The Mac OS X Basics
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Hang Analysis: Fighting Responsiveness Bugs
Hang Analysis: Fighting Responsiveness Bugs Xi Wang† Zhenyu Guo‡ Xuezheng Liu‡ Zhilei Xu† Haoxiang Lin‡ Xiaoge Wang† Zheng Zhang‡ †Tsinghua University ‡Microsoft Research Asia Abstract return to life. However, during the long wait, the user can neither Soft hang is an action that was expected to respond instantly but in- cancel the operation nor close the application. The user may have stead drives an application into a coma. While the application usu- to kill the application or even reboot the computer. ally responds eventually, users cannot issue other requests while The problem of “not responding” is widespread. In our expe- waiting. Such hang problems are widespread in productivity tools rience, hang has occurred in everyday productivity tools, such as such as desktop applications; similar issues arise in server programs office suites, web browsers and source control clients. The actions as well. Hang problems arise because the software contains block- that trigger the hang issues are often the ones that users expect to re- ing or time-consuming operations in graphical user interface (GUI) turn instantly, such as opening a file or connecting to a printer. As and other time-critical call paths that should not. shown in Figure 1(a), TortoiseSVN repository browser becomes unresponsive when a user clicks to expand a directory node of a This paper proposes HANGWIZ to find hang bugs in source code, which are difficult to eliminate before release by testing, remote source repository. The causes of “not responding” bugs may be complicated. An as they often depend on a user’s environment. HANGWIZ finds hang bugs by finding hang points: an invocation that is expected erroneous program that becomes unresponsive may contain dead- to complete quickly, such as a GUI action, but calls a blocking locks (Engler and Ashcraft 2003; Williams et al. -
What Is an Operating System III 2.1 Compnents II an Operating System
Page 1 of 6 What is an Operating System III 2.1 Compnents II An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function. Memory management Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs. This ensures that a program does not interfere with memory already in use by another program. Since programs time share, each program must have independent access to memory. Cooperative memory management, used by many early operating systems, assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel's memory manager, and do not exceed their allocated memory. This system of memory management is almost never seen any more, since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory. If a program fails, it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten. Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program's memory, or may affect the operation of the operating system itself. With cooperative memory management, it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system. Memory protection enables the kernel to limit a process' access to the computer's memory. Various methods of memory protection exist, including memory segmentation and paging. All methods require some level of hardware support (such as the 80286 MMU), which doesn't exist in all computers. -
Designing PCI Cards and Drivers for Power Macintosh Computers
Designing PCI Cards and Drivers for Power Macintosh Computers Revised Edition Revised 3/26/99 Technical Publications © Apple Computer, Inc. 1999 Apple Computer, Inc. Adobe, Acrobat, and PostScript are Even though Apple has reviewed this © 1995, 1996 , 1999 Apple Computer, trademarks of Adobe Systems manual, APPLE MAKES NO Inc. All rights reserved. Incorporated or its subsidiaries and WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH No part of this publication may be may be registered in certain RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, ITS reproduced, stored in a retrieval jurisdictions. QUALITY, ACCURACY, system, or transmitted, in any form America Online is a service mark of MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS or by any means, mechanical, Quantum Computer Services, Inc. FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A electronic, photocopying, recording, Code Warrior is a trademark of RESULT, THIS MANUAL IS SOLD “AS or otherwise, without prior written Metrowerks. IS,” AND YOU, THE PURCHASER, ARE permission of Apple Computer, Inc., CompuServe is a registered ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO except to make a backup copy of any trademark of CompuServe, Inc. ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY. documentation provided on Ethernet is a registered trademark of CD-ROM. IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE Xerox Corporation. The Apple logo is a trademark of FOR DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, FrameMaker is a registered Apple Computer, Inc. INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL trademark of Frame Technology Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY Corporation. (Option-Shift-K) for commercial DEFECT OR INACCURACY IN THIS purposes without the prior written Helvetica and Palatino are registered MANUAL, even if advised of the consent of Apple may constitute trademarks of Linotype-Hell AG possibility of such damages. -
Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X
1 Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X "Most ideas come from previous ideas." Alan Curtis Kay The Mac OS X operating system represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have often resisted each other in the past. A good example is the cordial relationship that exists between the command-line and graphical interfaces in Mac OS X. The system is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X exemplifies how a capable system can result from the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and, of course, individuals. Apple has been around since 1976, and many accounts of its history have been told. If the story of Apple as a company is fascinating, so is the technical history of Apple's operating systems. In this chapter,[1] we will trace the history of Mac OS X, discussing several technologies whose confluence eventually led to the modern-day Apple operating system. [1] This book's accompanying web site (www.osxbook.com) provides a more detailed technical history of all of Apple's operating systems. 1 2 2 1 1.1. Apple's Quest for the[2] Operating System [2] Whereas the word "the" is used here to designate prominence and desirability, it is an interesting coincidence that "THE" was the name of a multiprogramming system described by Edsger W. Dijkstra in a 1968 paper. It was March 1988. The Macintosh had been around for four years. -
Mac OS X: an Introduction for Support Providers
Mac OS X: An Introduction for Support Providers Course Information Purpose of Course Mac OS X is the next-generation Macintosh operating system, utilizing a highly robust UNIX core with a brand new simplified user experience. It is the first successful attempt to provide a fully-functional graphical user experience in such an implementation without requiring the user to know or understand UNIX. This course is designed to provide a theoretical foundation for support providers seeking to provide user support for Mac OS X. It assumes the student has performed this role for Mac OS 9, and seeks to ground the student in Mac OS X using Mac OS 9 terms and concepts. Author: Robert Dorsett, manager, AppleCare Product Training & Readiness. Module Length: 2 hours Audience: Phone support, Apple Solutions Experts, Service Providers. Prerequisites: Experience supporting Mac OS 9 Course map: Operating Systems 101 Mac OS 9 and Cooperative Multitasking Mac OS X: Pre-emptive Multitasking and Protected Memory. Mac OS X: Symmetric Multiprocessing Components of Mac OS X The Layered Approach Darwin Core Services Graphics Services Application Environments Aqua Useful Mac OS X Jargon Bundles Frameworks Umbrella Frameworks Mac OS X Installation Initialization Options Installation Options Version 1.0 Copyright © 2001 by Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1 Startup Keys Mac OS X Setup Assistant Mac OS 9 and Classic Standard Directory Names Quick Answers: Where do my __________ go? More Directory Names A Word on Paths Security UNIX and security Multiple user implementation Root Old Stuff in New Terms INITs in Mac OS X Fonts FKEYs Printing from Mac OS X Disk First Aid and Drive Setup Startup Items Mac OS 9 Control Panels and Functionality mapped to Mac OS X New Stuff to Check Out Review Questions Review Answers Further Reading Change history: 3/19/01: Removed comment about UFS volumes not being selectable by Startup Disk. -
Tellstory a Medialogy Project About Storytelling in Handheld Games
TellStory A Medialogy project about storytelling in handheld games Medialogy - 10th semester Project period: 01-02-2010 to 16-06-2010 Supervisors: Tony Brooks & Kristoffer Jensen Student: David Lindholm Abstract This paper describes a project made to explore storytelling in a game on a hand-held platform. The application used in the test is a small game-like iPhone app, implemented using the iPhone SDK 3.2 and various other tools. The application tells two stories using two different storytelling tools: Non-player character (NPC) dialogue and pure text. To evaluate the impact of having a character there to tell the story versus just reading a screen of text, a small group of people were tested and interviewed. The results give some insight into what factors influence storytelling in a hand-held game, as well as the understanding of the story and storytelling preferences. ------------------------------ David Lindholm David Lindholm 2 of 55 Reader's manual The report is numbered with Arabic numerals, and the appendix is numbered using Roman numerals. When referencing other sections, both the section and page numbers will be listed. All figures and tables are numbered incrementally using Arabic numerals. When reading this report, any mentions of previous or earlier projects are to be understood as previous projects and project groups I have been involved in. Acknowledgements Parts of the test application relies on graphics that were reused from previous projects. Additionally, as there is a small amount of overlap between this project and previous works, parts of this report contain content also used in earlier reports. For those reasons, I would like to thank my former associates Razvan Enescu, Qiong Jia, and Nicolaj Hansen, for allowing me to continue the work that we started together. -
Building an Openstep Application by Michael Rutman, Independent Consultant
Building an OpenStep Application by Michael Rutman, independent consultant Is it really as easy to program in OpenStep OpenStep and NEXTSTEP In 1985, Steve Jobs left Apple and formed NeXT. He found the latest technologies and brought together a team of developers to turn the newest theories into realities. To verify the new technologies, during development Steve would often stop development and have the entire team use the system they were creating. Several existing apps were created during these day or week long kitchens. More importantly, each developer knew how the framework would be used. If developers had a hard time using an object during a kitchen, they knew they had to rework that object. The system they created was called NEXTSTEP. NEXTSTEP has several layers, and each layer was state of the art in 1985. In the 12 years since Steve picked these technologies, the state of the art may have moved, but not advanced. The underlying OS is a Mach mini-kernel running a unix emulator. For practical purposes, Mach is a flavor of BSD unix. However, the Mach mini-kernel offers programmers a rich set of functionality beyond what unix provides. Most of the functionality of Mach is wrapped into the NEXTSTEP framework, so programmers get the power and flexibility of Mach with the ease of use of NEXTSTEP. Sitting on top of Mach is Display Postscript. Postscript, the language of printers, is a nice graphics language. NeXT and Adobe optimized Postscript for displaying on the screen and produced a speedy and powerful display system. NeXT's framework hides most of the Postscript, but if a programmer wants to get into the guts, there are hooks, called pswraps, to work at the Postscript level. -
CS 151: Introduction to Computers
Information Technology: Introduction to Computers Handout One Computer Hardware 1. Components a. System board, Main board, Motherboard b. Central Processing Unit (CPU) c. RAM (Random Access Memory) SDRAM. DDR-RAM, RAMBUS d. Expansion cards i. ISA - Industry Standard Architecture ii. PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect iii. PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association iv. AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port e. Sound f. Network Interface Card (NIC) g. Modem h. Graphics Card (AGP – accelerated graphics port) i. Disk drives (A:\ floppy diskette; B:\ obsolete 5.25” floppy diskette; C:\Internal Hard Disk; D:\CD-ROM, CD-R/RW, DVD-ROM/R/RW (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) 2. Peripherals a. Monitor b. Printer c. Keyboard d. Mouse e. Joystick f. Scanner g. Web cam Operating system – a collection of files and small programs that enables input and output. The operating system transforms the computer into a productive entity for human use. BIOS (Basic Input Output System) date, time, language, DOS – Disk Operating System Windows (Dual, parallel development for home and industry) Windows 3.1 Windows 3.11 (Windows for Workgroups) Windows 95 Windows N. T. (Network Technology) Windows 98 Windows N. T. 4.0 Windows Me Windows 2000 Windows XP Home Windows XP Professional The Evolution of Windows Early 80's IBM introduced the Personal PC using the Intel 8088 processor and Microsoft's Disk Operating System (DOS). This was a scaled down computer aimed at business which allowed a single user to execute a single program. Many changes have been introduced over the last 20 years to bring us to where we are now. -
MAC Accessibility Fact Sheet
Accessibility Features on Macintosh There are several options already available to users of all abilities who own Macintosh computers. There are 4 categories of access offered on a Mac: Literacy and learning; vision; hearing; and physical and motor skills. Literacy and Learning - features are built-in and accommodate learning disabilities to improve productivity and academic performance. Features include : Text to speech, spaces, grammar and spelling check, word completion, Finder, iCal, and Grapher. Vision - features are built-in and allow visually impaired and blind persons to access the computer. Features include: VoiceOver, screen magnification, text to speech, and refreshable Braille display support. Hearing - features are built-in to facilitate deaf or hard of hearing persons with tools to access the computer. Features include : iChat, closed captioning, Photo Booth, GarageBand, and screen flashes for when an alert sounds. Physical and Motor Skills- features are built-in and provide support through keyboard, mouse, or trackpad for people with motor skill or physical challenges. Features include : Automator, sticky keys (key combinations in sequence instead of simultaneous), slow keys (adds a delay between key strokes to avoid mistakes), mouse keys (using buttons on the keyboard instead of trackpad or mouse), multi- touch trackpad, Inkwell, and keyboard shortcuts. To change/view accessibility options on your Mac: Go to System Preferences and select Universal Access located at the bottom right under the “System” category. -
Openstep User Interface Guidelines
OpenStep User Interface Guidelines 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. Part No: 802-2109-10 A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business Revision A, September 1996 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A. All rights reserved. Portions Copyright 1995 NeXT Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX® system, licensed from UNIX System Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and from the Berkeley 4.3 BSD system, licensed from the University of California. Third-party font software, including font technology in this product, is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun's suppliers. This product incorporates technology licensed from Object Design, Inc. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and FAR 52.227-19. The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, the SunSoft logo, Solaris, SunOS, and OpenWindows are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. -
Bamboo User's Manual for Windows & Macintosh
Contents Index 1 User’s manual for Windows®® & Macintosh Using a pen Customizing your pen Troubleshooting Using a tablet Customizing your tablet Digital inking Contents Index 1 Contents Index 2 Bamboo™ User’s Manual for Windows® & Macintosh® English version 1.1, April 26, 2007 Copyright © Wacom Company, Limited, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced except for your express personal use. Wacom reserves the right to revise this publication without obligation to provide notification of such changes. Wacom does its best to provide current and accurate information in this manual. However, Wacom reserves the right to change any specifications and product configurations at its discretion, without prior notice and without obligation to include such changes in this manual. Reuse, recycling, and recovery. You are urged to recycle this product when replacing it with a newer product or when it has outlived its useful life by bringing it to an appropriate collection point for recyclable materials in your community or region. By doing this, you can help improve the environment of your community as well as minimize the potential negative effects created should any hazardous substance that may possibly be present within waste material reach the environment during the disposal process. Within the European Union, users are required not to dispose of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) as unsorted municipal waste, according to the Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003, or the corresponding local laws of the Member States. Products for which this is applicable will be marked with the WEEE symbol shown at the beginning of this note unless this is not feasible because of the size or the function of the product. -
Specifications for Power Macintosh G3 Minitower Computers Main Unit
Technical Information Specifications for Power Macintosh G3 minitower computers Main unit Processor PowerPC™ G3 processor at one of the following speeds: Processor speed System bus speed 233 megahertz (MHz) 66 MHz 266 MHz 66 MHz 300 MHz 66 MHz Memory Dynamic Random-Access Memory The computer comes with a minimum of 32 megabytes (MB) of Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (SDRAM), supplied in removable Dual Inline Memory Modules (DIMMs). The main logic board has three expansion slots that accept DIMMs that meet these specifications: m 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 MB m 3.3 volt (V), unbuffered, 64-bit wide, 168-pin m 100 MHz/10 nanosecond (ns) cycle time or faster using SDRAM Important Power Macintosh G3 computers use SDRAM DIMMs. DIMMs from older Macintosh computers are not compatible with your computer and should not be used even though they will fit into the DRAM DIMM slots. To increase DRAM to the maximum of 384 MB, fill all three slots with 128 MB DIMMs. Video memory Your computer comes with 2 MB of Synchronous Graphic RAM (SGRAM) video memory built into the logic board. The logic board contains a video memory expansion slot that accepts a Small Outline DIMM (SO-DIMM) to increase video memory up to a maximum of 6 MB. Depending on the configuration you purchased, an SO-DIMM may already be installed in the slot. The DIMM must meet these specifications: m a 2 MB or 4 MB SGRAM SO-DIMM m 32-bit wide, 144-pin m 83 MHz/12 ns cycle time or faster Important Use only an SGRAM SO-DIMM.