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Effects of Urban Growth on Architectural Heritage: the Case of Buddhist Monasteries in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Effects of Urban Growth on Architectural Heritage: the Case of Buddhist Monasteries in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau sustainability Article Effects of Urban Growth on Architectural Heritage: The Case of Buddhist Monasteries in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Yingying Zhang 1,2, Hong Zhang 1,* and Zheng Sun 2,3 1 School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; [email protected] 2 Key Laboratory of Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210096, China 3 School of Architecture, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-25-8379-0723 Received: 9 April 2018; Accepted: 11 May 2018; Published: 16 May 2018 Abstract: Urbanization is unavoidable on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and it directly influences the region’s architectural heritage. This study aims to evaluate the changes in urbanization around 152 Buddhist monasteries (3 km × 3 km) from 1993 to 2013 located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. To evaluate the changes, we adopt both nighttime light data and data from the Geographic Information System, which were verified by the spatial relationship between urban areas of Lhasa and monasteries on a meso-scale and the environmental changes around monasteries by visual interpretation on a micro-scale in the same phase. The results show that the level of urbanization around 43 monasteries has increased between 1993 and 2013, and the areas of significant influence from urban growth have expanded from Lhasa between 1993 and 2003 to the Yarlung Tsangpo River, Nyangqu, and Lhasa River regions, as well as to the surrounding areas of Xining, and Tibetan areas in Sichuan between 2003 and 2013. This study explores a method of monitoring the architectural heritage of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using “remote sensing big data”, which can provide data support for policy formulation, technical intervention, and targeted field investigation on architectural heritage by screening research objects. Keywords: urban growth; remote sensing data; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Buddhist monasteries 1. Introduction The world is experiencing the largest wave of urban growth in history. Fifty-four percent of the world’s population resided in urban areas in 2014 [1]; by 2050, 66 percent of the world’s population will reside in urban areas [2]. Consequently, the entire world is currently experiencing challenges in terms of balancing cultural heritage conservation and the requirements of urbanization. In this context, sustainable development, which is a complex, multidimensional, and evolving concept that encompasses environmental, economic, social, developmental, and cultural components, is highly valued worldwide [3–5]. Previously, the preservation of ecosystems, culture, nature, and the environment was considered a tool for facilitating economic growth, which was the main objective of sustainable development [6]. Today, eco-environmental, social, and cultural factors are considered important aspects of the process of sustainable development in addition to economic development [7,8], and all cultures and civilizations are believed to be crucial enablers of sustainable development [9]. Based on these perspectives, consensus has been reached among various governments and international organizations that protecting and safeguarding cultural and natural forms of heritage worldwide are important goals of sustainable development [10–14]. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1593; doi:10.3390/su10051593 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 1593 2 of 18 Sustainability 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18 Architectural heritage as a kind of non-renewable cultural resource is a cultural advantage in promoting urbanAt development. present, China has the largest urban population in the world and is one of the countries experiencingAt present, the China fastest has rate the of largest urban urban population population growth in the [1]. world The and country is one has of theexperienced countries unprecedentedexperiencing the urbanization fastest rate during of urban the past population few decades: growth Its urban [1]. The population country rapidly has experienced increased fromunprecedented 173 million urbanization in 1978 to 793 during million the in past 2016, few and decades: its built‐ Itsup urbanareas increased population by rapidly 600 percent increased from 6720from km 1732 millionin 1981 into 197838,593 to km 7932 millionin 2016 in[15,16]. 2016, andIn 2017, its built-up China’s areas urbanization increased rate by 600was percent 58.5 percent from 2 2 [17]6720 and km byin 2020, 1981 toit is 38,593 expected km into 2016reach [15 60,16 percent]. In 2017, [18]. China’s Rapid urbanization ratehas wasgiven 58.5 rise percent to a series [17] ofand environmental by 2020, it is expectedand social to concerns, reach 60 percent as well [ 18as ].issues Rapid related urbanization to economic has given well rise‐being, to a in series China of [19,20].environmental In some and developed social concerns, areas of as the well country, as issues such related as the to economicYangtze River well-being, Delta and in China Pearl [ 19River,20]. Delta,In some historic developed architecture areas of the is country, often now such assurrounded the Yangtze by River new Delta urban and Pearlcontexts. River Although Delta, historic the architecture isis oftenprotected, now surrounded loss of context by new and urban functionality contexts. Althoughhas transformed the architecture the status is protected, of these structuresloss of context from andsymbols functionality of living has heritage transformed to mere the relics status or tourist of these attractions structures that from rarely symbols enable of peopleliving heritage to imagine to mere the traditional relics or tourist way of attractions life unique that to rarely a region enable (Figure people 1). toThe imagine rapid disappearance the traditional ofway national of life uniqueor regional to a region cultural (Figure characteristics1). The rapid has disappearance become a common of national side or effect regional of culturalChina’s urbanizationcharacteristics process. has become a common side effect of China’s urbanization process. Figure 1. Architectural heritage site Xue Zhai Bridge surrounded by modern houses. Figure 1. Architectural heritage site Xue Zhai Bridge surrounded by modern houses. Most of the architectural heritage sites of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (Q‐T Plateau), with the exceptionsMost ofof theLhasa architectural and Xining, heritage continued sites their of the natural Qinghai-Tibet evolutions Plateau uninfluenced (Q-T Plateau), by urbanization with the untilexceptions the beginning of Lhasa of and the Xining,21st century. continued One reason their natural for this evolutions is that the uninfluencedcosts of urbanization by urbanization in the Q‐ Tuntil Plateau the beginning are much ofhigher the 21st than century. those in One inland reason cities for because this is that of the altitude costs of urbanization(the average altitude in the Q-T is morePlateau than are 4 much km), terrain, higher than and thoseclimate in of inland the region. cities because In 2016, of the the total altitude urban (the areas average of Qinghai altitude and is Tibet more werethan 45065 km), km terrain,2, which and climatewas just of 1.27 the region.percent In of 2016, the thenation’s total urbantotal, areasalthough of Qinghai these two and Tibetprovinces were 2 comprise5065 km ,about which 20 was percent just 1.27 of China’s percent territory of the nation’s [15]. However, total, although the original these settings two provinces of heritage comprise sites areabout likely 20 percentundergoing of China’s rapid territorychange today. [15]. However,During the the period original from settings 2003 to of 2012, heritage the growth sites are rate likely of urbanizationundergoing rapid of the change western today. region, During where the periodthe Q‐T from Plateau 2003 is to located, 2012, the was growth higher rate than of urbanization that of the easternof the western and central region, parts where of China the Q-T [21,22]. Plateau Since is located, 1993, Tibet’s was higher gross than domestic that of product the eastern (GDP) and growth central rateparts has of maintained China [21,22 a]. high Since increase 1993, Tibet’s of over gross 10 percent domestic annually. product In (GDP)2016, it growth ranked ratefirst hasin all maintained provinces anda high autonomous increase of regions over 10 by percent 11.5 percent, annually. far In exceeding 2016, it ranked the national first in GDP all provinces growth rate and of autonomous 6.7 percent [15].regions Following by 11.5 percent,the completion far exceeding of the the Qinghai national‐Tibet GDP railway growth in rate 2006, of 6.7 100 percent million [15 passengers]. Following were the transportedcompletion ofin thethe Qinghai-Tibetfirst 10 years, railwayand the inrailway 2006, 100promoted million enormous passengers economic were transported development in the of first the 10Q‐T years, Plateau and [23]. the railway promoted enormous economic development of the Q-T Plateau [23]. The theoriestheories and and doctrinal doctrinal texts texts that that emerged emerged during during the previous the previous decades decades reflect how reflect the how evolving the evolvingconcept of concept cultural of heritagecultural heritage conservation conservation echoes theechoes global the trendglobal of trend urbanization of urbanization [24–26 [24–26].]. In 1964, In 1964,the Venice the Venice Charter, Charter, or International or International Charter forCharter
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