarthy had been appointed to the university staff as clerk-typiste to the Faculty of Science in 1923. It soon became apparent that there was more than enough work for her in Geology, and the Department was so fortunate as to have her services exclusively until the end of 1972. She 18 formed the personal link between the Department and all its former students; they all sought her out first when revisiting the University, invariably to be recognised instantly and warmly welcomed, with pertinent enquiries after their fortunes and well-being. She was evenly courteous, friendly and sympathetic to all, nevertheless firm and extremely efficient, with very clear recollections of facts and figures at all times. A.N. Falk (‘Alby’) was geological assistant and demonstrator through­ out the decade, presiding over the arrangements for the annual (usually 7-day), week-end and day field excursions, and over the collections and lecture demon­ stration specimens. Edward Valentine (Val) Robinson joined the Department as a boy in 1927; he rose later to Senior Lecturer. The entire academic and technical staff worked well together. Departmental research increased in volume and maintained its high standard. Richards continued his work on volcanic rocks, on building stones and local engineering geology, and made many excursions to the Great Barrier Reef, publishing his observations from time to time. He and Bryan completed a field and laboratory project on the geology of the Silverwood-Lucky Valley area, for which Bryan did very considerable research on the invertebrate fossil faunas. Richards and Bryan together made many reports on Queensland geology to A.N.Z.A.A.S. and Bryan made his first essays in soil science. Bryan and Whitehouse discussed the palaeogeography of Queensland. Whitehouse had studied Cretaceous ammonites and bivalves for his Ph.D. thesis, and made several journeys by car or truck into the Great Artesian Basin, for new collec­ tions and mapping. He was a poor car-driver, apparently oblivious of any limitations a car might have, and over the years he left several worn out cars and trucks rusting in western Queensland. He was at this time considering what light fossil faunas and floras might throw on past climate and continental drift, which had become popular foci of interest in geological circles. Honours students carried out significant research for their theses and completed field studies on the Tertiary deposits of the Southeast Moreton district (O.A. Jones), on the Brisbane Schists (A.K. Denmead) and on the Triassic of the Brisbane Valley (D. Hill). Jones, who went to Cambridge for postgraduate work in 1926 and returned in 1929, worked on favositid and other Silurian and Devonian corals. In 1925 Richards arranged for a volcanic plug in the Toowoomba Municipal Quarries to be reserved for scientific purposes and a bronze plaque was attached to the plug. He and other staff members visited it from time to time to assure themselves of its well-being and to demonstrate it to students. It was, with the acquiescence of the University, quarried away in the seventies. The curriculum was improved during the decade, but the standard geofogy course remained Geology I, with lectures extended from 60 to 90, Pure Maths I, Chemistry I and Physics I in the first year, Pure Maths II, Geology II (offered also in the evening) and Chemistry II in the second year, and Geology III and Chemistry III in the third year. Alternatives were possible, by which Biology I could be taken in place of Pure Maths I, and Biology II in place of Pure Maths II provided a course in calculus was done in the second year. Provision was made for a full fourth year for the Honours course, which 19 then required a field and laboratory study as the subject of the thesis, three essays, and attendance at special honours lectures, plus a prescribed course of reading. The M.Sc. was gained on application two years after graduating with first or second class honours. As the decade advanced, more service courses were added to those already given to the civil engineers, as Forestry, and Agriculture and Surveying courses were introduced, and variations made in the Applied Science (Industrial Chemistry) course. The service courses greatly increased the numbers of students graduating with some knowledge of geology and incidentally allowed the Department to increase its staff. Field excursions and camps were the highlights of the geological year. During the decade, 7-day second and third year excursions were taken to Silverwood, Pine Mt, Esk, North West Islet, Mundubbera, Warwick, Rockhamp­ ton, Noosa, and Hervey Bay, several breaking new ground, so that students could note the field procedures to be followed in mapping a new area; several also were under canvas, though, as the decade progressed, arrangements tended to permit at least the women to have a roof over their heads. Staff wives still acted as chaperones. The Rockhampton trip was notable for a dash along the Yeppoon sands in the (then) high-speed car of a medical brother of Professor Richards. A weekend first year trip to the south coast with the service course students participating (the engineers being somewhat of an attraction to the Geology I women) was fairly regularly on the programme. Saturday trips, two for second years and several for first years, were taken in the Brisbane-Ipswich area, the students going to the required spot by train or tram, or very occasion­ ally by family car. Several of the students who graduated in geology in the twenties rose high in their professions in the fifties and sixties -- F.W. Whitehouse to Associate Professor, O.A. Jones to Reader, A.K. Denmead to Queensland Chief Govern­ ment Geologist, Dorothy Hill to Research Professor, and N.H. Fisher to Director, Bureau of Mineral Resources; several engineers later distinguished themselves in military service, others in their civil profession. Student life at the lower end of George Street was very enjoyable; numbers were not great, and it was possible to know all staff and all other students, except the external students; day and evening students mingled very well at social and sporting functions. College life nourished, through inter­ college sporting fixtures, college dances, college tennis parties etc., and there were interfaculty sporting fixtures and occasional faculty dances; tennis parties and dances were also held in private houses. Dancing was very popular in the twenties, and was used to raise money for touring sports teams; the women were more efficient than the men at running these dances, always showing a profit. Beginning with the Freshers’ welcome as the first function of the year, dancing occurred in the reception rooms of old Government House. Staff and their wives attended, the wives serving as chaperones as well as dancing occasionally with the men students; supper was spread in the men’s common room - the cakes and sandwiches commonly being made and given by the women and the milk for the coffee boiled in kerosene tins in the kitchenette in the women’s common room. Single tickets were 3s. 3d. (including 3d. tax), and the women bought their own. Parents cars were used for transport, and for 20

sitting in between dances; dancing ended promptly at midnight when ‘God save the King’ was played. Student clubs increased innumber and variety, and were well patronised; Musical Society, Dramatic Society, Debating Club, Students Christian Move­ ment among many others drew their followers. One club in everyday action was the L.B.T.D.A. (lunch-bringing-tea-drinking-association) of the women’s common room which looked after the kitchenette and saw that provision of crockery, tea, and coffee was sufficient. The Sports Union diversified also, and swimming won adherents; athletics were catered for by an annual meet at which Profs Michie and Priestley presided, there being events for men and women. There was also a regatta on the Domain reach of the river, in which scratch women’s fours raced and also mens fours coxed by women; the men hoped to enliven the latter races by surreptitiously crossing the strings, but few collisions resulted. Rowing, football, and cricket were the most popular men’s sports, and hockey drew most women; the 1924 team, playing on its home ground, stands as the only Queensland team to win the women’s Intervarsity Hockey. Commem. week was always a highlight of the year; in addition to the ball in honour of the graduates, the commem. procession was a great favourite with floats lampooning local characters and incidents; toward the end of the decade the floats were censored by the Union executive. During the graduation ceremony itself, the undergraduates sang songs with words composed by them­ selves in honour of their faculty or of various staff members whose idiosyn­ crasies had caught student attention; weekly practices of these songs were held in the men’s common room as a lead up to the ceremony. The Senate lived with student behaviour at the graduation ceremony, even if it disapproved.

THE THIRTIES

The thirties began and ended with separate international disasters, the great depression at the beginning, and the 1939-45 war at the end. Neverthe­ less, especially in the decade’s second half, considerable expansion in the numbers of faculties and of subjects taught at the University of Queensland was achieved, and priorities were set and building plans drawn up for the St Lucia site. The University of Queensland suffered from the depression by having its statutory government grant reduced from 1931 to late 1936 from £20,000 per annum to £16,000 and by reduction of income from its invested bequest funds and from student fees (reductions mainly in number of evening and external students); the staff suffered by having their salaries reduced by 15% over a similar period; research endeavour and the students suffered by the suspension of the Foundation Travelling Scholarships and the Open Scholar­ ship for the encouragement of original scientific research. During the years of reduced statutory grants, the University balanced its pared budgets by drawing on its accumulated interest on invested bequest funds. Towards the end of the decade, the Government made supplementary funds available for developments in dentistry, medicine, veterinary science, and law, and by 1940 estimated 21 income and expenditure were of the order of £70,000 compared with £50,000 in 1930. Even during the depression, debate continued on priorities in the development of new courses and faculties, select committees were active, and the University groped toward three-year planning. Canvassing for the inaugura­ tion of the Faculties of Dentistry. Medicine, Veterinary Science, and Law, and for courses in Architecture Education, Mining and Metallurgy, Music, Survey­ ing, Geography, and Biblical Studies was vigorous, and suggestions were put forward at first for university departments at Rockhampton and Townsville, later for a University College at Townsville; the expansion of external studies was also desired by many. Premier W. Forgan-Smith was very receptive to arguments for widening the scope of university education, and from 1934 onwards the flow of government funds became freer, and university morale lifted. By 1936 the Faculties of Dentistry, Medicine, Veterinary Science and Faw were inaugurated formally. Later, new courses in Surveying, Education and Biblical Studies were started in existing faculties, though for Education at least a Board of Studies, commonly the preliminary to the formation of a Faculty, was set up and a course given for a Diploma in Education. Diplomas were more and more considered as stepping stones on the path to degree courses. Growth in the numbers of professors caused a reorganization of the Board of Faculties, and in 1937 this was formally re-named the Professorial Board. In 1937 the University received an invigorating grant of £4,000 for research from the C.S.I.R. This marked the beginning of Commonwealth financial assistance to Australian University research, and was a very important milestone in our development. £30,000 p.a. for 1936 to 1940 were divided amongst the universities. In 1941 the grant was enlarged to £31,000 p.a.; it included £9,000 for Social Sciences, which was however administered by the Department of Post-war Reconstruction. The grant increased and evolved through a series of administrative changes to the $16 million today allocated to the universities of Australia through the Australian Research Grants Commission (Moore, A.L. 1965, p. 225). During 1937 the expansionary policies of Nazi Germany caused those nations that had let their defences run down to start the effort to re-arm, and Australia, like so many others, was beginning reviews of its manpower and material resources. The importance of graduates from the engineering, science, medical and other fields was recognised, and steps were taken to proclaim selected occupations as reserved from call-up of manpower, should such become necessary. Long-vacation national service training (‘Nasho’) was instituted for an enlarged university regiment by 1939-40. When war broke out in 1939, there was, until 1942, little disruption in university affairs, apart from the call-up of staff on the reserve of officers. The work of the Department of Geology was not greatly affected in the thirties by the depression or the impending war. It had its maintenance grant reduced from £150 p.a. in 1930 to £100 in 1931 and 1932 but by 1938 the grant had been increased to £200. Its library grant was also cut to £40 but by 1940 this had recovered to £70 and meanwhile Richards had obtained one 22 or two special grants for the purchase, very cheaply, of back runs of periodicals. Also, the library was augmented by gifts of periodical runs and books from Whitehouse, Hill, and Jones, from R.S. Bassler of the U.S. National Museum and from the American Museum of Natural History. Its collections were aug­ mented by field work and by gifts from others. In 1939 W.H. Bryan was called up for service in the Censors Office, but was back in the University for the 1940 year, and the Department did not lose further staff until the forties. Richards further extended his community service when in 1932 with Senate approval he accepted an invitation by the Commonwealth Government to join S.F. Markham in a survey of Australian and New Zealand Museums and Art Galleries; they prepared a Report and a Directory for the Carnegie Corpora­ tion, Richards received the Carnegie Medal for his services, and was in 1933 made a Corresponding Member of the American Museum of Natural History. The Department and the University benefited indirectly from his work on museums. He was awarded a Carnegie Grant to travel in Europe and America during 1935, and came back with a splendid case for support for research which he put before the Senate in 1936. The report on his overseas activities which Richards presented to Senate was indeed impressive, and among other things could well have pre-conditioned the Senate to its eventual acceptance of the principle of normal rather than of special study leave for staff. This, however, was to come later; for the thirties, Senate was content with its special overseas leave arrangements, which could cost it as little as £ 100 (the amount of extra salary paid to an Acting-Professor). Richards brought home up-to-date knowledge of international develop­ ments in geology and in geological administration. He represented the University at the centenary celebrations of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, and on his way back to Brisbane he attended a further conference in Melbourne to consider establishing a federal geological survey. He noted overseas interest in producing oil from coal, and the new developments everywhere in geophysics and geophysical prospecting; he visited the high pressure laboratories at the Carnegie Institution in Washington, where, perhaps more than anywhere else at the time, geochemistry was emerging as a recognised science. He also visited the Seismology Laboratory at Pasadena, California, where Gutenberg and Richter were developing world-wide seismographic reporting; he was pressed to provide data from the southwest Pacific area, and it is an interesting co­ incidence that an earthquake shock centred near Gayndah should have occurred in 1935, and led a Queensland man to offer £ 100 to the Senate for the purchase of a Milne-Shaw Seismograph. It might be noted that in an earlier decade the Senate had refused a gift of a seismograph from its senator E.C. Barton; this time it accepted, and added £25 to the sum offered; when Richards returned, he obtained C.S.I.R. endowment fund support for a second Milne-Shaw. W.H. Bryan and S.G. Lusby (Physics Department) set up the two instruments in the basement of a new concrete and brick structure built as a temporary University Library on the Domain site next to the Department of Geology in 1937. Thus was the University’s Seismology Laboratory started; its readings were fed into the world centres where they were gratefully received. Bryan maintained an active correspondence with the seismologists at Pasadena, who encouraged his 23 efforts, and with others in the southwest Pacific area, in an attempt to improve earthquake location in this active but little understood region. His pioneering contribution to Australian seismology is commemorated in the naming of the University’s W.H. Bryan Seismograph Station at Mount Nebo on the western outskirts of metropolitan Brisbane. The Department continued to serve Commonwealth and State in various ways other than in the teaching of geology. Richards continued as Chairman of the Queensland Committee of C.S.I.R., and on the C.S.I.R. Council, and consequently again made many journeys to Melbourne; he also represented the University at various meetings of the Standing Advisory Committee of the Australian Universities, the forerunner of the Australian Universities Vice- Chancellors Committee. He was for many years either Vice-President or member of the executive committee of the Australian National Research Council, which began in 1919 and comprised the Fellows of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science. During 1935-38 he was Chairman of the Mining Committee of the State Bureau of Industry, and from 1938 he was a member of the Artesian Water Committee, which, perhaps more than anything else, was responsible for supporting and developing Whitehouse’s interest in the Great Artesian Basin. From 1938 onwards he was a member of the University Works Board that was to construct for the State the university buildings at St Lucia. He continued his support of the Royal Society of Queensland, of which he was President again in 1938. The Great Barrier Reef Committee was relatively inactive during the depression, but while Richards was on leave in 1935 he planned its next phase of operations; he received promises of donations of about £3750:- £ 1500 from English sources, £1250 from the Commonwealth Government, £1000 from the G.B.R.C. and £ 100 for each of the years 1936 and 1937 from the University of Queensland. He arranged two projects involving the visits of English scientists to the Reef. The first, a visit by the Cambridge geographer J.A. Steers, even­ tuated in 1936, his party sailing along the Reef in Senator T.L. Jones’ “Cambria” ; its results were quickly published. The second, for the Cambridge marine zoologist Stanley Gardiner, failed to eventuate from lack of financial support in England, and the G.B.R.C. substituted for it in 1937 a second boring through the Reef, this time near its southern end, on Heron Island. This was supervised by J.B. Henderson another University senator, and gave significant results which were worked out in the Department in the next decade. The rig used was again a Victoria calyx drill loaned by the Victorian Department of Mines. Richards’ ability to accomplish significant achievements on a shoe­ string budget was indeed impressive. Richards carried a heavy load of university administration in the thirties. He was a member of the Senate and President of the Board of Faculties in 1930 and 1931, andin 1932-1934 he was Dean of the Faculty of Science, and a member of various Select Committees; as a member of the Buildings and Grounds Committee he assisted greatly in the development of plans for the move to St Lucia. Among other things, he recommended use of Camp Mountain granodiorite for the base courses, and Helidon freestone for the facing stones. The result has been an exceedingly handsome appearance; the 24 warm brown cladding of freestone, with its variation in colour toning, is highly appropriate to Queensland sunshine. During the last half of the decade, when priorities for the move to St Lucia were set, Geology was at first allocated 11,000 sq. ft of floor space in its own building, in Stage II of the plan; but as time went on it was advanced into Stage I. The staff busied itself drawing up plans for building and furnishings, but when the war intervened the move was delayed by a full decade. When regular radio broadcasting was first introduced (1931 to 1932) Richards, Bryan and Whitehouse all contributed talks on aspects of geology. Perhaps the most notable development within the Department in the thirties was the boost to its research occasioned both by the Commonwealth grant of £4,000 to the University through the C.S.I.R., and by the initiation of a Research Committee, with Richards as its chairman, to distribute the £4,000. It did so in order that research projects could begin early in 1937. The com­ mittee gradually evolved into the Senate Research Committee formally appointed annually from 1949. Geology was allocated money for several projects which have subsequently had a long and distinguished history. From 1930 onwards, Richards and Bryan continued to collaborate in field-based research, and wrote papers on the geology ofMt Barney, Mt Coolum, the Gigoomgan limestone and the Brisbane tuff, and several reports on Queens­ land geology for A.N.Z.A.A.S. Both also wrote papers on Great Barrier Reef geology, and Bryan began his notable work on both spherulites and seismology, while continuing work on soils and earth movements. Whitehouse collaborated in some of these studies, and continued researching on various topics concerning the Great Artesian Basin. He also began and completed his most notable palaeontological work on Cambrian trilobites, and broke new ground with papers on the Permian faunas and flora that developed out of his investigations for the Geological Survey. The projects that were in part supported financially by C.S.I.R. funds from the beginning of 1937 were Bryan’s on soils and on seismology, and Whitehouse’s on the Great Artesian Basin and on the Cambrian faunas. After the university staff project money had been distributed, there was some £785 left over for research scholarships, and from this Dorothy Hill was awarded a C.S.I.R. Research Scholarship (£400 p.a. and £100 for expenses) which she took up in September, 1937. Dorothy Hill had had a fortunate time during the depression, having gained the last Foundation Travelling Scholarship awarded in 1930 before they were suspended, and an Orient Free Passage. She studied at Cambridge, where she was awarded a Ph.D. in 1932, for work on Australian Carboniferous corals; shß then supported herself in Cambridge for the next 5 years by winning, successively, the Old Students’ Research Fellowship of Newnham College and a Senior Scholarship of the Exhibition of 1851, working on Palaeozoic corals generally. In 1937 Richards advised her of the University of Queensland award of the C.S.I.R. Scholarship, and she was delighted to return home and set about describing the Australian Palaeozoic corals. The Department was truly a hive of research during the closing years of the decade. O.A. Jones periodically visited (and collaborated with D. Hill in one paper), and began his interest in economic geology, being at this time a consultant on his own account. Marjorie 25

Whitehouse, an honours student, worked on minerals, and other honours students undertook projects not at that time resulting in publications. To cope with the expanding publication record of the staff, the University had decided to publish series of reprints of University papers, at first for the University as a whole, and in 1936 for individual departments; the Department of Geology started its Papers, New Series, in 1937. Later, in the forties, the series published original research papers. There was a change of personnel in the technical staff of the Department in January 1938, when A.N. Falk who had resigned after 26 years with the department was replaced by E. Val Robinson. Heber A. Longman, Director of the Queensland Museum and international authority on vertebrate fossils, gave 5 special lectures a year on vertebrate palaeontology from 1939 onwards. Student life followed, in its social and sporting aspects, the pattern of the twenties, but as the 1939-^45 war approached, ‘Nasho’ in the expanding University Regiment took up many men students’ time in the long vacations, and the first term started somewhat later than usual. For this war, planning for manpower use started earlier than it did in the 1914-18 war, and students of several faculties were regarded as belonging to reserved occupations and did not become subject to compulsory call-up for the forces provided they attended kNasho’ camps; they were not encouraged to enlist in the 2nd A.I.F., but could do so if they felt strongly enough. Though the number of science students taking geology rose but little during the decade, the number of students of other faculties taking service courses in geology rose significantly. Several of the geology students of the thirties later in the sixties rose to important positions including C.L. Knight (C.R.A.), Tom Connah and Harry Cribb, both to become senior geologists in the Geological Survey of Queensland, and Clive Wolfram Ball who took up a geological career in Canada. A notable student activity that began in 1938 and extended throughout the forties was the annual Science Students Expedition, organised by the students themselves, and led in 1938 and 1939 as research expeditions by D. Hill. The first, to Moreton Bay. was a magnificent affair, for which T.L. Jones (father of O.A. Jones) loaned his yacht “Cambria” and her Master; a series of reports was written, which was presented to the Senate, and also to the Royal Society of Queensland at one of its monthly meetings. The second was to Somerset Dam. The expeditions proved of great value in generating interest in postgraduate research, but the students were unsuccessful in obtain­ ing financial support from the Senate. There were few curriculum changes in geology during the decade; the 1936 degree rules permitted alternative first year courses for intending geolo­ gists. The officially preferred course was Chemistry I, Physics I, Pure Maths I and Geology I (ninety lectures); the other was Chemistry I, Physics I, Biology I and Geology I, plus some calculus taken in the second year. Again there were three second year subjects each of ninety lectures, Chemistry II being obligatory, and two third year subjects. Honours was still a full year course, now with fifty lectures, prescribed reading, essays on three set topics and a thesis supported by field work, though an innovation was introduced by which Graham Hall was permitted to do his honours course while working at Mt. Isa. Also Science 26

German became obligatory for Geology Honours students. Service courses and the numbers of students taking them increased. In 1939 Geology I (90 lectures) was taken by Science and Arts students, by B.Sc. (Appl.Sci. I) students, by B.Sc. (Forestry I) students, by Engineering and Surveying students and by Agriculture I students. Special 60-lecture courses in Geology II were given for Agriculture II students (Agricultural Geology - Soil Science), and on crystallography, mineralogy, petrology and economic geology to third year Mining Engineers. Fourth year B.Sc. (Appl.Sci. in Indus­ trial Chemistry) students took either the 30-lecture course in Economic Geology III or a course in Biology. There was also a special 10-lecture course for third and fourth year Civil Engineers.

THE FORTIES

The Second World War provided the impulse for Commonwealth (i.e., Federal Government) entry into education in Australia, which traditionally and constitutionally had been a State responsibility. The 1914-1918 war had shown the necessity for national planning for the wartime use of our resources in men and materials. Compulsory national service was reintroduced in October 1939, and ‘Nasho’ saw most of the male undergraduate population of the University in camp for 77 days over the 1939-40 long vacation; this was repeated in 1940-41, with a 70-day camp, the university term starting later in order not to disadvantage the trainees; supplementary camps and parades were held during the year, the men receiving some pay for their service. In March 1940, the Minister for Defence Co-ordination made an order setting out a list of reserved occupations whose members should not be subject to compulsory call-up for service in the armed forces. When initially applied to the relatively very small numbers of university students, this order affected only those enrolled in faculties of science engineering, medicine, dentistry, veterinary science and agriculture and these were required to attend National Service camps and parades of the University Regiment. In Australia at large it concerned, among many others, graduates from those faculties. At first men could enlist if they so desired but after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, manpower regulations tightened and reserved scientists (including university staff and students) came under the control of the Director-General of Manpower (E.C. Wurth), with whom they had to register and who could determine where, when and how they could be required to serve. I. Clunies Ross was appointed (March 1942) as Adviser on Scientific and Technical Personnel, later as Director of Scientific Personnel, to liaise between scientists and manpower authorities. He created Central Advisory Committees for various categories of scientists, each with State committees; the Australian National Research Council and the Association of Scientific Workers acted as the Central Advisory Committee for geologists, botanists, zoologists, physiologists, biochemists, and mathematicians, H.C. Richards being Hon. Secretary of its Queensland State Committee. The Director of Scientific Personnel reviewed the country’s resources in trained personnel (including graduates in science), and made estimates of numbers required by the various forces and civilian services (Mellor 1958, chap. 9). 27

It was soon found that not enough students were coming forward to fill the quotas set, one of the reasons being the inability cf many prospective students to pay for courses. As one result, the Financial Assistance Scheme was begun, in late 1942 and early 1943, subject to a means test. A Universities Commission (Chairman, Prof. R.C. Mills) was set up about the same time to look after all matters affecting universities and education that came under the concern of the Minister for War Organization of Industry; the Director-General of Manpower had power to enforce the decisions of the Commission which advised him on exemption of students and staffs of univer­ sities from other forms of national service, dealt with questions of employment of university graduates, administered financial assistance to students, and regulated university enrolments. Thus was born the original Universities Commission from which, by mutation, evolved in the fifties the Australian Universities Commission as we know it today. It performed its wartime duties with conspicuous ability and fairness. It administered the Commonwealth Financial Assistance Scheme and the Post-war Reconstruction Training Scheme whicti grew up in parallel. Together these marked the beginning of Common­ wealth financial assistance to university students and to universities. It had not been long before discharged returned servicemen were looking for entry or re-entry into the universities, and in 1943 the War Cabinet appointed a Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Committee; in its early phases it was concerned mainly with correspondence courses conducted by the universities, including the University of Queensland which already had an important external studies department. These courses were for servicemen in camps mostly, but the Government also offered training to all who had missed educational opportunities due to war service, or who were unable to return to their old occupation by reason of incapacity caused by war, or who had inter­ rupted their courses to enlist or had enlisted under the age of 21, or who were war widows. Appreciable numbers of people in these categories wished to undertake university courses, and to cover the costs to the universities the Commonwealth allotted subsidies for the payment of trainees fees, for the cost of tuition, or for the equipment necessary to teach the trainees. The trainees were paid living allowances to ensure an income while training, and allowances for books and scientific equipment. The effect of the Reconstruction Training scheme was felt mostly in faculties of science, engineering, medicine, and veterinary science, and some universities even had buildings required for such teaching or such faculty paid for by the Commonwealth. But the University of Queensland was not among these, as it had a forward building programme of its own under way with State funds. A Commonwealth Office of Education was set up in 1945, and the Universities Commission was then made a permanent statutory body to advise the Commonwealth on the needs and problems of Australian universities, and to recommend the extent and level of grants to the States for universities and for financial assistance to universities established by the Commonwealth (i.e. A.N.U., founded in 1945). Soon afterwards the University Research Grants Committee was established to replace the earlier scheme administered by C.S.I.R. In 1947-48 the universities were submitting their claims for financial aid through the Office of Education. 28

Thus, by the end of the war, the stage was set for the assumption by the Commonwealth of the States’ responsibilities for education, by the use of Section 96 of the Constitution (Cowen 1972, pp. 3-6), which permitted the Commonwealth to attach conditions to grants made to the States for special purposes. The takeover was greatly aided by the transfer of financial power from States to Commonwealth that ensued from the Uniform Tax Act passed during the war, and by which the Commonwealth collected the taxes and reimbursed the States according to an agreed formula. The work of the Department of Geology was naturally greatly affected by the war. Its head not only carried the heavy load of university administration that had become normal for him; he also undertook considerable executive and committee work at the national and state levels. He continued as a member of council of C.S.I.R. and as Chairman of its Queensland committee. The C.S.l.R. was reconstituted and its name was changed in 1949 to Commonwealth Scien­ tific and Industrial Research Organization (C.S.I.R.O.). Richards’ work as Vice- Chairman or executive member of the Australian National Research Council involved him in consideration of advice to be tendered to the government on the use of scientific manpower in war; as Hon. Secretary of the State Committee of the Central Advisory Committee to the manpower authorities for geologists, botanists, zoologists, physiologists, biochemists, and mathematicians, he helped in placing scientists in appropriate positions in the armed or civilian services. Richards was a member of the A.N.R.C. committee of four (Chairman, Prof. L. Cotton) that prepared a report on the mineral resources of Australia. This report was of great significance for the future development of geology in Australia for, as one result of it, the Commonwealth Government increased the size of the Commonwealth Geological Branch, at that time headed by Dr H.G. Raggatt, by the addition to it of the geophysicists previously engaged in the Aerial, Geological, and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia, and renamed it the Commonwealth Mineral Resources Survey. This small body made consider­ able advances in exploration geology and exploration geophysics, and, as a result of a change in government policy on the search for oil, it was in 1946 re-formed as the Bureau of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources (subsequently Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics), again under the leadership of H.G. Raggatt and of P.B. Nye; it initiated government geological and geophysical surveys followed later by scout drilling. The policy quickly found State and company support and the B.M.R. never looked back, becoming to the mining industry what the C.S.I.R.O. was to agriculture and veterinary science. Many Queensland graduates in geology joined the Bureau’s staff, and it has been a valuable source of employment and field experience, as well, of course, as providing the basis on which the mining industry could develop. Again on the national level, Richards continued to serve as President of the Museums and Art Galleries Association of Australia, he was also Chairman öf the Oceanography committee of A.N.R.C. In a minor way on the national level, Hill, who happened to be studying collections at the Australian Museum when its Curator of Palaeontology (H.O. Fletcher) was called up for service 29 with an anti-aircraft battery, assisted the Museum authorities by selecting the most important (type) specimens from the 40,000 in the fully catalogued fossil collection, and packed them for transport to and safe keeping in the country. To the Queensland Government Richards gave assistance on the Artesian Water Committee set up under the Co-ordinator General of Public Works, and did much to see that Whitehouse’s geological research on the Great Artesian Basin bore fruit. He also served as Chairman of the Chemical and Technological Committee of the State Fuel Board (Oil Shales), and as a member of the State University Works Board. The artesian water research had been supported in the late thirties by the C.S.I.R. Projects fund, and in 1940 Whitehouse, who had enlisted in the army, was seconded to the Co-ordinator General’s Department to work full time on it. In mid-1941 he enlisted again, and though his service with the army entailed many field excursions in western and northern Queensland, these were mainly undertaken as terrain studies. However, from them he derived an extensive knowledge of the Quaternary geology and geomorphology of western Queensland, on which he published towards the end of the decade. At the end of the Pacific war he was again seconded, from the University, to the Co­ ordinator General’s Department, and in 1946 and 1947 again carried out extensive field and laboratory studies (the latter on the analysis of artesian water bore logs) on the basin. The results, finally published in 1955, form a lasting contribution to our knowledge of a structure of great importance to the primary industries of the State. The work of the Great Barrier Reef Committee was much reduced during the war, though one or two excursions were made in Moreton Bay. After the war, Hill became Hon. Secretary of the Committee, and after Richards’ death in 1947 E.O. Marks became Chairman, O.A. Jones Hon. Treasurer and Dr Ian Mackerras joined the Committee. Prof. E.G. Goddard had been very keen to establish a marine biological station on Heron Island, and following his death early in 1948 the Committee decided to make this its first objective; it raised sufficient funds to make a start (£500 from its own funds, £517 from the Goddard Memorial Fund, £1250 from the Royal Society (E.T. Browne Fund) and £200 from other sources. The newly appointed Professor of Architecture, R.P. Cummings, drew up plans for a long rectangular building constructed of coral bricks to be made on the island, with a laboratory at one end and sleeping quarters at the other, and aquaria in the middle. The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service agreed that the lighthouse vessel ‘Cape Leeuwin’ (Capt. Masterman) would* carry building materials to the island on its journeys north. Mr A. Crawfoot of the Department’s seismology staff started work on the building early in the fifties. Other service to the State by members of the Department included that by Hill, as Hon. Secretary (1938-1942) and President (1949) of the Royal Society of Queensland, and Jones, President of the same society (1948). Richards’ service in general university administration was again great. For 1941-42 he was Dean of the Faculty of Science, and he continued (from 1925 to 1944) as President of the Staff Association. From 1943 to 1947 he 30

Fig. 3. H.C. Richards Building, University of Queensland, St Lucia. 31 was a senator, and was elected Deputy Chancellor from December 1944 to 1946. He was Chairman of the Buildings and Grounds Committee 1943-47, Chairman of the committee that allocated the Commonwealth funds adminis­ tered by C.S.I.R. from 1936 to 1947, member of the Publications and Library committees, and Chairman of the John Darnell Fine Arts Committee from December 1940 to 1947. His services on the Buildings and Grounds Committee were particularly useful in keeping the planning for St Lucia going. He also served as Chairman of a committee that reviewed recommendations for administrative changes aimed at reducing the Senate’s load by devolution of some of its detail of decision, particularly in student matters, to the Professorial Board and the Faculties; this work, in time, saw the abolition of the Senate Education Committee, which was replaced by the Academic Committee for some of its functions, the remainder eventually devolving to a new Professorial Board Committee, the Education Committee. When Richards died of a stroke at the age of 63 in July 1947, he left a record of administrative achievement for the University then surpassed by none; Senate resolved that the new geology building (Fig. 3) at St Lucia be named the H.C. Richards Building, his ex-students subscribed to a £1000 fund from the interest on which is awarded the H.C. Richards Prize for the student who has shown the greatest merit in second level geology, and from part of the capital of which a portrait in oils was presented to the Department. The new Professor of Geology, appointed from 1 March 1948, was W.H. Bryan (Fig. 4), already well accustomed to running the Department while Richards was overseas or representing the University in southern states, or during his absence on sick leave at intervals between 1945 and 1947. The easy confidence and co-operation between the two men from 1920 to 1947 was a notable feature of University life. Staff salaries had increased but little; in 1948 they were still £1350-1600 p.a. for professors, and £725-850 for lecturers. In 1948 the Senate agreed to study leave for staff with over six years service, but no-one in geology wished to take such leave until the next decade. D. Hill had already obtained special leave during the long vacation to bring her knowledge of trends in historical geology up to date at Cambridge. Other staff changes occurred in the Department. In mid-1940, during Whitehouse’s absence from the Department, O.A. Jones was appointed Temporary Lecturer, and on 1 January 1946 he was appointed to the permanent staff. In 1942, Hill joined the civilian staff of Naval Officer in Charge, Brisbane, where she was joined by a number of women undergraduates as cypher staff, but continued vyith her research on a part time basis; in 1943 she joined the WRANS and after service on the Operations staff of NOIC Brisbane, she was seconded to HMAS Flinders to act for the three women’s services (WRANS, AWAS, and WRAAF) on the small interservice committee that drew up the plans for the demobilization of the armed services. She returned to the Department in 1946, as C.S.I.R. Research Officer part-time and lecturer part-time. After she had been approached by Sir Douglas Mawson concerning a lecturing post in Adelaide, she was appointed full-time to the lecturing staff as from 1 March 1947. Whitehouse, on demobilization had been 32

Fig. 4. Professor Walter Heywood Bryan. 33 seconded during 1946 and 1947 to the Co-ordinator General’s Department and Hill took over his lectures; Jones gave many of H.C. Richards’ lectures, particu­ larly those on economic geology. E.V. Robinson, who had taken a B.A. degree, with Geology I, II, and III as component subjects and had had experience (1935-1938) in New Guinea on an oil exploration job, was appointed Temporary Assistant Lecturer in 1945. In 1948, F.S. Colliver, a naturalist from Melbourne, was appointed to the staff as Keeper of the Collections, which by now had assumed large proportions; he also found himself in charge of a growing staff of laboratory assistants. In the forties, research, apart from Whitehouse’s abovementioned on the Artesian Basin, was, like the rest of University research, almost entirely sustained by Commonwealth funds administered by C.S.I.R., and allocated by the University Research Grants Committee, though some assistance was provided by grants for equipment (such as microscopes and a seismograph) made under the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Programme. The publication of research was supported by a small sum (£300 initially) from the C.S.I.R. funds, most of it being earmarked for results of research published in the Departmental Papers, but some being used for the purchase of reprints of papers published in other journals. The publications (and reprints) were used to build up exchanges for the Departmental Library, and over the years a very considerable addition of periodicals accrued. By 1947, the Department had been able to finance in part the post­ graduate research of some honours and M.Sc. students, but by 1949 the sums set aside for students whose research was supervised by staff were increased. The Senate appointed a Senate Research Committee from 1949 onwards, and the financial policy it evolved was of the greatest assistance in developing the high standards of research attained by the Department. Richards published on the need for pure research, and maintained his interest in reef work, D. Hill spending much of 1940-41 in working on the sediments recovered from the two bores through the reef (Richards & Hill 1942). Bryan continued his work on spherulites and collaborated with Hill on spheru- litic crystallisation in coral skeletons (Bryan & Hill 1942). He also developed his thinking on crustal structure in his Clarke Memorial Address to the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1944, and collaborated with Jones in a glossary of Queensland stratigraphy (Bryan & Jones 1944) and on the geological history of Queensland (1945). Bryan continued some soil studies, and developed the University Seismograph Station and its reporting to the international network. Three Benioff moving-coil seismographs were loaned to the Department in 1942, they had been intended for the Rabaul Observatory, but Rabaul passed into Japanese hands before they could be installed there. They were set up with the Milne^Shaws in the basement of the building on the Domain, which had passed to the Department of Public Instruction to become a High School and Commercial High School. Jones assumed direction of the station about 1946, and it continued to play an increasing role in the world-wide network of seismological reporting, while also analysing local quakes, like that at Maryborough in 1947, in greater detail. N.J. de Jersey, who assisted with the seismological work, applied seismological data to the identification of crustal 34 type in the southwest Pacific, and, with the acquisition of a Sprengnether demonstration seismograph (from C.R.T.S. equipment funds), the station began to work on the possibility of forecasting cyclones from microseisms. Jones also collaborated with Hill on the Palaezoic coral group Heliolitida, and published other coral papers, but his main interests now switched to ore genesis and ore minerals. He gained his D.Sc. in 1948 with a thesis on ore genesis in Queensland. While supervising de Jersey’s postgraduate work on palaeobotany he developed an interest in that aspect of geology also, and published on it. Hill had an especially prolific period of publication during 1940-1942, having taken her researches as far as then possible on the available collections, and for this work was awarded a D.Sc. in 1942. During the same years she had broadened her knowledge of Queensland palaeontology by determining the fossil faunas and floras collected by Shell (Queensland) Development Pty Ltd, and also coral faunas for the Geological Survey; when she returned to the University on demobilization in 1946 she prepared a paper on Permian brachiopods. The Brachiopoda constituted the most prolific group in Australian Palaeozoic faunas, and she thought from her experience with Shell collections, that the Permian would be the system most likely to produce oil in Queensland; as a result she started her research students on Permian and Carboniferous brachiopod studies. Also, in order to know enough about the basins of sedimentation to help in the search for oil, she felt it necessary to bring the geological map of Queensland up to date as far as possible, and obtained assistance, to that end, to compile information available from published and unpublished sources. Late in the decade she was asked by R.C. Moore, Editor of the then Anglo-American Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, to produce the section on Palaeozoic corals for that work, and set to work to survey the Palaeozoic coral faunas of the world. Honours and postgraduate students who produced papers for publication on their researches were Clive W. Ball on Somerset Dam and on heavy minerals in Mesozoic sediments; A.W. Beasley, first on Tertiary sediments and ostracods, and later on mineral sands; de Jersey in addition to his work on seismology published on plant fossils; R. Grad well began his studies of south­ east Queensland granites with a paper on the Yarraman granodiorite. It was extraordinarily heartening to see the way research interest was kindled during the decade; many of those who were undergraduates of the immediate post-war period became, in the fifties and later, addicted to research and attained high academic positions, or used their research training in the oil and metallic minerals industries. Hand in hand with the development of postgraduate research in the Department, there were important developments in teaching in the under­ graduate school. Bryan persuaded the Senate, through the Professorial Board, that a course should be offered in Applied Science (Geology) in order to train students more specifically for the industry; and also that a lecturer in geophysics should be appointed to teach this important aspect of earth sciences, which was becoming more and more necessary as its use in oil and other mineral exploration became apparent. The new course was ready for the Statutes in 35

1949, and the first classes were held in 1950. Whitehouse was promoted to Associate Professor from 1 January 1949, and took over the detailed organiza­ tion of the course from Bryan. It was to be a four-year course, the first year to comprise Geology I, Chemistry I (part), Physics I (part), and Pure Maths I; second year, Geology II, Chemistry II (Physical), and either Physics II or Pure Maths II; third year Geology III, Principles of Mining Methods, Ore Dressing, Metallurgy, Chemistry III; fourth year, Surveying for Mining Engineers, together with 30 weeks’ work with approved geological institution or mining company, and a field project. Teaching was carried on under great difficulties throughout the decade, during the war due to the absence of staff on war service or through illness, and after the war because the number of students more than doubled as a consequence of the Post-War Reconstruction Training Programme and the Financial Assistance Scheme of the Commonwealth. Numbers increased also, as a result of greater interest among school leavers in obtaining a university education. Geology classes more than doubled; the number of service courses increased, though the number of lectures in the older established service courses decreased. In 1949, Engineering I and Architecture I students took a 60-lecture course (without palaeontology and stratigraphy). Applied Science students completed a special 75-lecture course in Geology and Mineralogy (with elementary palaeontology). Agriculture and Forestry I students took a special 90-lecture course. In year II they undertook Soil Science, in year III the 604ecture course in Geology and Mineralogy as for Mining Engineering III, and in year IV the 10-lecture course in Geology and Mineralogy for Civil Engineering III. Toward the end of the decade, the Department began to benefit from other university changes. One was the appointment of Harrison Bryan, W.H. Bryan’s elder son, as University Librarian (on only a lecturer’s salary). In retrospect, this marked the end of the library’s neglect; it had been literally fatherless throughout the University’s history, except for a brief period of glorious promise when A.C.V. Melbourne championed it and obtained the interest of the Premier to such an extent that in the late thirties a building was put up as a temporary university library on the Domain; but unfortunately Melbourne’s early death left the library parentless again, and it required vigorous new blood to start the long uplift process. Harrison Bryan could accomplish little in the forties, but the Geology Library did get a part-time library assistant allotted to it to look after its growing collection. As part of its post-war expansion the University began the University Book Shop (1947) and then the University of Queensland Press (1948), and of course the Geology Department benefited like all others from these moves. It was decided that the H.C. Richards Building at St Lucia would be ready for the Department to move into during the summer vacation of 1949-50, and Whitehouse in particular was enthusiastically arranging for the capitals of its cloister columns to carry the arms of the colleges of the University of Cambridge (though he chauvinistically failed to include those of the women’s colleges). The geology staff also arranged for the splendid frieze depicting late 36

Palaeozoic and Mesozoic scenes on the Great Court front of the Geology Building, and, after the move to St Lucia in 1951-52, the paintings on the then Geology Museum walls of Mesozoic aquatic dinosaurs, a long painting showing the evolution in appropriate landscape of the animal and plant kingdoms from the Cambrian to the end of the Mesozoic, and finally an endwall piece showing the Tertiary and Quaternary landscapes, animals and plants of Australia. This labour of love, with the designs reproduced by local artists in stone and paint, was one of the more memorable features of Departmental life in the late forties and the early fifties. Student life during the war differed considerably. Many of those who had enlisted in the armed forces returned to finish their courses in the second half of the decade, when they were a notably sobering influence on the new students freshly matriculated from the schools. It was both a pleasure and a privilege to lecture to them; they took a while to reorient themselves but they knew what they wanted and doggedly settled down to study. As the war proceeded, student and civilian life felt the effects of the great increase in the population of the city of Brisbane due to the large number of servicemen stationed here, first our own men, and then increasingly after Pearl Harbour, large numbers of Americans. Air-raid precautions, first aid, tremendous pressure on the public transport systems due to petrol rationing, and, of course the normal difficulties created by food, clothing and tobacco rationing became part of life. The male students were mostly reservists, who attended camps in the long vacation and weekend camps and weekly parades at other times. After Pearl Harbour numbers of women students joined the Auxiliary Services, many of them also to return post-war to continue their courses. Many buildings were requisitioned for the use of the armed forces, among them the building at St Lucia that had already been completed, which became General Blarney’s Headquarters 1942-1944 (as commemorated on a bronze plaque in the entrance foyer to the Forgan Smith Building, where also there are rolls of honour of those killed in the 1914-1919 and 1939-1945 wars). The Army put up huts on the St Lucia site, and one of these, the mess hall, became the University Refectory when we moved out there; another became the General Purposes Hut, used subsequently by the Department of Geology as a temporary store for collections while they were being sorted. The tempo of life increased as the Japanese approached closer, and then gradually decreased again as they were pushed back. The Science Students Association continued their research expeditions in 1940 and 1941 to Moreton Bay (Green Island and Myora), greatly aided by the loan of the motor boat of the Registrar, Mr C. Page-Hanify, driven by Douglas Page-Hanify, a technical assistant in the Chemistry Department. These were led by D. Hill and the students made valuable reports on their work. In 1942 there was an expedition to Fraser Island, but no reports were issued. The 1946 expedition to Myora (led by Hill) again reported, as did the 1947 (Noosa Heads), 1948 (Mt Barney) and 1949 (Fraser Island) expeditions. Many students received the impulse to start a research career from these expeditions, several coming to occupy research positions with C.S.I.R.O., or academic posts. 37

The Zinc Corporation offered a scholarship for students in Geology and Mining Engineering in 1949, and J.F.G. Wilkinson won the first of these. Notable geology students of the forties in addition to those named in the paragraphs above on Departmental research, included D J. Beiford, J.N. Casey, and John Perry all of whom now occupy senior positions in the K.S.W. Campbell, now Reader in Geology, A.N.U., J.A. (Lex) Ferguson (Cement and Tile Industries), J.T. Woods (Queensland Under-Secretary for Mines), W.L. Hawthorne, now Deputy Chief Government Geologist; W.G.H. Maxwell and J.P. Webb, both of whom subsequently joined the Departmental staff. THE FIFTIES The last decade of our 50-year survey saw the consolidation of the provision of Commonwealth financial aid to the universities, and this federal financial power ensured that in the future Australian universities would develop in accord with Commonwealth policies. A Commonwealth committee of enquiry (Prof. R.C. Mills, Chairman) reported to the Prime Minister, R.G. Menzies, in 1950, and in December 1951 the State Grants Act (Universities) was passed by Federal Parliament. This legislated for block grants to the Universities, consisting of a special grant for the second half of 1950, and for basic and second level grants for 1951, 1952, and 1953, payable on condition that the University income from the State and from fees equalled or exceeded qualifying amounts. These grants, while still small, were of great assistance in financing building, equipment, and salaries; they were administered by the Commonwealth Office of Education. This represented the first of many three-year plans by which the Commonwealth was able to control the development of tertiary education in Australia. (Australia, Universities Commission, Annual Report for 1951, p. 31). In addition to its block grants, the Commonwealth introduced in 1951 the Commonwealth Scholarship Scheme, to replace both the Financial Assist­ ance Scheme and the Commonwealth Reconstruction Training Scheme (including its extension to Korea and Malaya veterans). Under the new scheme, 3000 scholarships were awarded annually to matriculants, including 100 mature-age students, about to enter the universities, and also some later year scholarships. Most of the University of Queensland’s courses were approved for holders of these scholarships. Winners were entitled to tuition fees and certain other compulsory expenses irrespective of a means test, and to a living allowance subject to a means test, the living allowance not to exceed £300 per annum. Men and women were at last treated equally. Research, too, continued to be assisted, at £100,000 p.a., through the Commonwealth University Research Grants Committee whose Chairman was the Director of the Commonwealth Office of Education (R.C. Mills), in liaison with the Vice-Chancellors Committee. Reviews at the end of 1950 indicated that the Commonwealth Research Grants had become an indispensable part of university finances, and that most universities were financing almost all their research with Commonwealth funds. Increased grants were made available during the fifties. 38

In spite of the increases in Commonwealth assistance the universities found it increasingly difficult to maintain their standards of teaching and to finance their building, equipment and staff requirements to meet the govern­ ment’s desire for increased numbers of graduates. Many pressures caused increased examination failure rates. The Murray Committee was appointed in 1956 to advise the government on the universities’ plight, and in November 1957 the Menzies Government announced decisions to set up a permanent Australian Universities Commission and to provide Commonwealth grants to the universities for the years 1958, 1959, and 1960 for approved developments. Beginning in 1959, 100 postgraduate scholarships were provided, the Common­ wealth to pay to the Universities £900 for each postgraduate scholar, £700 as stipend and £200 for tuition and facilities provided; the number of Common­ wealth Scholarships for undergraduates was increased for 1960, the means test having been liberalised beginning 1959. In 1960, when our review ends, the University of Queensland’s recurrent and other general funds were £4,484,000, made up of £1,724,000 from the Queensland Government (38.4%), £1,219,000 from the Commonwealth Government (31.6%), £1,006,000 from fees (22.5%), and £337,000 from bequests and other sources (7.5%). When Commonwealth funds first became available to universities, in 1945, the University of Queensland received £2,000, representing 0.8%. Compulsory National Service training had been abandoned at the end of World War II, but was reintroduced by the National Service Act (No. 2 of 1951) for males of 18 years for service-training, the total obligation being fixed at 176 days, of which 98 days were to be served on a full-time basis and the remainder part-time, but in 1953 this was reduced to 154 days for the navy and air-force and to 140 days for the army. The trainee was required to remain on the reserve for five years from his initial call-up. The in-camp training for university students was held in vacations, and as a consequence the university year started somewhat later. The scheme was discontinued in November 1959. During the decade, which it began with ten established faculties, Arts, Science, Engineering, Law, Medicine. Veterinary Science, Agriculture, Commerce, Dentistry and Architecture, the University continued to diversify as its student numbers grew, there was a great urge toward university education and the professionalism this fostered. By 1960 the Faculty of Education had been added, and there were several additional Boards of Studies, several of which were designed to foster disciplines which had some hope of attaining departmental or faculty status later. These now comprised Boards of Studies in Divinity, in Public Administration, in Pharmacy, in Surveying, in Physio­ therapy, and in Social Studies, and there were also the Board of the Institute of Modern Languages, the Advisory Committees in Journalism and in Pediatrics, the Standing Committee on the Diploma of Psychological Medicine, and the Musical Advisory Board. None of these new developments affected the Department of Geology, except that the Department of Education developed a Diploma (postgraduate) course for the teaching of geology in schools. The University Library, under Harrison Bryan, at last managed to make some headway; it began with a book stock of 103,383 in 1950; in 1960 this 39 had advanced to 221,998. Over the same period the Department of Geology was well served, first, by the secondment from main library of a library assistant (part-time), and then, by 1960, by a full-time assistant. During the decade D. Hill became officer-in-charge of the geology departmental library, which then began a spectacular growth, particularly in serials, new titles and back numbers being acquired by various means including exchange of the Depart­ mental Papers. At the end of 1960 the status of the University Librarian was belatedly raised to equal that of professor, but he was given only associate membership of the Professorial Board. In many ways there was a re-tooling of the University, necessitated by expansion in students, staff, and buildings. On the equipment side, a University Photographic Section was established under E. Hollywood in 1953. Discussion on the need for a computer centre, an electron microscope and mass spectrometers went on; the first electron microscope was installed late in 1960, the first mass spectrometer was built by Assoc. Prof. Lauder of the Chemistry Department during the early fifties, and Prof. S. Prentice of the Faculty of Engineering at last succeeded, in 1962, in securing the first computer. The long influence of Vice-Chancellor J.D. Story came to an end with the end of 1959, after his 90th birthday, and the rejuvenating influence of the new Vice-Chancellor, Prof. Fred Schoneil was soon felt, as the University as a whole moved to take fullest possible advantage of increased Commonwealth and State support. The decade was enlivened by a great public debate on an amendment to the University Act by the V.C. Gair Government in 1957, by which university staff would have right of appeal against appointments, promotions, and dis­ missals to an external committee. After the defeat of the Government, largely on a petroleum supply issue, university autonomy in staff matters was again secured. The University celebrated its Jubilee at a ceremony on 29 April 1958. A long-standing battle by the academic staff for reasonable superannuation was at last won, and regulations were approved in 1960 for implementation in 1961. Also, by 1960, staff salaries had been increased, that of a Professor to £3,750 with appropriate increases for other categories. After much debate, approval to set up a regional university centre at Townsville was given, and staff was appointed during 1960 to the University College of Townsville, which in due course became the James Cook University of North Queensland; like its parent university the Townsville college had geology as one of its initial courses, and Dr P.J. Stephenson, a gold medallist from the St Lucia Geology Department, was appointed lecturer there. The State Department of Education began in 1960 on a course which would eventually lead to its control over the secondary school curricula, by the transfer of responsibility for the Junior Public Examination from the University to the State Department. The student population of the University in 1960 was 8700; of these 225 were enrolled for higher degrees; there were 3489 full-time students, of whom 44 were higher degree students. To service all these students, there were 407 academic staff, 46 library staff, 263 administrative and ancillary staff, 111 maintenance staff, and 289 technical staff, totalling 1116. The University was 40 much exercised by the various problems encountered by students, and after a few years of part-time counselling by two or three members of the academic staff, the beginnings of the present student counselling service were made in 1959, when Dr H.W. Thiele was appointed full-time student counsellor. New arrangements for providing students with information on careers and appoint­ ments were under consideration, and the old Senate Appointments Board was suspended. Discussions that led to the initiation of the Student Health Service in the next decade were started in 1957. The major developments in student care were however to occur in the sixties. The Student Loans Fund was started in 1957 with £1000 provided by the Senate, this proved over the next two decades a very valuable means of enabling struggling students to continue their courses. At the same time the University was considering whether its lecturers should have some instruction in teaching, and Prof. Schonell was developing an orientation course for new lecturers given at the beginning of each year, in much the same way as the students were evolving their orientation week for new students. In the more crowded courses failure rates remained high, but the Geology Department was one with only normal failure rates, although its staff suffered from the prevailing necessity to give unusually large numbers of lectures per member and to conduct, as well, laboratory and field classes. Another interesting development over the whole University, but par­ ticularly in the science departments, was the use of postgraduate and higher degree, research students as teaching fellows, they received £300 per annum + £50 for field expenses and acted as part-time demonstrators in the laboratory and field classes. This necessarily lengthened the period over which they prepared themselves for their Honours and higher degrees, but the staff thought the postgraduate students benefited very greatly from the arrangement. The £300 + £50 came from the departmental share of the Commonwealth Research Grants distributed by the Research Committee. When the Commonwealth Postgraduate Scholarships were introduced in 1959, the Teaching Fellowships still remained popular with geology students. The staff of the Department did not play more than a minor role in university administration during the fifties. Bryan served for 1956 and 1957 on the Research Committee, and for a brief period on the Standing Committee of the Professorial Board. Bryan was particularly active in Staff Association affairs over a period when staff was fighting hard to obtain better financial rewards and superannuation; he served as Vice-President (1950), President (1951), and Hon. Secretary (1955-60). Whitehouse assisted the Rowing Club by coaching its eights. Whitehouse did considerable public relations service to the University by his 1953 tour of Queensland with the University film (devised to place the University’s activities graphically before the Queensland public). Hill was Sub- Dean of the Faculty of Science in 1959, and a member of the Standing Committee of the University Council throughout the decade. There were several staff changes during the fifties. First, Richard Gradwell, who had been scientific assistant in the late forties, returned from his studies at Imperial College, London, with a Ph.D. and was appointed Assistant Lecturer in mineralogy and petrology at the end of 1951. He did much to 41 interest students in granitic rocks, and contributed several papers on southeast Queensland granites and granodiorites. He died young, in 1960, of diabetes. In late 1954 J.P. Webb, who had been a scientific assistant in the seismology section in the early fifties, returned from St Louis University (U.S.A.), with a Ph.D., and was appointed Lecturer to begin a course in geophysics and to assist in the seismological observatory and in the applied geology course. His work in setting up the Charters Towers Observatory in 1957-58 was particularly notable and his advice on the development of geophysics within the department proved invaluable. The Department suffered a grievous blow in the loss of the services of F.W. Whitehouse who resigned in 1955. His contribution to science had been notable; in palaeontology he published major works on Queensland Cretaceous ammonites ana Cambrian trilobites, on the Great Artesian Basin his work transcended that of all others, and on Quaternary geomorphology he made (and continued to make after his resignation) many advances. He had con­ tributed also to student clubs and societies, notably as a rowing coach. He had a brilliant and ready wit and was much in demand as a public speaker. His 1953 tour of Queensland with the University film had been a successful if exhausting undertaking. G.W. Tweedale was seconded from the Geological Survey of Queensland during 1955 to aid as Temporary Lecturer, mainly in physical geology, until Dr N.C. Stevens of the University of Sydney was appointed in 1956 to fill the vacancy, as Lecturer, also mainly in physical geology. Considerable Departmental re-organization was required, and Bryan developed a tripartite arrangement, by which O.A. Jones took over Applied Science (Geology), while retaining also the Directorship of the University of Queensland Seismological Observatory (which he had assumed from Bryan in the late 1940’s) until 1957, when it was in turn taken over by Dr J.P. Webb. Jones reorganised the Applied Science course with somewhat greater promin­ ence being given to geophysics, taught by Webb. There was very little money available for geophysical equipment, but some was given by Standard-Vacuum Oil Co. Bryan himself led the mineralogy and petrology section. D. Hill continued with her development of historical geology in the Department, and in 1958 Dr. W.G.H. Maxwell was appointed Lecturer to assist in the teaching of sedimentology, palaeontology, and stratigraphy and also to give the first lectures in petroleum geology. Maxwell was the first to be awarded the Ph.D. of the University of Queensland. After two years’ post-doctoral work on a Beit Fellowship at Imperial College London, he had had three years experience as a geologist for Shell in Trinidad following advanced training by the company in sedimentology at The Hague. He was notably successful in attracting students to the historical geology courses. In 1959 W.H. Bryan resigned, at the age of 69, thus bringing to a close the foundation era of the Department. He had been one of its first students in 1911, and after his appointment to the staff in 1920 had first supported Richards in building the Department to exacting standards and then, when he became head, he carried on the high traditions already established. He disliked administration, but his human understanding of, and interest in, his staff and students and his unselfishness, in fact, ensured that he was a good administrator. 42

The department was indeed fortunate in its leadership over the whole of its first 50 years. Dr Allan Fraser Wilson, from the Universities of Adelaide and Western Australia, and a mineralogist of note, was appointed to the Chair from early 1960; D. Hill was named Research Professor in mid-1959, and early in 1960 was given full professorial status, the first woman, it would seem, to have attained this status in Australia. Wilson made no administrative changes during his first year of office. Evan Phillips, a Teaching Fellow at the time, was appointed Temporary Lecturer for part of 1959 and 1960 owing to the illness and death of Dr Gradwell; Hill took six months’ study leave in Europe and North America in the second half of 1960. Bryan’s memory has been honoured by a portrait in oils which hangs in the Richards Building opposite that of Richards, by the Mount Nebo seismo­ graph station which bears his name, and also by the W.H. Bryan Memorial Prize, maintained by the income from a fund of $2050 subscribed by his former colleagues, students, and friends, to be awarded to the best student in Geology I who is proceeding to Geology II with the aim of becoming a geologist. The Department made two contributions to international science during the decade, one in seismology, the other in palaeontology. The seismo- logical station was moved to a specially constructed circular underground cellar just behind the Richards building at St Lucia in 1951; and the B.M.R. Benioffs and Sprengnether seismographs donated by Archbishop Duhig for microseism research were installed therein. After .the B.M.R. Benioffs had been returned and installed at Rabaul in 1953, two Wood-Andersons loaned by the B.M.R. and a vertical-component Benioff provided from University funds took their place. The International Geophysical Year (July 1957-December 1958) benefited the observatory by two major developments. Two of its Sprengnethers were replaced by a different type of the same make, more suitable for earth­ quake recording than for microseisms; and a second station was set up in an abandoned mine adit in Charters Towers under the supervision of J.P. Webb, with three Benioffs equipped with short- and long-period galvanometers and recorders, for a total of £13,400 granted by the Commonwealth Government through the Australian Academy of Science. Brisbane in 1960 had eight permanently installed seismographs and one portable field instrument, Charters Towers had six. The data read at the Brisbane and Charters Towers stations recorded earthquakes from all over the world. In Brisbane 1098 earthquakes were recorded in 1948, and 1461 in 1959. At Charters Towers the corres­ ponding figures were 2740 and 3382, the higher numbers at the latter being due mainly to its quiet site and its shorter distance from the active areas of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, as well as to the superiority of its instruments. Readings of the arrival times of earthquakes were sent twice Wfeekly by telegram to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and weekly by airletter to the international centre at Strasbourg and to the stations in the southwest Pacific, while a final University of Queensland Seismograph Bulletin was distributed quarterly. The possibility of using microseisms to locate cyclone centres was explored during the decade, chiefly by P. Upton, using the three Sprengnethers given by Archbishop Duhig; in 1956 one of the three was installed in the 43

Meteorological Office at Garbutt aerodrome in Townsville, to provide data, with the Brisbane instruments, for a study of microseism amplitude ratios. The Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology was interested in exploring the micro- seismic detection of cyclone centres further, and in 1960 proposed to establish microseismic stations at Gladstone, Cairns, and Willis Island, and suggested the transfer of the Townsville instrument to Mackay. The contribution to international palaeontology was that by Hill, whose classification and definitions of the orders, families, and genera of Palaeozoic corals were published in the Coelenterata volume (1956) of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (R.C. Moore, Ed., Geological Society of America & University of Kansas Press). In 1954 the Department hosted Fulbright Visiting Scholar, Prof. J.W. Wells of Cornell University, the leading world authority on Mesozoic, Cainozoic, and Recent corals, who had provided the classification and definitions of those corals for the Treatise. Hill and Wells collaborated while he was here on various bridging sections of the Coelenterata volume. Wells also contributed a paper on Moreton Bay fossil and Recent corals to the Papers of the Department of Geology, and another on the distribution of corals along the Great Barrier Reef, from north to south, to the Records of the Great Barrier Reef Committee. An Australian geological development in the decade was the formation of the Geological Society of Australia, with branches in all states and for the Federal Territories. It was constituted by the geologists present at the Brisbane A.N.Z.A.A.S. conference of May, 1951, an interim committee being then set up to draft a formal constitution which was adopted after the next A.N.Z.A.A.S. meeting in August, 1952 in Sydney. O.A. Jones was the founda­ tion Hon. Treasurer, and continued in that capacity for many years. D. Hill was Hon. Editor for Vols 5-11 of the Society’s Journal (1956-1960). The Bureau of Mineral Resources expanded greatly during the decade, and when A.K. Denmead became Chief Government Geologist, Queensland, in 1956, a scheme for combined B.M.R. and G.S.Q. parties to map Queensland geologically on a scale of 4 miles to the inch was begun, emphasis being placed first on those regions known to be metalliferous or considered likely to yield oil. This was of immense benefit to the State, and when the Geological Society of Australia decided to publish in 1960 a volume on Queensland geology (edited by D. Hill and A.K. Denmead) many of the articles were based on the work done by these field parties. It was published just in time to become the ‘green bible’ of the petroleum geologists who Hooded into Queensland in the sixties. Departmental contributions to science within the State were again considerable. Whitehouse completed for publication (1955) his work described above on the Great Artesian Basin, and also a cognate work for the Co-ordinator General’s Department on the Channel Country. The Great Barrier Reef Committee continued with the building of its Marine Biological Station on Heron Island, its Hon. Secretary until 1955 (D. Hill) being much occupied with this. In 1954 Whitehouse organised an expedition to Low Isles in which scientists from the Universities of Queensland and Sydney, the Queensland and Australian Museums and various government departments worked for three weeks on the island and surrounding reefs, 44 expenses being kept to a minimum; a number of papers in various journals were published as a result. In 1955 E.O. Marks and D. Hill retired as Chairman and Hon. Secretary, respectively, and were replaced by Dr Ian Mackerras and E. Grant. Later in 1955, O.A. Jones became Chairman and N. Haysom and R. Endean Hon. Secretaries, so that the Department, through Jones, continued its active involvement in G.B.R.C. affairs. On his study leave in 1957, Jones made an initial approach for financial help to the Rockefeller Foundation, which bore fruit after six years’ work, which included arranging for the Incor­ poration of the Committee in 1957 and its affiliation with the University of Queensland in 1959. In 1959, also. Dr W.G.H. Maxwell began his researches on the sedimentology and geology of the Reef, which culminated in his ‘Atlas of the Great Barrier Reef’ published in 1968. From 1959 onwards, excursions to Heron Island marine biological station have been on the field programmes for senior students of the Geology Department. Another important contribution to the state was facilitated by the amelioration of the relationship between Survey and University, due to the friendship between C.C. Morton who had become Chief Government Geologist in 1946, and W.H. Bryan who became Professor of Geology two years later. The preparation of a new geological map of Queensland, which had been begun by D. Hill to assist in her teaching of Queensland stratigraphy, and had been supported by postgraduate students and teaching fellows, including G.W. Tweedale, K.S.W. Campbell, and W.L. Hawthorne, became a joint project of the Survey and the Department of Geology when Tweedale was appointed to the Survey staff. The map on the scale of 40 miles to the inch, was published by the Department of Mines in 1953, and proved a most helpful starting point for the great increase in mapping by joint Commonwealth (B.M.R.) and State (G.S.Q.) field parties during the decade and subsequently. D. Hill had the pleasure of visiting several of these parties in the field. Arising further from this University-State Survey co-operation, D. Hill and G. Tweedale, with the assistance on weekend field trips of many of the postgraduate students, completed a Geological Map of the Moreton District which was also published, on the scale of 6 miles to an inch, by the Department of Mines in 1955. A few outline geological maps on the scale of one mile to the inch were produced, but proved less useful. Departmental research reached its highest intensity in the fifties. Encouraged by W.H. Bryan, who himself was research-oriented, staff, though overburdened with teaching throughout, yet made extra time to conduct their own research and actively to supervise the researches of the enthusiastic school of postgraduate students, attracted by the clear promise of efficient training in research, and supported by Commonwealth funds distributed by the Research Committee. Bryan himself was eclectic in his researches. He undertook, with Jones, contributions to the geology of Brisbane (with particular reference to the Brisbane Schists), discussed soil nodules, continued his outstanding work on spherulites, and published also on the Early Tertiary basalts of southeast Queensland. 45

Whitehouse’s Great Artesian Basin work, and his developing work on Quaternary geomorphology have been mentioned before, as have those of Jones on seismology. Jones published further papers on palaeobotany, and on structural geology and mineralization. Hill’s work on Palaeozoic corals for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology has also been mentioned above, as has her compilation, with G.W. Tweedale and others, of the geological maps of Queensland and the Moreton District. In a short paper she gave a new analysis of the basins and structural highs and structural trend lines of Queensland. She published many papers on Australian Palaeozoic corals, and, in 1956 was elected a Fellow of the newly formed Australian Academy of Science, largely on the basis of her Palaeozoic coral work. She was the first member of staff of the University of Queensland to become a Fellow, and also the first woman to do so. She supervised the research of many of the postgraduate students. Of those who had their work published, notable are W.G.H. Maxwell (Upper Palaeozoic brachiopods) K.S.W. Campbell (Permian geology), R.F. Isbell (Bowen Basin), K.L. McDonnell, (Esk Rift Valley), E.J. Heidecker (Devonian Mollusca), E.G. Driscoll (Mundubbera district), and Nevis Ould on the Lime­ stone Ridges. Two American postgraduate students worked in the Department in the fifties, Carolyn Fix, from Syracuse University, N.Y., on tabulate corals, and E.G. Driscoll. On the hard-rock side, supervised by Bryan or later by Gradwell, there were R.T. Mathews on greenstones, P.J. Stephenson on Mt Barney, I.R. McLeod on the Somerset Dam igneous complex, and E.R. Phillips on hornfels. E.V. Robinson published on clays, and R. Gradwell produced several authoritative papers on granitic and eruptive rocks. N.C. Stevens published some of his New South Wales work and also contributions on ring- structures of the Mt Alford district and igneous rocks of the Kalbar district. Maxwell, on joining the staff in 1958, resumed his work on the Yarrol district and began his sedimentological studies on the Great Barrier Reef. The fifties saw several notable developments in the curriculum. First there was the development of the course in Applied Geology, that had been initiated by W.H. Bryan in the late forties, first by F.W. Whitehouse and later by O.A. Jones. All saw the course as fitting students more directly for careers in the mining industry, and the teaching and practice were oriented thereto. The increasing importance of geophysics in the exploration fields was recognised, and Webb developed sound courses therein, though hampered greatly by the absence of funds for the purchase of equipment. Another important development in the Faculty of Science, was the introduction, in 1957, of a unit system to supplement or replace the year system. Specialisation in subjects had inevitably developed due to the rapid increase in scientific knowledge, and all science departments felt the need to divide their subjects up into units to each of which more time could be devoted. Inevitably the result would be graduates in science who would know more about their chosen discipline, but less about other disciplines. Geology was no exception. Instead of having to pass in all subjects of each year before moving on to the next year, students were now asked to complete 8 units of first year subjects in their first year, 10 units of second year subjects in their second year, and 10 units of subjects classified as third year in their third year. Provided a 46 day student achieved 4 units in any one year, he need not repeat these in a subsequent year. The system saw some reduction in the number of students dropping out before completing their courses, and did equip them more specially for their chosen career. Geology I was a 2-unit subject, the unit representing a notional number of hours of work to the student, equal as between subjects. Two unit subjects entailed two examination papers, 3-unit subjects, three papers. Geology II comprised 4 units, being divided into two 2-unit subjects, Geology lia and lib; lia covered palaeontology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petroleum geology, and lib, crystallography, mineralogy, igneous petrology, and economic geology (metals). Geology III was divided into three 2-unit subjects, Ilia covering major problems and structural geology, and IIIb and IIIc being extensions from lia and lib respectively. It was still obligatory to do Chemistry I and also, if no senior pass in Physics had been obtained, Physics la or lb. Geology students did, however, have more latitude in the choice of their companion subjects, the choice being governed by clearly set-out rules. Faculty Handbooks were published beginning 1950, devoted entirely to courses within the Faculty. The Honours courses became more clearly defined, either in Historical Geology or in Mineralogy-Petrology, with some courses and reading in common. Because of the research funds available for supervised postgraduate students, it became common in geology for students to do their honours course over two years instead of one, as teaching fellows who demon­ strated part-time in the Department. ' As a result Honours students of the decade produced theses of M.Sc. standard, and while doing so acquired training in, and a taste for, research; they were required to present a second thesis for an M.Sc. Other faculties were also reviewing their curricula for the same reasons - increasing difficulty in covering the greatly increased knowledge of their core subjects, and desire to cut down on supporting subjects. Thus, in 1959 Geology IA was a mere 30-lecture service course lacking all but elementary palaeontology and stratigraphy, given to Engineering I, Architecture I and Applied Science in Industrial Chemistry I. Geology IB was given for Engineering II and Archi­ tecture III students, and a 60-lecture course was given in Industrial Mineralogy for Applied Science in Industrial Chemistry. A special paper in Geology and Mineralogy I (30-lecture course) was given for Agriculture I, Forestry I, and Surveying I students, again without historical geology. Agricultural Geology II was a special course in mineralogy, petrology, soils, and hydrogeology. Special courses were also given in Soil Science for Agriculture II, Forestry II, and Surveying III. The number of students taking these service courses far exceeded the number of students taking the standard geology courses. E.V. Robinson played the major part in teaching the service courses. Student life in the fifties settled down to fairly serious course work, light relief being provided by such student activities as putting up signs at either end of the Victoria Bridge saying ‘Bridge Closed’, with consequent traffic disruption. Another, the climbing of the tower on the Forgan-Smith building and the pasting thereon of giant footprints in a vertical course, was perpetrated by geology students. Commem. processions were a source of minor trouble, over floats not staying censored, and students were no longer 47 permitted to attend the graduation ceremonies without tickets. The quality of students passing through the Department was pleasingly high. There were four gold medals for outstanding merit at graduation — J.F.G. Wilkinson (1950, now Professor of Geology at the University of New England), P.J. Stephenson (1954, now Assoc. Prof, of Geology at the James Cook University of North Queensland), D.O. Zimmerman (1956), and E.J. Heidecker (1960, now Senior Lecturer at the University of Queensland). Others gaining first class honours were K.S.W. Campbell (1950, Reader and sometime Head of Department, A.N.U.), R.T. Mathews (1951, Senior Lecturer, University of Melbourne), J.B. Jones (1955, Assoc. Prof., University of Adelaide), R.A. Dunlop (1952, Queensland Water Resources Commission), l.R. McLeod (1954, B.M.R.), K.G. Lucas (1957, B.M.R.), J.F. Dear (1959, G.S.Q. and consultant), K.J. McDonnell (1955, Christian Brothers), V.G. Swindon (1956, C.S.R.), P.J. Solomon (1957, mining industry), R.S. Fardon (Appl. Geol. 1960, W.M.C. and B.H.P.), S.M. Smith (Appl. Geol. 1960, industry). Among others who have distinguished themselves in their subsequent careers are R.J. Allen (1955, Chief Government Geologist, G.S.Q.), G.C. Battey (1953, A.E.C.), W.G. Burns (1951), S.S. Derrington (1954), R.F. Isbell (1952, C.S.I.R.O.), G.W. Tweedale (1951, G.S.Q.), A.W. Webb (1960, Amdel), and E.G. Wilson (1958, B.M.R.). At the end of its first fifty years, the Department was clearly in the front rank in Australian universities; some, indeed, held that it was the leader. The breadth and depth of the training that its graduates received were appreciated throughout the industry in Australia, and tile research achievements of its staff were widely known throughout the geological world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The staff and degree lists in Appendix I are extracted from lists prepared by Miss M. McCarthy for Prof. A.F. Wilson in 1972. The assistance of the Registrar (Dr S.A. Rayner) and the Committee Section (Miss Diana Glynn-Connolly) in making available the Minutes, Reports, and Business Papers of the Senate from 1910 to 1960 is gratefully acknowledged. 48

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

AUSTRALIA. Universities Commission, Annual Rept, 1943-58. Sydney. AUSTRALIA. Office of Education, Annual Rept, 1947-66. Sydney. AUSTRALIA. Rept o f the Committee on Australian Universities (Sir Keith Cameron, Chairman), 1957. Canberra. AUSTRALIA. Scholarship Board, 1959-73. Sydney. AUSTRALIAN RESEARCH GRANTS COMMITTEE. Rept 1966-. Canberra. BRYAN, W.H. 1948. H.C. Richards memorial address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 59: 141-150 (with bibliography). COWEN,Z. 1972. The growth o f Federal participation in Australian education; in WALKER, W.G. (Ed.), The administration o f education in Australia: 3-16. Univ. Qd Press, St Lucia. DENMEAD, A.K. 1957. Memorial Address. The chiefs of the Geological Survey of Queens­ land from 1899 to 1955.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 68: 51-60, pi. 4. ______1962. Presidential address. The present status o f geology in Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 73: 1-16. HILL, Dorothy 1966. Memorial, Walter Heywood Bryan, M.C., D.Sc., 1891-1966./. geol. Soc. Aust. 13: 613-618 (with bibliography). ______1976. The history and contemporary state o f life sciences in Australian Universities 1. Geology. The Australian University 14(2): 84-98. HOLTHOUSE, Hector 1975. Looking back: The first 150 years o f Queensland schools. Dept of Education, Queensland, 211 pp. MELLOR, D P . 1958. The role o f science and industry. Australia in the war o f 1939-1945, Series Four (Civil), 5: 738 pp. Canberra, Australian War Memorial. MOORE, A.L. 1965. The history, machinery and scope o f direct grants by the Common­ wealth Government to Australian Universities 1935-1964. The Australian University 3(3): 225-234. QUEENSLAND. Report o f the Royal Commission on the Mining Industry o f Queensland (T.A. Ferry, Chairman), 1930. Brisbane, Govt Printer, 121 pp. UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND. Calendar, 1911-1949 (replaced by Administrative Handbook, 1950-56.) ______1922. The University o f Queensland, 1910-1922. Brisbane, -GovtPrinter. ______1935. The University o f Queensland 1910-1935. Brisbane, GovtPrinter. ______Repts of Expeditions of Science Students’ Association, 1938-53, Nos 1-13. ______Faculty of Science Handbook, 1950-60. ______Statistics, 1959- . WHITEHOUSE, F.W. 1940-1. MS Artesian Water Investigations. Monthly geological progress reports to Artesian Water Committee, Queensland Co-ordinator General’s Dept, Sept 1940-May 1941 and others. ______1946^47. MS Artesian Basin Reports nos 1-12 and others. YONGE, C.M. 1930. Origin, organization and scope o f the expedition. Gt Barrier R e e f Expedition 1928-29, Sei. R ept 1(1): 1 -1 1 ,4 pis. 49

APPENDIX 1: STAFF LISTS, 1911-1960

Lecturing staff

Professor and Head o f Department

Richards, H.C., D.Sc. (Melb.) 1911-18 Lecturer in Charge; 1919- 47 Professor Bryan, W.H., D.Sc. (Qld) 1920-46 Lecturer; 1947 Assoc. Professor; 1948-59 Professor Wilson, A.F., D.Sc. (W. Aust.) 1960- Professor

Research Professor

Hill, D., D.Sc. (Qld) 1946-51 Lecturer; 1952-55 Senior Lecturer; 1956-59 Reader; 1959 (Aug.) Research Professor

Other full-time lecturing staff

Gradwell, R., Ph.D. (Lond.) 1952-60 Lecturer Jones, O.A., D.Sc. (Qld) 1940-45 Temp. Lecturer; 1946-51 Lecturer; 1951-55 Senior Lecturer; 1956-68 Reader Maxwell, W.G.H., Ph.D. (Qld) 1958-61 Lecturer; 1962-66 Senior Lecturer Robinson, E.V., B.A. (Qld) 1945-49 Assistant Lecturer; 1950-72 Lecturer; 1973 Senior Lecturer Stevens, N.C., Ph.D. (Syd.) 1956-62 Lecturer; 1963-Senior Lecturer Walkom, A.B., D.Sc. (Syd.) 1913-18 Lecturer Webb, J.P., Ph.D. (St Louis) 1950-63 Lecturer; 1964-Senior Lecturer Whitehouse, F.W., D.Sc. (Qld) 1926-46 Lecturer; 1947-48 Senior Lecturer; 1949-55 Assoc. Professor

Note: G.W. Tweedale was appointed Temporary Lecturer in 1955 and filled this position until N.C. Stevens .was appointed.

E.R. Phillips was appointed Temporary Lecturer for part of 1959 and 1960 owing to illness of R. Gradwell. 50

Clerical staff

Miss M. McCarthy (Mar. 1923-Aug. 1972) Miss D. Watson (Daph.) now Mrs K.S.W. Campbell (April 1946-May 1951) Miss F. Macfarlane (Fay) now Mrs G. Horsley (April 1951-Sept. 1955) Miss J. Wornham (Jennifer) now Mrs R. Marks (Oct. 1955-Oct. 1962)

Library staff

The Departmental Library was supervised by the clerical staff until the University moved to St Lucia in 1951. Part-time officers from the Main Library were then appointed (R. Gracie, L. Weeks). It soon became apparent, with its rapid growth and expansion, that a full-time officer was required and Miss E. Carroll (Betty) was appointed.

Technical staff

A.N. Falk 1911-37; R. Sapsford 1926; E.V. Robinson 1927-35, 1938-44; E.F. Riek 1937-43; BJ. Whelan 1943-50; R. Gradwell 1946—49; G. Broadbent 1948-51 ; F.S. Colliver 1948-73; A. Crawfoot 1950-55; Miss E. Savige 1956; D. Napier 1951-57; A. Smith 1951-; G. Ettershank 1951-55; P.S. Upton 1955-56; R. Hirst 1955-61; J.E. Noyce 1955-62; T. Fromer 1956-58; D. Richardson 1958; R~ Shadbolt 1958-59; P. Gaffey 1959-72; E. Laundon 1959-; Miss R. Bragg 1959-66; Miss E. Hall 1959-62; R. Neehouse 1960-69. 51

APPENDIX 2: HIGHER DEGREES AND HONOURS DEGREES AWARDED, 1911-1960

Doctor o f Science

Bryan, W.H. 1926; Whitehouse, F.W. 1939; Fisher, N.H. 1941; Hill, Dorothy 1942; Jones, O.A. 1948.

Doctor o f Philosophy

Maxwell, W.G.H. 1952; Dickins, JM . 1957; Campbell, K.S.W. 1958.

Master o f Science

Bryan, W.H. 1916; Vance, Grace W. 1918; Sterne, lima R. 1919; Scott, Rose McKenzie 1921; Keid, H.G.W. 1922; Whitehouse, F.W. 1924; Jones, 0 .A. 1927; Denmead, AJC. 1928; Hill, Dorothy 1930; Fisher, N.H. 1933;Knight,C.L. 1936;Connah,T.H. 1938; Whitehouse, Marjorie J. 1938; Vallance, L.G. 1939; Ball, C.W. 1940;Clappison, R.G. 1940; Beasley, A.W. 1944; de Jersey, N.J. 1945; Reik, E.F. 1946; Higginson, R.L. 1947; Ferguson, J.A. 1948; Campbell, K.S.W. 1951; Wilkinson, J.F.G. 1951; Mathews, R.T. 1952; Isbell, R.F. 1953; McLeod, I.R. 1956.

Bachelor o f Science with Honours in Geology & Mineralogy

Bryan, W.H. 1914; Vance, Grace W. 1916; Sterne, lima R. 1917; Graff, R. 1918; Scott, Rose McKenzie 1919; Keid, H.G.W. 1920; O’Keefe, R.J. 1921; Muir, Elsie W. 1922; Whitehouse, F.W. 1922; Jones, O.A. 1925;Denmead, A.K. 1926;Hill, Dorothy 1928;Fisher,N.H. 1933; Knight, C.L. 1935; Connah, T.H. 1937; Whitehouse, Marjorie W. 1937; Ball, C.W. 1938; Beasley, A.W. 1943; de Jersey, N.J. 1945; Higginson, H.L. 1947; Ferguson, J.A. 1948; Gradwell, R. 1949; Beiford, D.J. 1950; Casey, J.N. 1950; Hawthorne, W.L. 1950;Maxwell, W.G.H. 1950; Campbell, K.S.W. 1950; Wilkinson, J.F.G. 1950; Burns, W.G. 1951;Mathews, R.T. 1951; Tweedale, G.W. 1951; Dunlop, R.A. 1952; Isbell, R.F. 1952; Derrington, S.S. 1954; McLeod, R.L. 1954; Stephenson, P J. 1954; Allen, R.J. 1955; Jones, J.B. 1955; McDonnell, K.L. 1955; Ould, Nevis 1956; Swindon, V.G. 1956; Zimmerman, D.O. 1956; Lucas, K.G. 1957; Solomon, P J. 1957; Williams, P.R. 1958; Wilson, E.G. 1958; Houston, Beverley R. 1959; Pearce, L.G.G. 1959; Dear, J.F. 1959; Phillips, E.R. 1959; Webb, A.W. 1960; Fardon, R.S. (Applied Geol.) 1960; Heidecker, E J. (Applied Geol.) 1960; Smith, M.E. (Applied Geol.) 1960. 52

APPENDIX 3: LIST OF RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT, 1911-1960

BALL, Clive Wolfram 1941. The petrology of the Somerset Dam site.Frac. R. Soc. Qd 52: 14-23, pi. 1 ______1947. The heavy mineral assemblages of some Bundamba and Walloon sandstones. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 58: 67-70, 1 table. BEASLEY, Alan W. 1944. Notes on the Petrie Series, south-eastern Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 55: 87-101,1 fig., 1 pi. ______1944. Ostracods in relation to Queensland oil shales and Tertiary stratigraphy. Aust. J. Sei. 7(1): 6-8. ______1945. Ostracods from some Queensland Tertiary basins and their bearing on the correlation of the strata.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 56: 95-124, 1 fig, pi. 6. ______1945. The petrography of some Queensland oil shales. Mem. Qd Mus. 12: 124-133, pi. 12, 2 text-figs. ______1947. The place of black sand seams in the physiographic history of the south coast region, Queensland. Aust. J. Sei. 9(6): 208-210, 1 fig. ______1948. Heavy mineral beach sands of southern Queensland: pt 1. The nature, distribution and extent and manner of formation of the deposits. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 59: 109-140, pis 2-4, 3 figs. ______1950. Heavy mineral beach sands of southern Queensland: pt 2. Physical and mineralogical composition, mineral descriptions and origins of the heavy minerals.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 61: 59-104, pis 1-6, 5 figs. BRIGGS, Cecily (née Moxon) 1929. The Brisbane Tuff. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 40: 147-164, pis 8,9, BRYAN, Walter Heywood 1914. Geology and petrology of the Enoggera Granite and allied intrusives. Part I - General geology.Frac. R. Soc. Qd 26: 141-162. pis 11,12. ______1922. Geology and petrology of the Enoggera Granite and the allied intrusives. Part II Petrology.Frac. R. Soc. Qd 34: 123-160, pis 1-3. ______1923. An unusual tourmaline-albite rock from Enoggera, Queens­ land. Frac. R. Soc. Qd 35: 48-60, pi. 2. *______(with Richards, H.C.) 1923; see Richards & Bryan 1923. ______(with Richards,H.C.) 1924;see Richards & Bryan 1924. (3 papers). ______1924. The age of the earth. Qd geogr. J. 39: 39-45. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1925; see Richards & Bryan 1925. ______1925. Earth movements in Queensland. Pres, address. Frac. R. Soc. Qd 37: 3-82,4 figs. ______& MASSEY, C.H. 1925. The geological range of the Tiaro Series. Frac. R. Soc. Qd 37: 108-120, 1 map. ______1926. Earlier palaeogeography of Queensland. Frac. R. Soc. Qd 38: 79-102, text-figs 1-6. ______& WHITEHOUSE, F.W. 1926. Later palaeogeography of Queens­ land. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 38: 103-114, text-figs 1-4. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1927; see Richards & Bryan 1927. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1928; see Richards & Bryan 1928. ______1928. The Queensland continental shelf. Rept Gt Barrier Reef Comm. 2: 58-69, 2 text-figs. 53

BRYAN, Walter Hey wood 1928. A glossary of Queensland stratigraphy. Spec. Publ. Univ. Qd, 1928: 1-69. ------1929. The structural history of Queensland. Report of Committee on Investigation of Structural Features and Land Forms. Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei. 1928, 19: 87-94. ------1929. Metamorphic rocks of Queensland. Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Set, 1928,19: 30-41. ------1929. Recent advances in our knowledge of the Carboniferous and Permo-Carboniferous formations of Queensland. Rept of the Carboniferous and Permo-Carboniferous Committee. Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1928,19: 74-77. ------& WHITEHOUSE, F.W. 1929. A record of Devonian rhyolites in Queensland,Proc. R. Soc. Qd 41: 133-138, 1 text-fig. ______1929. Fossil latente from southern Queensland.Nature (Lond.) 124 (3127): 512. ______1929. The modern aspect of the study of soils. Qd Nat. 7: 4449. — ------1930. The physiography of Queensland. Handbook Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1930: 17-22. — ______1930. Origin and growth of the earth. Part I .Qd Govt Min. J. 31 (364): 382-383. ______1930. Origin and growth of the earth. Part II. Qd Govt Min. J. 31 (365): 424425. ______1930. Origin and growth of the earth. Part III. Qd Govt Min. J. 31 (366): 462. ______1930.Origin and growth of the earth. Parts IV-V.£W Govt Min. J. 31 (367): 503-505. ______1931. Recent advances in our knowledge of the Carboniferous and Permo-Carboniferous formations of Queensland. Report of Research Committee for the Correlation of Metamorphic rocks of Australia and New Zealand. Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1930,20: 17-18. ______& HINES, H.J.G. 1931. Factors in the development of soil profiles in southern Queensland. Soil Research 2(4): 264-276,3 figs. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1932; see Richards & Bryan 1932. ______1932. The geological basis of Queensland industry. A ust. Geogr. 1(4): 48-57. ______1932. Soils. Qd Agrie. J. 38(3): 247-250. ______(with Richards, H.C. & Whitehouse, F.W.) 1932; see Richards, Bryan & Whitehouse 1932. ______1932. Note on the stratigraphical significance of Monilopora Nicholsoni. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 44: 71-74. ______1933. Early Palaeozoic earth movements in Australia. Rep. Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1932, 21: 90-92. ______1933. The basis of soil classification (Abstract). Rep. Aus. N.Z. Ass. Advm t Sei., 1932,21: 435. ______1933. Correlation of Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Queens­ land./?^. Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1932,21: 454-455. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1934; see Richards & Bryan 1934. 54

BRYAN, Walter Heywood 1934. Some spherulitic growths from Queensland. Geol. Mag. 71: 167-175, pis 8, 9. ______1935. Correlation of Carboniferous and Permian rocks of Queens­ land. In Correlation of the Carboniferous and Permian Formations of Australia. Rep. Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei. 22: 456459. ------& DENMEAD, A.K. 1935. Report of Committee on the Structural and Land Forms of Australia and New Zealand - Queensland. Rep. Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei. 22: 469-470. ------1936. The supposed deepening of the sea floor off Breaksea Spit. Rep. G t Barrier Reef Comm. 4(2): 45-50. ------1936. Volcanoes. QdNat. 9(6): 103-109. ------1938. The establishment of a seismological station in Brisbane, Queensland.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 49: 104-105. ------& WHITEHOUSE, F.W. 1938. The Gayndah earthquake of 1935. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 49: 106-119,2 text figs. ------1938. The pebbles on my garden path. Pres, address. Qd Nat. 10(5): 83-93. ------— 1937. Report of Committee on the Structural and Land Forms of Australia and New Zealand - Queensland. Rep. Amt. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1937, 23: 456. ______1939. The red earth residuals and their significance in south­ eastern Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 50: 21-32, pis 1-3. ______& DENMEAD, A.K. 1939. Report of the Committee on the Structural and Land Forms of Australia and New Zealand - Queensland. Rep. Amt. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Set, 1939, 24: 394-396. ______1941. Spherulites and allied structures. Part l.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 52:41-53,8 text-figs, pis 3-5. ______& HILL, D. 1941. Spherulitic crystallization as a mechanism of skeletal growth in the hexacorals. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 52: 78-91,2 text-figs. ______1942. Seismology in Queensland. Am t. J. Sei. 4(5): 144-146. ______& JONES, O.A. 1944. A revised glossary of Queensland strati­ graphy (to and including 1943). Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 2(11): 1 -77. ______1944. The relationship of the Australian continent to the Pacific Ocean - now and in the past.'7. R. Soc. N.S. W. (Clarke Memorial Lecture) 78: 42-62. ------& JONES, O.A. 1945. The geological history of Queensland. A stratigraphical outline.Rap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 2(12): 1-103,13 maps, tables A-U. ------1947. The geological approach to the study of soils. Pres, address. Rep. Amt. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1946, 25: 52-69. ------1947. Henry Caselli Richards. Univ. Qd Gaz. 7:4. —.------1948. The University and the mining industry. Univ. Qd Gaz. 9:1-2. ------1948. H.C. Richards Memorial Address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 59: 141-150. [Includes full bibliography.] ------1949. Pedogenic inertia. A concept in soil science. Nature (Lond.) 164(4179): 969. ------& JONES, O.A. 1950. Contributions to the geology of Brisbane. No. 1 - Local applications of the standard stratigraphical nomenclature. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 61: 13-18. 55

BRYAN, Walter Heywood & JONES, O.A. 1951. Explanatory notes to accompany a geological map of the city of Brisbane. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(13): 1 -5. ------1952. Soil nodules and their significance. Sir Douglas Mawson Anniversary Volume: 43-53,3 tables. University of Adelaide. ______& JONES, O.A. 1954. Contributions to the geology of Brisbane. No. 2 Structure of the Brisbane Metamorphics./Voc. R. Soc. Qd 65: 25-50, pis 1-7, 1 sect. ______1954. Spherulites and allied structures. Part II. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 65: 51-69, pis 8-11,2 tables, 3 text-figs. ______1954. Samuel Stutchbury and some of those who followed him. Qd Govt. Min. J. 55 (634): 641-646, 2 figs. ______& JONES, O.A. 1955. Radiolaria as critical indicators of deforma­ tion. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(9): 1-11,3 pis. ______1955. Spherulites and allied structures. Part III .Proc. R. Soc. Qd 66: 27-31, pis 1-3,1 text-fig. ______1958. Notes on the Early Tertiary basalts of south-eastern Queens­ land./. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 92: 129-132,2 tables. ______DENMEAD, A.K., JONES, O.A. & MATHEWS, R.T. 1960. The Brisbane Metamorphics./. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 80-86, figs 9, 10, 1 table. ------& JONES, O.A. 1960. [The Silurian Neranleigh Fernvale Group of the] Brisbane area. J. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 131-136, figs 19, 20, table 4. ------& JONES, O.A. 1960. [The Triassic of] Brisbane and south-east Moretón./. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 263-268, fig. 37. CAMPBELL, Kenton Stewart Wall 1951. The geology of the Cresshrook-Buaraba area. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(15): 144, 3 pis, map. ------1953. The fauna of the Permo-Carboniferous lngelara Beds of Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(3): 1-30, 7 pis, 4 text-figs. COCHRANE, Nevis (née Ould) 1960. Geology of the Limestone Ridges district, Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(6): 1-7, 1 map. COLLIVER, F. Stanley 1953. The field naturalist and his place in the community. Pres, address. Qd Nat. 14(5): 8-14. ------1956. Triassic footprints in Queensland. Qd Nat. 15 (4-6): 78-79. DE JERSEY, Noel J. 1944. Results of a microscopic study of some Queensland coals. Aust. J. Sei. 7(3): 95-96. ------1946. A microscopic study of the Ipswich coals./top. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(1): 1-18,5 pis. ------1946. Seismological evidence bearing on crustal thickness in the south west Pacific. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(2): 1-18,4 figs. ------1946. Microspore types in some Queensland Permian coals. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(5): 1-12, 1 fig., 2 tables. ______(with Jones, O.A.) 1947; see Jones & de Jersey 1947 (2 papers). ______1949. The chemical and physical properties and classification of some Queensland coals.Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(7): 1-62, 11 figs, 34 tables. ______1949. Principal microspore types of the Ipswich coals .Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(9): 1-8, 1 pl„ 1 table. DENMEAD, Alan Knox 1928. A survey of the Brisbane Schists. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 39: 71-106, 2 text-figs, pis 6-10. 56

DODDS, Betty 1949. Mid-Triassic Blattoidea from the Mount Crosby Insect Bed .Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(10): 1-11,6 text-figs. DRISCOLL, Egbert G. 1960. The geology of the Mundubbera district. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(5): 1-27,1 map, 3 figs, 2 tables. FISHER, Norman H. 1944. Outline of the geology of the Morobe Goldfields. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 55(4): 51-58, pis 1,2. GRADWELL, Richard 1947. Some deuteric changes in the Enoggera granite. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 58(4): 61-66, 2 text-figs. ------1949. The petrology of the eruptive rocks of the Yarraman district. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(8): 1-39,20 figs, map. ------1955. The petrology of the Samford Granodiorite. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(7): 1-37,10 figs, 5 pis, 1 map. ------1956. A note on the rapakiwi granite of the Hivesville—Proston district. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(13): 1-7,2 figs, 1 map. ------1958. Post-tectonic granite-gabbro complexes in south-eastern Queens­ land. Geol. Mag. 95: 347-350. ------1958. A simple fusion method for determination of plagioclase felspar from thin section. Amer. Mineral. 43: 368-370,1 fig. ------1958. The petrology of the Kholo Creek quartz-diorite. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(1): 1-19,2 pis, 1 map. ------1960. The Permian to Triassic granites of southern and coastal Queens­ land./. geol. Soc. Am t. 7: 245-249, fig. 34. HEIDECKER, Eric J. 1959. Middle Devonian molluscs from the Burdekin Formation of north Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(2): 1-11,3 pis. HILL, Dorothy 1930. The stratigraphical relationship of the shales about Esk to the sedi­ ments of the Ipswich Basin. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 41: 162-191, 1 map, 5 text-figs. ------1930. The development of the Esk series between Esk and Linville. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 42: 2 848,2 maps. ______1934. The Lower Carboniferous corals of Australia. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 45: 63-115, 7 figs, pis 7-11. ______1935. British terminology for rugose corals. Geol. Mag. 72: 481-519, 21 text-figs. ------et al. 1936. Report of “Coral R eef’ meeting at Wenlock Edge, the Dudley district, and the Oxford district.Proc. Geol. Assoc. 47: 130-139. ______1936. Upper Devonian corals from Western Australia./. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust. 22: 25-39, 8 figs, 1 pi. ------1936. The British Silurian rugose corals with acanthine septa.Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (B) 226: 189-217,35 figs, pis. 29,30. ------& BUTLER, A.J. 1936. Cymatelasma, a new genus of Silurian rugose corals. Geol. Mag. 73: 516-527,14 text-figs, pi. 16. ------1937. Type specimens of Palaeozoic corals from New South Wales in W.B. Clarke’s First Collection, and in the Strzelecki collection. Geol. Mag. 74: 145-153, 9 text-figs. ------1937. The Permian corals of Western Australia./. Proc. R. Soc. W. Aust., 23: 43-63,1 pi., 12 text-figs. ------1938. Euryphyllum: a new genus of Permian zaphrentoid rugose corals. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 49: 23-28,17 figs, 1 pi. 57

HILL, Dorothy 1938. A scientific expedition to Moreton Bay. 4wsf. /. Sei. 1: 28-30. ______& SMYTH, L.B. 1938, On the identity of Monilopora Nicholson and Etheridge, 1897, with Cladochonus McCoy 1847. Proc. R. Irish Acad. 45 (B) (6): 125-138, pis 22-23. ______193841. A monograph on the Carboniferous rugose corals of Scotland. Pt 1: 1-78, pis 1 ,2 (1937) [1938]. Pt 2: 79-114, pis 3-5 (1938) [1939]. Pt 3: 115-204, pis 6-11 (1940). Pt 4: 205-213 (1941). Palaeontographical Society, London. ______1939. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, I. Douglas Creek and Drummond Creek, Clermont district. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 50: 55-65, pis 4, 5. ______1939. The Devonian rugose corals of Lilydale and Loyola, Victoria. Proc. R. Soc. Viet.51: 219-256, pis 13-16. ------1939. Western Australian Devonian corals in the Wade Collection. J. Proc. R. Soc. W. Aust. 25: 141-151, 1 pi. ------1940. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, II. The Silverwood- Lucky Valley area .Proc. R. Soc. Qd 51: 150-168, pis 2, 3. ------(with Jones, O.A.) 1940; see Jones & Hill 1940. ------1940. The Silurian Rugosa of the Yass-Bowning District, N.S.W.iYoc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 65: 388420,4 text-figs, pis 11-13. ------& JONES, O.A. 1940. The corals of the Garra Beds, Molong district, New South Wales./. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 74: 175-208, pis 2-8. ______1940. The Lower Middle Devonian rugose corals of the Murrumbidgee and Goodradigbee Rivers, New South Wales. J. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 74: 247-276, pis 9-11. ______1940. Geology of the Darling Downs. In Centenary Souvenir Darling Downs, 1840-1940: 25-27. Toowoomba. ______& EDWARDS, A.B. 1941. Note on a collection of fossils from Queenstown, Tasmania. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 53: 222-230, pi. 7. ______(with Bryan, W.H.) 1941 : see Bryan & Hill 1941. ______1942. Further Permian corals from Western Australia./. Proc. R. Soc. W. Aust. 27: 57-75, pis 1,2. ______1942. The Middle Devonian rugose corals of Queensland, III. Burdekin Downs, Fanning R., and Reid Gap, north Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 53:229-268, pis 5-11. ______(with Richards, H.C.) 1942; see Richards & Hill 1942. ______1942. Some Tasmanian Palaeozoic corals. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. for 1941: 3-12, pi. 2. ______1942. The Lower Devonian rugose corals from the Mt Etna Limestone, Qld. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 54: 13-22, pi. 1. ------1942. The Devonian rugose corals of the Tamworth district, N.S.W./. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 76: 142-164, pis 24. ------1942. Middle Palaeozoic rugose corals from the Wellington district, N.S.W. /. Proc. R. Soc. N.S. W. 76: 182-189, pis 5,6. ------1943. A re-interpretation of the Australian Palaeozoic record, based on a study of the rugose corals. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 54: 53-66, 1 table. ------1947. Notes on the geology of the Noosa district. Qd Nat. 13:4346. 58

HILL, Dorothy 1947. Report on tabulate corals from Eildon Dam spillway, Victoria. Appendix 1, p. 41 in Thomas, D.E., The Geology of the Eildon Dam project. Mem. Viet. Dept Mines 16. ______1947. Robert Logan Jack: a memorial address. Proc.R. Soc. Qd 58: 113-124. ______1948. Notes on the geology of Somerset Dam. Qd Nat. 13: 90-94, 1 map. ______1948. The distribution and sequence of Carboniferous coral faunas. Geol. Mag. 85: 121-148,5 text-figs. ______1949. Jack, Robert Logan (1845-1921). In Serle, Percival (Ed.),Dictionary o f Australian Biography 6: 469. ------1950. The Productinae of the Artinskian Cracow Fauna of Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3: 1-27,9 pis. ------1950. Middle Devonian corals from the Buchan district, Victoria. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 62: 137-164, pis 5-9. ------1951. Geology [of Queensland; a new regional interpretation based on the work for the Geological Map of Queensland, 1953]. In Handbook of Queensland, 28th meeting, Brisbane, Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei.: 12 pp., 1 map. ------1951. The Ordovician corals. Pres, address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 62: 1-27, 4 text-figs. ------1952. Some Late Palaeozoic corals from Southland, New Zealand. Paleont. Bull. N.Z. geol. Surv. 19(2): 18-25, 2 figs, pi. 3. ------1952. The Gondwana System in Queensland./« Symposium sur les series de Gondwana. Rep. 19th Int. Geol. Cóngr., Algiers: 3549,1 map. ------1953. The Middle Ordovician of the Oslo region, Norway. 2. Some rugose and tabulate corals. Norsk geol. Tidsskr. 31: 143-168, pis 1-5. ______TWEEDALE, G.W. CAMPBELL, K.S.W. & HAWTHORNE, W.L. 1953. Geological Map of Queensland, 40 miles to 1 inch. Queensland Dept of Mines. ______1953. Outline of the Geology [of Queensland]. 5th Empire Min. Metal Congr. Handbook, Australia and New Zealand, 7: 117-123, 1 fig. ______1954. Coral faunas from the Silurian of New South Wales and the Devonian of Western Australia. Bull. Bur. Miner. Resour. Geol. Geophys. Aust. 23: 1-51,4 pis. ------1954. Devonian corals from Waratah Bay, Victoria. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 66: 105-118, pis 6-9. ______1954. The care of type specimens.News Bull. geol. Soc. Aust. 2(1): 2-3. ______1955. Contributions to the correlation and fauna of the Permian in Aus­ tralia and New Zealand./, geol. Soc. Aust. 2: 83-107,5 figs. (D. Hill reviewer). ______& TWEEDALE, G.W. 1955. Geological Map of the Moreton district; 6 miles to 1 inch. Queensland, Dept of Mines. ______1955. Ordovician corals from Ida Bay, Queenstown and Zeehan, Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tas. 89: 237-254, pis 1-3. ------1956. The Devonian corals of Reefton, New Zealand. Paleont. Bull. N.Z. geol. Surv. 25(1): 5-14, pis 1,2. ------1956. The next eleven entries form part of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (R.C. Moore, ed.),Part F, Coelenterata. Cnidaria — general features: F5-9, text-figs. 2-5 (with J.W. Wells). Hydrozîoa — general features : F 67 (with J.W. Wells). 59

Hydroida and Spongiomorphida: F 81-89, text-figs 65-74 (with J.W. Wells). Anthozoa— general features: F 161-165, text-fig. 132 (with J.W. Wells). Ceriantipatharia: F 165-166, text-fig. 133 (with J.W. Wells). Zoantharia — general features: F 231-232 (with J.W. Wells). Zoanthinaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria: F 232-233, text-figs 163,164 (with J.W. Wells). Rugosa: F 233-324, text-figs 165-219. Heterocorallia: F 324-327, text-figs 220-221. Tabulata: F 444-477, text figs 340-357 (with E.C. Stumm). Ctenophora: F 478, text-fig. 358 (with J.W. Wells). HILL, Dorothy & TWEEDALE, G.W. 1956. Springsure - 4 mile Geological Series Sheet G/55-3, Australian National Grid. Australia, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics. ------1957. The sequence and distribution of Upper Palaeozoic coral faunas. Aust.J. Sei. 19: 42-61, 1 text-fig. ------1957. Ordovician corals from New South Wales. J. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 91: 97-107, pis 2 4 . ------1957. Explanatory notes to the Springsure 4-mile Geological Series Sheet G/55-3.Note Series Bur. Min. Res. Comm. Aust. 5: 1-19, 1 table. ------1958. Introduction [An outline of the geology of Queensland] Lexicon de Stratigraphie — Vol. 6 Oceanie — Fase. 5 Australie - Fase. 5a Queensland, Lexique Stratigraphique internationale - Commission de Stratigraphie. Centre National de la Récherche Scientifique, Paris: 9-12. ------1959. Sakmarian geography. Geol. Rundsch. 47: 590-629, figs 1-8. ------1959. Distribution and sequence of Silurian coral faunas./. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 92: 151-173. ------1959. Some Ordovician corals from New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. Bull. geol. Surv. New Mexico 64: 1-25,2 pis. ------1960. Possible intermediates between Alcyonaria and Tabulata, Tabulata and Rugosa, and Rugosa and Hexacoralla.Pep. 21st Int. Geol. Congr. 22: 51-58. ------1960. Geology as a subject for secondary schools. Aust. Sei. Teachers J. 6(2): 59-60. ------& DENMEAD, A.K. (eds) 1960. The geology of Queensland. /. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 1474, 56 text-figs, 8 pis., 2 coloured maps. Chapter 1, Geological Struc­ ture, 1-20; and parts of Chapters 5, Devonian, 7 Permian, 8 Triassic, 10 Cretaceous, and 13 Upper Cainozoic were contributed by D. Hill. ------1960. Contribution to the stratigraphical colloquium. C.R. 4th Congr. Strat. Geol. Carbonifère, 1958, 1: 289-292, 1 fig. ISBELL, R.F. 1955. The geology of the northern section of the Bowen Basin. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(11): 143,4 text-figs, 1 map. JONES, John Brett (with Jones, O.A.) 1956; see Jones, O.A. & Jones, J.B. 1956. ------( ------) I960; see Jones, O.A. & Jones, J.B. 1960 (2 papers). JONES, Owen Arthur 1926. The Tertiary deposits of the Moreton district, south-eastern Queensland.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 38: 2346,4 figs, pis 6, 7, 2 maps. ______1927. Silurian graptolites from Studley Park, Melbourne, Australia. Geol. Mag. 64: 101-105, pi. 5,1 table. 60

JONES, Owen Arthur J 927. A new genus of tabulate corals from New South Wales. Geol. Mag. 64: 438440, pi. 12. ------1929. On the coral genera Endophyllum Edwards and Haime and Spongophyllum Edwards and Haime. Geol. Mag. 66: 84-91, 1 fig, pi. 10. ------1932. A revision of the Australian species of the coral genera Spongo­ phyllum E. & H. and Endophyllum E. & H. with a note on Aphrophyllum Smith. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 44: 50-63, 2 figs, pis 3,4. ------1936. The controlling effect of environment upon the corallum in Favosites; with a revision of some massive species on this basis. AnnMag. Nat. Hist., s e r .l0 ,\l: 1-24, 12 figs, pis 1-3. ------1936. On the Silurian corals Cyathophyllum shearshyi and Helio- phyllum yassense. Mem. Qd Mus. 11: 53-58, pis 5-7. ------1937. The Australian massive species of the coral genus Favosites. Rec. Aust. Mus. 20(2): 79-102, pis 11-16. ------& HILL, D. 1940. The Heliolitidae of Australia, with a discussion of the morphology and systematic position of the family. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 51: 183-215, pis 6-11,2 tables. ------(with Hill, D.) 1940; see Hill & Jones 1940. ------1941. The Devonian Tabulata of Douglas and Drummond Creeks, Clermont, Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 53: 41-60, pis 1-3. ------1941. Some unusual wolfram and cassiterite lodes. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 2(8): 1-5, 1 pi., 1 text-fig. ------1943. The tin, tungsten and molybdenum deposits of Australia. Part I, Queensland.Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 2(9): 149. ------1944. Tabulata and Heliolitida from the Wellington district, N.S.W. J. Proc. R. Soc. N.S. W. 77: 33-39, pi. 1. ------(with Bryan, W.H.) 1944; see Bryan & Jones 1944. ------(with Bryan, W.H.) 1945; see Bryan & Jones 1945. ------1946. Heavy mineral beach sand concentrates. Aust. J. Sei. 8(4-5): 99-103. ------& DE JERSEY, N.J., 1947. The flora of the Ipswich Coal Measures - morphology and floral succession. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(3): 1-88, 59 figs, 10 pis. 3 tables, 1 map. ------& ------1947. Fertile Equisetales and other plants from the Brighton Beds, with an appendix on the stratigraphy and geological map by J.T. Woods. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(4): 1-16, 17 figs, 2 pis, 1 map. ------1947. Fossils from the rocks at Cairncross Dock. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 57: 79. ------1947. The detection and tracking of cyclones off the Queensland coast. Aust. J. Sei. 10(2): 43 44. ------1947. Ore genesis in Queensland. Pres, address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 59: 1-91,3 figs, tables. ------1948. Triassic plants from Cracow. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 59: 101-108,1 pi. 61

JONES, Owen Arthur 1948. The Maryborough earthquake of 1947. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(6): 1-10, 4 text-figs. ------1949. Problems of Queensland Mesozoic palaeobotany. Aust. J. Sei. 11(6): 192-193. ------(with Bryan, W.H.) 1950: see Bryan & Jones 1950. ------1950. Some modern methods of coal investigation as applied to Queensland coals. Proc. Australas. Inst. Min. Metall. 158-9: 345-366, figs 1-3, 3 tables. ______1951. Seismic research within the University. Univ. Qd Gaz. 21: 34. ______1951. The early detection of hurricanes. Proc. int. Soc. Sug. Cane Technol., 6th Congr., Brisbane, 1950: 137-149, figs 1-10. ______(with Bryan, W.H.) 1951 ; see Bryan & Jones 1951. ______1953. The structural geology of the Precambrian in Queensland in relation to the mineralisation. 5th Empire Mining & Metallurgy Congr., Geology o f Australian Ore Deposits, 1: 344-351, text-figs 1-3. ------1953. General geology of the eastern highlands region of Queensland. 5th Empire Mining & Metallurgy Congr., Geology o f Australian Ore Deposits, 1: 689-702,6 text-figs, 1 table. ------1953. The new University of Queensland seismological station. Bull. seism. Soc. Am. 43(3): 247-254,4 figs. ------(with Bryan, W.H.) 1954; see Bryan & Jones 1954. ------(with Bryan, W.H.) 1955; see Bryan & Jones 1955. ------1956. Temporary seismograph stations at Quilpie and Roma. Univ. Qd Gaz. 36: 7-8, 2 fig. ------& JONES, John Brett 1956. Notes on the geology of some north Queensland islands. Part 1, Islands of Torres Strait; Part II, Cairncross Island to Hudson Island. Rep. G t Barrier R eef Comm. 6(3): 31-54, pis 9-15,2 maps, 3 tables. ------1959. Queensland earthquakes and their relation to structural features. J. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 92: 176-181,2 figs, 2 tables. ------(with Bryan, W.H., Denmead, A.K. & Mathews, R.J.) 1960; see Bryan, Denmead, et al. 1960. ------(with Bryan, W.H., 1960); see Bryan & Jones 1960 (2 papers). JONES, O.A. & JONES, John Brett 1960. [The Precambrian of] the coastal islands and adjacent coastal strip./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 78-79. ------1960. Permian? rocks of islands between 9lA° and 17° south./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 243-244. LUCAS, K.G. 1960. [Silurian of the ] Border Rivers./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 139-140. ------1960. [Devonian of] the Border Rivers area./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 142-143. ------1960. [Carboniferous of] the Border Rivers area./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 165-166. ------1960. [Permian of] the Texas area. /. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 229-235, fig. 32, table 9. McDONNELL, Kevin G. 1956. Geology of the Esk Rift Valley between Harlin and Linville, with particular reference to the structure. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(12): 1-32, 1 pi., 4 text-figs, 1 map. McLEOD, Ian R. 1954. Geological boundaries and formation symbols: Glasshouse. Univ. Qd, Dept Geol. (Map series A, no. 1). 62

McLEOD, Ian R. 1956. Geological boundaries and formation symbols: Samford. Univ. Qd Dept Geol. (Map series A, no. 2). ------1959. The Somerset Dam igneous complex: a preliminary account. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(3): 140, 1 pi., 1 map. MATHEWS, Reginald T. 1954. The greenstones of the Petrie-Mount Mee area, Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(6): 1-37, 4 pis, 1 map. ------1955. Geology of the Woodford-Kilcoy area, Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(8): 1-27, 1 map, 2 pis. MAXWELL, William Graham Henderson 1950. An Upper Devonian bï2icK\opoà(Cyrtospirifer reidi sp. nov.) from the Mt Morgan district. Pep. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(12): 1-8, pi. 1. ______1951. Upper Devonian and Middle Carboniferous brachiopods of Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 3(14): 1-27, text-figs 14, 2 maps, pis 1 A '. ______—----- 1953. Upper Palaeozoic formations in the Mt Morgan district - Stratigraphy and structure. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(4): 1-14, 1 map, 2 tables. ______1954. Upper Palaeozoic formations in the Mt Morgan district — Faunas. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(5): 1-69, 6 pis, 3 text-figs, 2 maps. ______1954. Strophalosia in the Permian of Queensland. J. Paleont. 28: 533-559, pis 54-57, text-figs 1-8, 1 table, 1 map. ______1956. .Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate a type species in harmony with accustomed usage for “Tenakea” Booker (F.W.), 1930 (Class Brachiopoda), a genus based upon a misidentified type species and to validate the name currently used for the species so to be designated. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 2(2): 333-336. ------1960. [Devonian] — The Yarrol Basin./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 160-162, table 5. ------—------1960. [Carboniferous] — Mount Barney [and] Yarrol Basin./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 167-175, table 6, figs 22, 23. ------1960. [Permian] — The Yarrol Basin (southern part) —J.geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 217-221, table 7. ______1960. Tournaisian brachiopods from Baywulla, Queensland.Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(8): 1-11, 1 pi. OULD, Nevis 1956. Geological boundaries and formation symbols: Ipswich. Univ. Qd Dept. Geol. (Map series A, no. 3). PHILLIPS, Evan R. 1959. An olivine-bearing hornfels from south-eastern Queensland. Geol. Mag. 96: 377-384, pi. 15. RICHARDS, Henry Caselli 1911. The building stones of St John’s Cathedral, Brisbane. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 23: 199-206. ______1913. The Cretaceous rocks of Woody Island, Queensland and its neighbourhood and their relations to the Burrum Formation. Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei. 14: 179-188, pis 5,6. ______1914. Development of petrology during the present century. Pres. address.Prac. R. Soc. Qd 26: 1-11. ______1916. The volcanic rocks of south-eastern Queensland.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 27: 105-204, pis 5-14. 63

RICHARDS, Henry Caselli 1918. The building stones of Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 30: 97-157, pis 8-10. ______1918. The volcanic rocks of Springsure, central Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 30: 179-198, pi. 12. ------1918. The nature, occurrence and origin of alunogen at Vandyke, near Springsure, central Queensland.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 30: 199-208, 2 figs. ------— 1919. The building stones of Queensland. Commonwealth Year Book 12: 89-95. 1919. Artesian water problems. Sei. Ind., Melb. 1(1): 4549, 3 figs. ------1920. Notes on the vent structures and jointings of the Municipal Quarry, Toowoomba, Queensland. Qd Nat. 2(4): 94-96. ______1921. The Post-Cretaceous rocks of Australia. Spec. Pubis Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 7: 744-753. ______1922. Problems of the Great Barrier Reef. Qd geogr. J. 36: 42-54. ______1922. A study of the Brisbane Schists from the point of view of the engineer. Special Publ. of Inst, of Engineers Aust., Brisbane Div., 19 pp., 3 figs. ______1922. Anorthoclase basalt from Mapleton, Blackall Range, south­ eastern Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 34: 161-167, pis 14. ______1922. An unusual rhyolite from the Blackall Range, south-eastern Queensland.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 34: 195-208, pis 5-6. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1923. Permo-Carboniferous volcanic activity in southern Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 35: 109-126 j pi- 4. ------& HEDLEY, C. 1923. Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Qd geogr. J. 38: 1-5. ------1923. The importance of completing survey of the Great Barrier Reef and the possibility of shortening the distance for full-power steamers between Arafura and Coral Seas. Rroc. pan-Pacif. Sei. Congr., 1923, 1: 704-707. ------1923. Post-Mesozoic volcanic rocks of Queensland. Proc. pan- Pacif. Sei. Congr., 1923, 1: 834-836. ------1923. The Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Proc. pan-Pacif. Sei. Congr., 1923, 1: 1104-1119. ------1924. The Alkaline Rocks of Australasia Committee, Report of the Secretaries (with E.W. Skeats). Rep. Australas. 4 m. Advm t Sei., 1923, 16: 105-107. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1924. Permo-Carboniferous rocks of Queens­ land.Rep. Australas. Ass. Advmt Sei., 1923,16: 49-50. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1924.Radiolarian rocks in southern Queensland. Rep. Australas. 4 m. Advm t Sei., 1923,16: 296-316, 3 tables. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1924. The geology of the Silverwood-Lucky Valley area.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 36: 44-108, pis 7-20, 1 map, 8 tables. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1925. Radiolarian jaspers in the Brisbane Schist Series. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 36 : 131-136, pi. 26. ------& HEDLEY, Charles 1925. A geological reconnaissance in northern Queensland. Rep. G t Barrier R eef Comm. 1: 1-28, pis 1-2, 8 text-figs. 64

RICHARDS, Henry Caselli, MARSHALL, P. & WALKOM, A.B. 1925. Recent emergence at Holbourne Island. Rep. Gt Barrier R eef Comm. 1: 29-34, pis 3,4. ______1925. Geology of south eastern Queensland. Handbook Aust. Scout Corroborée. ______1926. Volcanic activity in Queensland. Pres, address, Section C. Rep. Australas. Ass. AdvmtSci., 1924,17: 275-299. ______& BRYAN, W.H. 1927. Volcanic mud balls from the Brisbane Tuff. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 39: 54-60, pis 2-3. ______1928. Queensland Investigation of Structural Features and Land Forms in Australia Committee.Rep. Australas. ^4ss. AdvmtSci., 1926, 18: 61-62 ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1928. Note on the Devonian rocks of central and southern Queensland. Rep. Australas. .4ss. Advmt Sei., 1926, 18: 286-290, 3 tables. ------1928. Scientific investigations on the Great Barrier Reef, Aus­ tralia. Rep. Gt Barrier Reef Comm. 2: vii-xvi, 3 pis. ------1930. The Glenormiston Meteorite.Mem. QdMus. 10(1): 65-72, pis 3-8. ------1931. Queensland. In Abstract of the Report of the Research Committee on the Structural Features and Land Forms of Australia and New Zealand. Rep. Australas. Advmt Sei., 1930, 20: 36-40. ------1931. The Grey Street bridge, Brisbane: The rock foundation of the piers./. Inst. Engrs Aust. 3(11): 377-385, 5 figs. ------& BRYAN, W.H. 1932. Algal limestones from Gigoomgan, Queensland. Geol. Mag. 69: 289-301, pis 17-20. ______BRYAN, W.H. & WHITEHOUSE, F.W. 1932. A preliminary note on the geology of Mount Barney. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 44: 64-70. ______& MARKHAM, S.F. 1933. A report on the museums and art galleries of Australia. The Museums Association, London, 113 pp. ______& MARKHAM, S.F. 1934. A directory of the museums and art galleries of Australia and New Zealand. The Museums Association, London, 114 pp. ______& BRYAN, W.H. 1934. The problem of the Brisbane Tuff. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 45: 50-62, pis 4-6. ______1937. Gold deposits in Queensland. Mine Quarry Engng 2(3): 102-104. ------1937. Some problems of the Great Barrier Reef. /. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 71: 68-85. ------1938. Geology of the Coolum area. Qd Nat. 10(6): 102-106. ------1938. Boring operations at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Rep. G t Barrier Reef Comm. 4(3): 135-142, pi. 15. ______1938. Mount Isa lead-zinc field. Mine Quarry Engng 3(5): 184-186, 191. ------1938. Application of geophysical methods to the study of the Great Barrier Reefs. GeogrlJ. 91(4): 352-354. ------1938. Work of the Great Barrier Reef Committee. Aust. J. Sei. 1(1): 15-16. ------1939. Recent sea-level changes in eastern Australia. Proc. 6th Pac. Sei. Congr., 1939,2: 853-856. 65

RICHARDS, Henry Caselli 1939. Results of deep boring operations on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia.Proc. 6th Pac. Sei. Congr., 1939, 2: 857. ------1940. Some scientific investigations affecting Queensland. Pres. address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 51: 1-14. ------& HILL, D. 1942. Great Barrier Reef bores, 1926 and 1937. Descriptions, analyses and interpretations. Rep. Gt Barrier R eef Comm. 5: 1-122, pis 1-12,2 text-figs. ------1942. Pure research - a national need. Aust. J. Sei. 5(2): 4143. RIEK, Edgar F. 1952. The fossil insects of the Tertiary Redbank Plains Series, Part 1. An outline of the fossil assemblage with descriptions of the fossil insects of the orders Mecoptera and Neuroptera./^/?. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(1): 1-14, 4 figs, 2 pis. ------1952. Fossil insects from the Tertiary sediments at Dinmore, Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(2): 17-22,4 figs, 1 pi. ROBINSON, Edward Valentine 1960. Clays of Queensland. J. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 425431, 2 tables.

STEPHENSON, Percy Jon 1959. The Mt Barney central complex, south-eastern Queensland. Geol. Mag. 96: 125-136, 1 fig. ------1960. Mt Barney. J. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 262-3, 297. STEPHENSON, P.J., STEVENS, N.C. & TWEEDALE, G.W. 1960. [Lower Cainozoic of Queensland] Igneous rocks./, geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 355-369, figs 51,52. STEVENS, Neville Cecil 1957. Further notes on Ordovician formations of central New South Wales./. Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 90: 44-50, 1 text-fig, 1 pi. ______1959. Palaeozoic geology of the Cooleman Caves district, New South Wales.Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 83: 251-258, 1 text-fig, pis 3,4. ______1959. Ring-structures of the Mt Alford district, south-east Queens­ land./. geol. Soc. Aust. 6: 3749, 3 text-figs, 2 pis. ______1959. Igneous rocks of the Kalbar district, south-east Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(4): 1-9,1 map. ______1959. A note on the nomenclature of the pyroclastic rocks. /. Sei. 22(3): 119-120. ______(with Stephenson, P.J., & Tweedale, G.W.) 1960; see Stephenson etal. 1960. ______(with Best, J.G. & Tweedale, G.W.) 1960. [Upper Cainozoic of Queensland] Igneous rocks. /. geol. Soc. Aust. 7: 419423. UPTON, Philip S., 1956. Cyclone microseisms at Brisbane: a new method of analysis. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(14): 1-12,6 figs. ------1956. Microseisms associated with tropical cyclones over the north east Australian region. Tropical Cyclone Symposium, Brisbane, Dec. 1956; Symposium Paper No. 12, 5 pp., 1 fig. ______(with Newman, B.W.) 1958. Microseisms associated with cyclones over north-east Australian waters: Aust. Meteorol. Mag. 22: 24-35,6 figs. ______1960. The generation of microseismic storms in the Coral Sea .Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 5(7): 1-16,8 figs. WALKOM, Arthur Bache 1915. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Part 1: The flora of the Ipswich and Walloon Series (a) Introduction, (b) Equisetales. Pubis geol. Surv. Qd 252: 5-51, pis 1-5. ______1916. Note onNilssonia mucronatum (de Vis) from the Cretaceous of western Queensland. Mew. Qd Mus. 5: 231-232, pi. 24. 66

WALKOM, Arthur Bache 1916. Notes on a specimen of Annularia from near Dunedoo. New South Wales.Mem. QdMus. 5: 233-234, pi. 25. ______1916. Fenestella and Polypora(l) in south-eastern Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 28: 101-103. ______1917. Report on the pyroxene granulites collected by the British Antarctic Expedition 1907-9 under the command of Sir Ernest Shackleton. C. V.O. Rept Sei. Invest., Geol. 2: 161-168. ______1917. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Part 1 (cont.): The flora of the Ipswich and Walloon Series, (c) Filicales etc. Pubis geoLSurv. Qd 257: 1-65, 7 figs, 10 pis. ------1917. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Part 1 (cont.): The flora of the Ipswich and Walloon Series, (d) Ginkgoales, (e) Cycadophyta, (f) Coniferales. Pubis geol. Surv. Qd 259: 1-49,9 pis. ------1918. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Part 2: The flora of the Maryborough (Marine) Series .Pubis geol. Surv. Qd 262: 3-21, pis 1-2. ------1918. The geology of the Lower Mesozoic rocks of Queensland. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 43: 37-115, text-figs 1-6, pi. 1, tables 1-10. ------1919. Queensland fossil floras. Pres, address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 31: 1-20. ------1919. Mesozoic floras of Queensland. Parts 3 and 4: The floras of the Burrum and Styx River Series .Pubis geol. Surv. Qd 263: 7-77, pis 1-7. WELLS, John West 1955. Recent subfossil corals of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 4(10): 1-23, 3 pis., 3 tables. ------1955. A survey of the distribution of reef coral genera in the Great Barrier Reef regions. Pep. G t Barrier Reef Comm. 6(2): 21-29, 1 chart. ------1956; see Hill, D. 1956. WHITEHOUSE, Frederick William 1924. Dimitobelidae — a new family of Cretaceous belemnites. Geol. Mag. 61: 410416, figs 1-7. ------& BRIGHTON, A.G. 1924. Notes on some Neocomian Cephalopoda from Speeton. Yorks Nat. 50: 359-360. ------1924. Some Jurassic fossils from Western Australia. J. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust. 11: 1-13, text-figs 1-11, pis 1,2. ------1924. The Queensland Inocerami collected by M. Lumholz in 1881 .Proc. R. Soc. Qd 35: 127-132, pis 5-7. ------1925. On Rolling Downs fossils collected by Prof. J.W. Gregory. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 49: 27-36, pis 1,2. ------1926. The Cretaceous Ammonoidea of eastern Australia. Mem. QdMus. 8: 195-242,2 text-figs, pis 3441. ------(with Bryan W.H.) 1926; see Bryan & Whitehouse 1926. ------1927. Additions to the Cretaceous ammonite fauna of eastern Australia; No. 1 .Mem. QdMus. 9: 109-120, text-figs 1-9, pis 16,17. ------(with Howchin, W.) 1928. A new and very large crio- ceratid ammonite from the Cretaceous of central Australia. Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 3(4): 483492, text-figs 143-145. ------1928. Additions to the Cretaceous ammonite fauna of eastern Australia, Part 2. Desmoceratidae.Mem. QdMus. 9: 200-206, pis 25,26. 67

WHITEHOUSE, Frederick William (with Bryan, W.H.) 1929; see Bryan & Whitehouse 1929. ------1929. The correlation of the marine Cretaceous deposits of Australia. Rep. Australas. Ass. AdvmtSci., 1926,18: 275-280. ------1929. Notes on Upper Palaezoic marine horizons in eastern and western Australia.Rep. Australas. 4ss. AdvmtSci., 1926,18: 281-283. ------1929. Notes on the fossils found on the excursion to Darra, 13th April, 1929. QdNat. 7(2): 30. ------1930. The progress and the present needs of Queensland palaeontology. QdNat. 7(5): 80-86. ------1930. The geology of Queensland. Handbook Australas. Ass. Advm t Sei., 1930: 23-39. ------1931. Some problems of Queensland palaeobotany.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 43: xiv-xvi. ------1931. Palaeontology. Rep.Dep.Mines Qd, 1930: 141-142. ------(with Richards, H.C. & Bryan, W.H.) 1932; see Richards, Bryan & Whitehouse 1932. ------1933. Notes on the Permo-Carboniferous floras of Queens­ land. Qd Govt Min. J. 34: 37-38. ------1933. On the presence of glendonites in the Dawson Valley.Proc. R. Soc. Qd 44: 153-155, 1 text-fig, pi. 6. ------1934. A large spiral structure from the Cretaceous beds of western Queensland.Mem. QdMus. 10: 203-210, pi. 32, text-figs 14. ______1936. The Cambrian faunas of north-eastern Australia: Part 1, Stratigraphical outline; and Part 2, Trilobita (Miomera).Mem. QdMus. 11: 59-112, pis 8-10. ______(with Bryan, W.H.) 1938; see Bryan & Whitehouse 1938. ______1939. The Cambrian faunas of north-eastern Australia. Part 3: The polymerid trilobites (with supplement No. 1). Mem. QdMus. 11: 179-282, pis 19-25. ------1940. Studies in the late geological history of Queensland. Pap. Dep. Geol. Univ. Qd 2(1): 1-7, 14 text-figs, pis 1-3. ------1941. The Cambrian faunas of north-eastern Australia. Part 4: Early Cambnan echinoderms similar to the larval stages of Recent forms. Mem. Qd Mus. 12: 1-28,9 figs, 4 pis. ------1942. The surface of western Queensland. Pres, address. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 53: 1-22, 6 text-figs. ------1944. The natural drainage of some very flat monsoonal lands. Aust. Geogr. 4: 183-196, 7 pis. ------1945. The Cambrian faunas of north-eastern Australia. Part 5: The trilobite genusDorypyge. Mem. QdMus. 12: 117-123, pi. 40. ------1945. Geological work on the Great Artesian Basin: Appendix C.D. on Artesian Water Supplies. 1st Interim Report of Committee appointed by Queensland Government to investigate certain aspects relating to the Great Artesian Basin (Queensland section) with particular reference to the problem of diminishing supply. Queensland Dept of the Co-Ordinator General, 22-28. 68

WHITEHOUSE, Frederick William 1946. A marine Early Cretaceous fauna from Stanwell (Rockhampton district).Proc. R. Soc. Qd 57: 7-20, 3 figs, 1 pi. ------1948. The Australian aboriginal as a collector of fossils. QdNat. 13: 100-102. ------1948. The geology of the Channel Country of south­ western Queensland. In Whitehouse, F.W. et a l, The Channel Country of south­ west Queensland with special reference to Cooper’s Cxeek.Tech. Bull. Dep. publ. LdsQd 1: 10-28, figs 1-3, pis 1-12. ------■------1951. Physiography. In Handbook of Queensland, 28th meeting, Brisbane, Aust. N.Z. Ass. Advmt Sei.: 5-12, 2 figs. ------1952. The Mesozoic environments of Queensland. Rep. Amt. N.Z. Advmt Set, 29th Meeting, Pres, address to section C: 83-106. ------1955. The geology of the Queensland portion of the Great Artesian Basin. Appendix G to Artesian water supplies in Queensland. Report following First Interim Report (1945) of Committee appointed by the Queensland Government to investigate certain aspects relating to the Great Artesian Basin (Queensland portion), with particular reference to the problems of diminishing supply. Queensland, Dept of Co-ordinator-General of Public Works: 1-20, 16 figs, 1 map. WHITEHOUSE, Marjorie J. 1937. The deuteric mineral sequence in the Enoggera granite, Queensland.Mineralog. Mag. 24: 538-546. ------1938. The zeolites of Queensland. Proc. R. Soc. Qd 49: 71-81. WILKINSON, John Frederick George 1953. Some aspects of the alpine-type serpentinites of Queensland. Geol. Mag. 90: 305-321, pi. 12. ------1955. The terms Teschenite and Crinanite. Geol. Mag. 92: 282-290. ------1960. Serpentinites./. geol. Soc. Am t. 7: 144-145. WOODS, Jack Tunstall 1947. Stratigraphical notes on the Brighton Beds. Appendix, pp. 12-16, pis 1,2; in Jones & de Jersey 1947. ------1950. Notes on rocks, nos 1 and 2. Qd Nat. 14: 30-33, 77-80.

Emeritus Professor Dorothy Hill, C.B.E., F.R.S., F.A.A. Department of Geology and Mineralogy University o f Queensland St Lucia, Queensland 4067