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Tonal Artifactualizations: Light-To-Dark in Still Imagery and Effects on Perception

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Tonal Artifactualizations: Light-To-Dark in Still Imagery and Effects on Perception TONAL ARTIFACTUALIZATIONS: LIGHT-TO-DARK IN STILL IMAGERY AND EFFECTS ON PERCEPTION By GREGORY BERNARD POINDEXTER Bachelor of Science in Communication Oral Roberts University Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1985 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2012 TONAL ARTIFACTUALIZATIONS: LIGHT-TO-DARK IN STILL IN STILL IMAGERY AND EFFECTS ON PERCEPTION Thesis Approved: Lori K. McKinnon, Ph.D. Thesis Adviser Cynthia Nichols, Ph.D. Todd Arnold, Ph.D. Sheryl A. Tucker, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate College ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................1 Cognitive Framework (Background of the Problem) ..............................................2 Statement of the Problem.........................................................................................5 Rationale ..................................................................................................................6 Theoretical Framework............................................................................................7 Assumptions.............................................................................................................8 Outline of the Following Chapters...........................................................................9 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................10 A View of Organizational Culture from a Symbolic-Interpretive Perspective......10 Mediated Realities .................................................................................................16 Non-Reality, Artifactualization Aestheticization...................................................17 Intent and Meaning ................................................................................................20 Sociological, Legal, and Scientific Parameters of Tonal Artifactualizations ........23 Elements of the Human Visual System .................................................................26 Chemical-based Film Supplanted by Digital Cameras ..........................................31 Changing Sociological Interpretations Following Technological Advancement ..34 Evolution of the Image-related Lexicon ................................................................35 Research Questions................................................................................................37 III. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................40 Institutional Review Board ....................................................................................40 Quasi-Experimental Design, Online Survey..........................................................42 Stimuli and Variables.............................................................................................45 Stimuli and Variables.............................................................................................45 iii Chapter Page IV. FINDINGS.............................................................................................................52 Sample....................................................................................................................53 Data Screening.......................................................................................................54 Research Question Findings ..................................................................................57 RQ1: What level of concern that exists for using digital photography equipment and rendering digital images? ..............................................57 RQ2: What level of concern exists for knowledge that an editorial or advertising image has been digitally manipulated prior to publication in print? .................................................................................................60 RQ3: What level of meaning exists for knowledge that manipulated editorial and advertising images appear in the News section of a publication?...61 RQ4: What level of meaning exists for knowledge of exact information on manipulations for editorial and advertising images in a publication? ..62 RQ5: Is there is an effect on the IV (level of perception) between choices within groups of the DV (E-ATAGs and A-ATAGs)?.........................64 Wreck Photo Group Findings ....................................................................64 Snow Photo Group Findings......................................................................66 Emotional Connection Photo Group Findings...........................................68 Child in Stroller Photo Group Findings.....................................................70 Storm Damage Photo Group Findings.......................................................72 Quality of Chair Photo Group Findings.....................................................74 Ease of Use Photo Group Findings............................................................76 Comfort of Chair Photo Group Findings ...................................................78 Quality of Stitching Photo Group Findings ...............................................80 Practical Use of Chair Photo Group Findings............................................82 Only EDITORIAL Artifacts Findings .......................................................84 Only ADVERTISING Artifacts Findings..................................................85 RQ6: What do participants think with regard to level of relevancy for editorial and advertising image attribution; PHOTO BY/, versus GRAPHIC BY/?.........................................................................................86 V. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................89 Discussion..............................................................................................................90 Summary................................................................................................................91 Limitations .............................................................................................................94 Future Recommendations ......................................................................................96 Conclusion .............................................................................................................96 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................98 iv APPENDICES ...........................................................................................................110 APPENDIX A: IRB DOCUMENTATION.........................................................111 IRB Approval Application.............................................................................111 APPENDIX B: RECRUITMENT ANNOUNCEMENT.....................................112 Recruitment Post............................................................................................112 APPENDIX C: SURVEY INSTRUMENT .........................................................113 Survey Instructions ........................................................................................113 Q1. Are you at least 18 years old? ...........................................................113 Q2. Before you begin, please tell us your gender:...................................114 Q3. In what year were you born?.............................................................114 Section No.1..................................................................................................115 Q4. How much expertise I have in digital photography is ______________ to me..................................................................................................116 Q5. Making changes to digital pictures is _______________ to me.......117 Q6. The type of digital camera I use is _______________ to me. ..........118 Q7. How a digital camera to takes pictures is ___________to me..........119 Q8. For digital photography, “depth of field” is _________to me..........120 Section No. 2................................................................................................121 Q9. The term “photoshopped” means ____as it relates to EDITORIAL (hard news) in the News section of a print publication. ..................122 Q10. The term “photoshopped” means ____as it relates to ADVERTISING images placed in the News section of a print publication.......................................................................................123 Q11. It __________if anything is done to an EDITORIAL (hard news) image before it appears in print. .....................................................124 Q12. It ___________ if anything is done to an ADVERTISING image before it appears in print. ................................................................125 Q13. It ________that I know exactly what was done to an EDITORIAL (hard news) image that appears in a print publication. ...................126 Q14. It _______________ that I know exactly what was done to an ADVERTISING image that appears in a print publication. ...........127 Section No. 3-A .............................................................................................128 Q15. Order of the photos that picture seriousness of traffic collision .....130 Q16. Order of the photos that picture snow storm...................................131
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