Collaborative Coastal Management, Heritage Tourism, and Alternative Fisheries in Placencia, Belize Eric Koenig University of South Florida, [email protected]
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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-3-2016 Baiting Sustainability: Collaborative Coastal Management, Heritage Tourism, and Alternative Fisheries in Placencia, Belize Eric Koenig University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Scholar Commons Citation Koenig, Eric, "Baiting Sustainability: Collaborative Coastal Management, Heritage Tourism, and Alternative Fisheries in Placencia, Belize" (2016). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6526 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Baiting Sustainability: Collaborative Coastal Management, Heritage Tourism, and Alternative Fisheries in Placencia, Belize by Eric S. Koenig A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology with a concentration in Applied Cultural Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: E. Christian Wells, Ph.D. Rebecca K. Zarger, Ph.D. Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 3, 2016 Keywords: Sustainable Tourism Development, Fishing Livelihoods, Heritage Imaginaries, Anthropology of Public Policy Copyright © 2016, Eric S. Koenig DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my social studies and initial anthropology teacher in high school, Mr. Trinkner, for taking me down the path of anthropology and to Belizean sociologist and mentor Filiberto Penados for problematizing my understanding of “development.” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis committee consisting of Drs. E. Christian Wells, Rebecca Zarger, and Thomas Pluckhahn, in addition to a number of organizations and people for making this research possible. The National Science Foundation Partnerships in International Research and Education (PIRE) program (Grant Number 1243510) provided partial support for this research in Belize. However, any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. I gratefully acknowledge my USF social science research team members on the PIRE project, E. Christian Wells, Rebecca Zarger, Linda Whiteford, Maryann Cairns, Zaida Darley, Suzanna Pratt, Paola Gonzalez, Ann Vitous, and Christine Prouty for collaborating on data collection, analysis, and coordinating research logistics over three field seasons of research on the peninsula. On the peninsula, I would like to recognize key environmental and fisheries stakeholders, including representatives of the Southern Environmental Association (SEA) NGO, the Placencia Producers Cooperative Society Limited, and Lisa Carne of the Fragments of Hope NGO, for information, suggestions, and guidance throughout this research project. I would also like to thank SEA NGO rangers, local fishers, tour guides, and residents in Placencia and Seine Bight for valuable information about tourism, coastal heritage, local history, and environmental and fisheries issues on the peninsula. I thank Guadalupe Rosado, Communications Officer for the National Protected Areas Secretariat, for permission to use a map of Belize’s National Protected Areas System. Finally, I extend my gratitude to the Belize Institute for Social and Cultural Research (ISCR) of the National Institute of Culture and History (NICH), especially Nigel Encalada and Rolando Cocom, and the Village Councils of Placencia and Seine Bight for granting me permission to do research in Belize and on the peninsula, respectively. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................. ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ................... .................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ............................. ................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Problem ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework and Key Terms ...................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Objectives, Questions, and Policy Approach ............................................... 9 1.4 Thesis Organization ................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER II: HERITAGE TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 16 2.1 Tourism, “Heritage,” and “Authenticity” ................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Anthropology of Tourism: Unpacking “Modern” Tourism ........................ 16 2.1.2 Conceiving Heritage ................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Heritage Tourism: Locating Heritage in Tourism Development ................ 33 2.1.4 Heritage Marketing Discourse in Belize: An Example from the Belize Tourism Board .................................................................................... 36 2.1.5 Heritage Tourism and Authenticity ............................................................ 38 2.1.6 Developing Heritage Assets for Cultural Heritage Tourism: Business Insights ...... ..................................................................................................... 40 2.1.7 Issues in Cultural Heritage Production and Representation ....................... 42 2.1.8 Community-based Cultural Heritage Tourism Production: Issues and Approaches ..................................................................................................... 43 2.2 Tourism and “Sustainable Development” Discourse ................................................. 47 2.3 Problematizing Local Environmental Knowledge and Place: Insights from Environmental Anthropology .................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER III: PLACENCIA, BELIZE: BACKGROUND AND PREVIOUS RESEARCH ........................................................................................................................... 66 3.1 Site Description: Geographical and Environmental Background .............................. 66 3.2 Placencia’s Settlement and Early History: 1600s – 1981 .......................................... 70 3.3 Placencia’s Postcolonial Emergence as a Tourism Destination: 1981 – 2001 .......... 74 3.4 Hurricane Iris and the Redevelopment of Placencia as an International Tourism Destination ................................................................................................... 78 3.5 Placencia Peninsula Demographics and Development Corridors .............................. 81 3.6 A Brief History of the Fishing Industry in Placencia ................................................ 85 i CHAPTER IV: METHODS ........ ................................................................................................. 92 4.1 Research Context ........................................................................................................ 92 4.2 Anthropology of Public Policy Approach .................................................................. 93 4.3 Data Collection and Sampling Procedures ................................................................ 96 4.3.1 Participatory Mapping .............................................................................. 104 4.4 Data Analysis Methods ............................................................................................ 106 CHAPTER V: BELIZE COASTAL POLICY AND STAKEHOLDER SURVEY .................. 109 5.1 Tourism and Sustainable Development in Belize .................................................... 109 5.2 Coastal Tourism Development Policies and Stakeholders in Belize ....................... 112 5.3 The Fishing Industry in Belize ................................................................................. 115 5.4 Framework for Sustainable Management of Coastal Resources .............................. 116 5.5 Conceptualizing Coastal Resource Management in Belize ..................................... 118 5.6 Marine Protected Areas and Integrated Coastal Zone Management ....................... 121 5.7 Major Stakeholders Involved in Integrated Coastal Resource Management ........... 123 5.7.1 Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute (CZMAI) ................. 123 5.7.2 Belize Nature Conservation Foundation ................................................... 125 5.7.3 National Protected Areas Secretariat ........................................................ 125 5.7.4 Belize Forest Department ......................................................................... 126 5.7.5 Department of the Environment ................................................................ 127 5.7.6 Belize Fisheries Department ....................................................................