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The European network on cultural management and policy 2018 Congress Proceedings Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations 9th Annual ENCATC Education and Research Session September 28, 2018 Bucharest, Romania Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations BOOK PROCEEDINGS The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations Editor ENCATC Edited by Tanja Johansson, Sibelius Academy, University of the Arts Helsinki (Finland) Scientific Committee Members: Patrick Boylan, City, University of London (United Kingdom) John Carman, Ironbridge International Institute for Cultural Heritage, University of Birmingham (United Kingdom) Mara Cerquetti, University of Macerata (Italy) Hsiao-Ling Chung, National Cheng Kung University (Taiwan) Carmen Croitoru, National Institute for Cultural Research and Training (Romania) Jean-Louis Fabiani, Central European University in Budapest (Hungary) Annukka Jyrämä, Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre, (Estonia) Visnja Kisic, University of Arts Belgrade (Serbia) Johan Kolsteeg, Groningen University (The Netherlands) Tuuli Lähdesmäki, University of Jyväskylä (Finland) Bernadette Lynch, University College London (United Kingdom) Marco Mossoinkoff, Amsterdam Fashion Institute (The Netherlands) Virgil Niţulescu, Ministry of Culture (Romania) Marcin Poprawski, Adam Mickiewicz University (Poland) Carole E. Rosenstein, George Mason University (United States) Alis Vasile, Romanian National Institute for Cultural Research and Training (Romania) 2 Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations Table of Contents Neocolonialist practices in cultural governance in Malta as an EU state ........................................... 5 Karsten Xuereb Beyond the classical mind-set: The challenge of incorporating diverse musical cultures in Higher Music Education .............................................................................................................. 21 Stefan Gies From the Schizofrenia of an Identity to a Cosmic ID ....................................................................... 36 Giada Pieri and Rosaria Cerlino The institutionalization of Artistic and Cultural Education in France and its experimentation in the festivals’ sphere .................................................................................................................... 41 Emmanuel Ethis, Damien Malinas and Lauriane Guillou Community Regeneration Through Industrial Heritage: Cases from Post-Socialist Europe ............. 57 Cristina Sucala Communication between Cultural Policy Stakeholders - a Precondition for Partnership: Example Concert Cycle Art without Borders ................................................................................... 74 Nansi Ivanišević, Vesna Bulić Baketić and Latica Ivanišević Krasnić Landscape as a common good - Tools for its protection and enhancement in a legal and managerial perspective ............................................................................................................ 90 Mara Cerquetti, Caterina Nanni and Carmen Vitale Why we are still stuck in tourism policies and how to release creativity ......................................... 111 Luisa Barreto Shifting the Romanian cultural perspective through design and design education to address a transformative society ................................................................................................................ 126 Alexandra Stefana Ghioc and Radu Bogdan Carnariu There is no Such Thing as one European Culture ......................................................................... 140 Michael Wimmer 3 Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations Istanbul Biennal: A Cultural Identification Arena? .......................................................................... 152 M.Feride Celik International approaches for education to cultural heritage in Global South countries ................... 164 Elena Borin, Simeng Chang and Luca Rossato Innovative Business Models: An Opportunity for the Cultural Sector? Bringing Together the Logics of Public Service and Business .................................................................................... 181 Anne-Catherine Sutermeister Creative Arts Marketing third edition: Using cases and content face to face and online ................ 195 Terry O'Sullivan and Catherine O’Sullivan 4 Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations Neocolonialist Practices in Cultural Governance in Malta as an EU State Dr Karsten Xuereb University of Malta, Malta [email protected] ABSTRACT Keywords: The case of cultural governance in Malta will be discussed to throw light on cultural policy, EU, neocolonialist practices persistent in the field of culture in the European Union (EU) European Capital today. A sense of continuity between British rule and current cultural governance in of Culture, Malta, neocolonialism Malta will be explored and assessed in relation to EU support of socially progressive policies yet liberal economic approaches to culture. It will be argued that this tension has allowed nationalistic tendencies and the instrumental use of the sector to grow. The term ‘culture’ is interpreted following Edward Said with regard to the acknowledgment of general social practices together with the struggle for the assertion of identities. This paper will argue that the adherence of the EU to the principle of subsidiarity in culture combined with the prioritisation of economic principles has compromised cultural development in Malta through the dilution of a critical approach towards cultural practice. This neoliberal approach has prolonged the colonial framework by enabling the subtle yet pervasive dominance of culture by the state elite. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Dr Anthony Pace, Margerita Pulè, Anna Steinkamp and Dr Charles Xuereb. 5 Beyond EYCH2018. What is the cultural horizon? Opening up perspectives to face ongoing transformations 1 Introduction: Malta and the EU As widely documented in the field of cultural studies, the word ‘culture’ is one of the most problematic in the English language (Williams, 1976: 76). The term ‘culture’ will be interpreted in the light of Edward Said’s understanding of the word. On the one hand, this will refer to the popular practice that enables the expression of people’s interpretation of their social experiences. On the other, attention will be paid to the spaces where people related to different demographics struggle to assert their values and identities (Said, 1994: xii-xiii). The European Union (EU) adopts what may be described as a double approach towards culture: on the one hand it takes a generic angle at cultural policy; on the other it shows deference to the subsidiarity principle at Member State (MS) level. In describing cultural governance as practiced by national authorities and safeguarded by international convention, the supranational agency for the United Nations on education, science and culture (UNESCO) affirms ‘[t]he sovereign right of States to adopt and implement policies to promote the diversity of cultural expressions that are based on informed, transparent and participatory processes and systems of governance’ (UNESCO, 2017: 18). However, the continuation of colonial practices in cultural governance in Malta adds complexity to the neutral, prescriptive nature of this observation. In this paper, cultural governance is assessed in relation to British rule, officially ended in 1964 and EU membership, commenced in 2004.1 This paper argues that an assessment of cultural governance in Malta exposes a neocolonial social structure that throws interesting light on relations between the small island state and the EU. It may be argued that tensions between culture, economics and politics in the former are a reflection of those in the Union. It has been increasingly observed by critics that the EU attempts to bridge neoliberal economic priorities with social concerns through various means within its competence. Efforts at achieving a balancing act across different policy areas have led the EU to practice free market regulation while concurrently attempting to address aspects of social inequality and disaggregation through socially progressive policy. This tension between EU economic and social policy is structural. It spans across different territories, both internal as well as external to the Union (Cafruny, 2016: 9-27). The EU approach towards its economic, financial and political survival and expansion is of an aggressive nature (Marsili & Varoufakis, 2017: 14-17). Instances that illustrate this include its approach to those Europeans that suffered critically from the havoc of the 2008 economic and financial crisis and its irresolute alternation between austerity and solidarity. Another example consists of the programme of economic bilateral trade agreements promoting free trade with third countries, as well as the drive towards securing and securitising neighbouring territories