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Flerårig Steppegræs (Ehrharta Calycina)

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Flerårig Steppegræs (Ehrharta Calycina) Flerårig steppegræs (Ehrharta calycina) Beskrivelse Videnskabeligt navn: Ehrharta calycina Sm. Synonymer: De hyppigst anvendte synonymer er Aira capensis L.f. Ehrharta ascendens Schrad. Ehrharta auriculata Steud. Ehrharta geniculate (Thunb.) Thunb. Melica festucoides Licht. Ex Trin. Trochera calycina Sm. P. Beauv. Kaldenavn: flerårig steppegræs Beskrivelse Flerårig steppegræs er en tuedannende 30-75 cm høj, som det danske navn siger, flerårig græs med grønne til grønviolette 2-7 mm brede blade1,2. Hver tue har typisk mange skud. Blomsterstanden er en åben 10-15 cm lang top med mange siddende eller kortstilkede småaks, der er 5-8 mm lange. I hvert småaks er der tre blomster, hvoraf kun den øverste er fertil. Yderavnerne er af længde som småakset og violette. Planten har en meget lang blomstringsperiode, der varer op til et halvt år2. Flerårig steppegræs er vindbestøvet og producerer mange frø, der naturligt primært spredes via vinden, men planten har også dyrespredning og spredes med vand. Frøene ligger sædvanligvis på jordoverfladen, hvor de spirer efter regn. Arten har dog også en frøbank, der kan opnå meget høje tætheder (75.000 frø pr. m2)2,3. Efter brand spirer sædvanligvis kun omkring halvdelen af frøbanken, således er der en reserve til senere måske mere gunstige tidpunkter for spiring og etablering3. Planten danner sjældent udløbere1. Vegetativ spredning ses hyppigst, hvor arten vokser i fugtige habitater2. Ved stængelbasis har planten hvileknopper, der skyder efter forstyrrelser2. Dette er især væsentligt i områder, hvor der forekommer brand; da frøene ligger på jordoverfladen er de meget udsatte ved brand hvorimod tuerne bedre tåler branden og spiring fra hvileknopperne fremmes ved brand3. Flerårig steppegræs danner tætte, sammenhængende bestande1,2. Forvekslingsmuligheder Græsser kan være vanskelige at identificere korrekt og adskille fra andre græsarter; det gælder også flerårig steppegræs, der især ligner slægten Bromus (hejre) Slægten Ehrharta kendes fra Bromus på at bladskeden hos sidstnævnte er lukket næsten hele vejen men mere åben hos steppegræs og desuden er der forskelle i flere blomsterkarakterer9. Spredningsveje og nuværende udbredelse Flerårig steppegræs er hjemmehørende i det sydlige Afrika, Lesotho, Namibia og Sydafrika2. Planten, der benyttes som foder og til erosionskontrol, er introduceret til mange lande over hele verden. Arten spredes dels med hø, i dyrepels, via dyregødning og på landbrugsmaskiner1. I Europa forekommer flerårig steppegræs i dag i Portugal og Spanien1,2,4. Den optræder invasivt i Australien og Californien, hvor den har Strandberg, B. 2019, Faktaark udarbejdet af DCE for Miljøstyrelsen invaderet en del forskellige habitater, både forstyrrede habitater og habitater af større naturmæssig værdi, som fx græsland, klitter, krat domineret af salvie, heder og skov2. Arten er hyppigst i kystområder på sandet jord1,2. Arten forekommer ikke i Danmark i dag og spredning af arten til Danmark ved egen hjælp er usandsynlig. Hvis arten introduceres vil den imidlertid kunne etablere sig under relevante fremtidige klimascenarier1. Score og baggrund Vi benytter en skala fra 1 til 3 til vurderingen af arternes påvirkninger/potentielle påvirkninger, hvor 1 svarer til lav, 2 svarer til middel og 3 svarer til høj. Harmonia-scoren er summen af scoren for de fire førstnævnte påvirkningsfaktorer og den samlede score er summen af scoren for alle seks påvirkningsfaktorer. Ved scoringen af arterne vurderes effekterne i forhold til den nuværende udbredelse i Danmark og den udbredelse, der er sandsynlig inden for de kommende 10 år. HARMONIA Økonomi og sundhed Sprednings- Levestedets Påvirkning af Påvirkning af Økonomiske Helbreds Harmonia Samlet potentiale bevarings- eller hjemme- økosystemfunkt effekter effekter score score naturværdi hørende arter ioner 2 3 3 3 1 1 11 13 Spredningspotentiale: (2) Flerårig steppegræs producerer mange frø og danner en stor frøbank. Frøene spredes primært med vind men da frøene ikke har nogen strukturer, der fremmer vindspredningen angives frøene maksimalt at spredes 5 m med vind; og spredning med gnavere er ligeledes relativt kort (maks. 25m)7,8. Arten scores derfor 2. Levestedets bevarings- og naturværdi: (3) Arten invaderer forstyrrede habitater som fx vejkanter men også habitater af bevarings- og naturmæssig værdi4-8, hvorfor der gives scoren 3. Påvirkning af hjemmehørende arter: (3) Når flerårig steppegræs er etableret danner arten tætte, sammenhængende bestande, der hæmmer eller udelukker spiring og etablering af hjemmehørende arter2. De store tætte bestande, som flerårig steppegræs danner, øger risikoen for brand. Da arten er godt tilpasset til brand vil dette yderligere favorisere arten i forhold til hjemmehørende arter5. Hvor der er en god frøbank af hjemmehørende arter tilstede forhindrer eller bremser dette etableringen af flerårig steppegræs; men hvor dette ikke er tilfældet etableres arten hurtigt6. Flere undersøgelser har dokumenteret at flerårig steppegræs udgør en væsentlig trussel for hjemmehørende arter og reducerer forekomsten af truede arter7,8. Plantens frø udgør en attraktiv fødekilde for gnavere og områder med bestande af flerårig steppegræs ses derfor at have flere gnavere end græsland domineret af hjemmehørende arter8. Retablering af hjemmehørende arter på områder hvor flerårig steppegræs tidligere har dannet tætte bestande hæmmes5. Påvirkningen af hjemmehørende arter scores derfor 3. Påvirkning af økosystemfunktioner: (2) De store tætte bestande, som flerårig steppegræs danner, øger risikoen for brand5. Bortset fra denne påvirkning findes der ikke dokumentation for påvirkninger af økosystemfunktioner, hvilke dog potentielt må kunne være betydelige da arten danner meget tætte bestande, hvorfor denne påvirkning scores 3. Strandberg, B. 2019, Faktaark udarbejdet af DCE for Miljøstyrelsen Økonomiske effekter: (1) Udgifter til bekæmpelse af arten ved græsning, kontrolleret afbrænding, herbicider mm., er ukendte. Der kendes ingen undersøgelser af økonomiske tab i forbindelse med invasion af flerårig steppegræs. Økonomiske effekter scores derfor 1. Helbredseffekter: (1) Der kendes ikke til helbredsmæssige effekter af arten, hvor det scores 1. Samlet score = 13 Kilder 1 https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/a/48b0eb45-08a5-4342-b981- 9a0e310e7ba5/TSSR%20Task%202018%20Ehrharta%20calycina.pdf 2 https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/114037 [besøgt 15.-11. 2019] 3 Smith, M.A., Bell, D.T., Loneragan, W.A. 1999. Comparative seed germination ecology of Austrostipa compressa and Ehrhata calycina (Poaceae) in Western Australian Banksia woodland. Australian Journal of Ecology 24, 35-42. 4 https://www.gbif.org/species/2702865 [besøgt 15.-11. 2019] 5 Milberg, P., Lamont, B.B. 1995. Fire enhances weed invasions of roadside vegetation in southwestern Australia. Biological Conservation 73(1), 45-49. 6 Fisher, J.L., Loneragan, W.A., Dixon, K., Veneklass, E.J. 2009. Soil seed bank compositional change constrains biodiversity in an invaded species-rich woodland. Biological Conservation 142(2), 256-269. 7 Wittkuhn. 2010. Wind-aided seed dispersal of perennial Veld Grass (Ehrharta calycina): Implications for restoration in weedy urban bushland remnants. Ecological Management & Restoration 11(2), 148-150. 8 Trunzo, J. 2015. Native small mamal use of an invasive grass: heermann’s kangaroo rats (Dipodomys heermanni) and veldt grass (Ehrharta calycina) in coastal California. PhD Thesis, Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. March 2015. 9 Winston, R. DesCamp, W., Andreas, J., Randall, C.B., Milan, J., Schwarzländer, M. 2014. New invaders of the Southwest. USDA Technology Transfer. FHTET-2014-13. Strandberg, B. 2019, Faktaark udarbejdet af DCE for Miljøstyrelsen .
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