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Case and Agreement in Panará CLCG Case and agreement in Panará CLCG Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 e-mail: [email protected] 3512 JK Utrecht http://www.lotschool.nl The Netherlands Cover illustration: Photograph taken in Nãsepotiti by B. Bardagil-Mas. ISBN: 978-94-6093-296-0 NUR: 616 Copyright © 2018 Bernat Bardagil-Mas. All rights reserved. Case and agreement in Panará Naamval en congruentie in het Panará Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. E. Sterken, en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 20 september 2018 om 11.00 uur door Bernat Bardagil-Mas geboren 26 januari 1984 te Vic, Catalonië Promotores Prof. C.J.W. Zwart Prof. F. Queixalós Beoordelingscommissie Prof. A.R. Deal Prof. J. Hoeksema Prof. W.L.M. Wetzels que siguin moltes les matinades Contents Acknowledgements ............................. xi Abbreviations ................................. xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Panará people ......................... 3 1.2 Fieldwork .............................. 10 2 An overview of Panará grammar 17 2.1 Phonology ............................. 17 2.1.1 Consonants ........................ 17 2.1.1.1 Post-oralization of nasal stops ........ 18 2.1.1.2 Obstruent gemination ............. 19 2.1.1.3 Pre-nasalization of oral obstruents ...... 19 2.1.1.4 Merger of coda nasals ............. 20 2.1.1.5 Lenition of palatal nasals ........... 20 2.1.1.6 Affrication of palatal geminate ........ 21 2.1.2 Vowels ........................... 21 2.1.2.1 Long vowel diphthongization ........ 23 2.1.2.2 Low vowel reduction ............. 23 2.1.3 Syllable structure ..................... 23 2.1.4 Orthography ....................... 24 2.2 Parts of speech and morphological profile ............ 26 2.2.1 Open classes ........................ 26 2.2.1.1 Nouns ..................... 27 2.2.1.2 Verbs ...................... 33 viii 2.2.1.3 Adjectives ................... 41 2.2.2 Closed classes ....................... 42 2.2.2.1 Determiners .................. 43 2.2.2.2 Postpositions ................. 43 2.2.2.2.1 Ablative ............... 43 2.2.2.2.2 Adessive ............... 44 2.2.2.2.3 Allative ............... 45 2.2.2.2.4 Comitative ............. 46 2.2.2.2.5 Comitative-locative ......... 46 2.2.2.2.6 Desiderative ............. 46 2.2.2.2.7 Essive ................ 47 2.2.2.2.8 Final ................. 47 2.2.2.2.9 Inessive ............... 48 2.2.2.2.10 Instrumental-comitative ...... 48 2.2.2.2.11 Locative-inessive .......... 49 2.2.2.2.12 Locative ............... 49 2.2.2.2.13 Malefactive ............. 50 2.2.2.2.14 Perlative ............... 50 2.2.2.2.15 Possessive .............. 51 2.2.2.2.16 Purposive .............. 52 2.2.2.3 Pronouns .................... 52 2.2.2.4 Quantifiers ................... 54 2.3 Negation .............................. 55 2.4 Sentence typology ......................... 58 3 The exponence of case in Jê languages 61 3.1 Southern Jê ............................. 63 3.2 Central Jê .............................. 72 3.3 Northern Jê ............................. 78 3.3.1 Mẽbêngôkre ........................ 78 3.3.2 Apinayé .......................... 85 3.3.3 Kĩsêdjê ........................... 88 3.3.4 Tapayuna ......................... 94 3.3.5 Timbira .......................... 98 3.4 Panará ............................... 103 3.4.1 Case exponence on nominals .............. 104 3.4.1.1 Case in dependent clauses .......... 108 3.4.2 Case exponence on clitics ................ 110 3.4.2.1 Ergative cross-reference ........... 111 ix 3.4.2.2 Absolutive cross-reference .......... 113 3.4.2.3 Discontinuous exponence .......... 117 3.4.2.4 Cross-reference in irrealis .......... 122 3.5 Summary .............................. 129 4 Oblique participants and adjuncts 137 4.1 Dative ............................... 138 4.1.1 Dative cross-reference .................. 139 4.1.2 Person-Case constraint .................. 143 4.1.3 Dative participants .................... 145 4.2 Postpositions ............................ 148 4.2.1 Postposition doubling .................. 149 4.2.2 P-doubling does not promote .............. 151 4.2.3 License to double ..................... 153 4.3 Discussion ............................. 158 5 Deriving Panará case 161 5.1 The Panará clause ......................... 162 5.1.1 The vP edge ........................ 165 5.1.2 Postverbal participants .................. 167 5.1.3 The left periphery ..................... 170 5.1.4 A layered vP ....................... 172 5.2 The mechanisms behind case ................... 179 5.2.1 Non-structural case .................... 179 5.2.1.1 Lexical case .................. 179 5.2.1.2 Inherent case ................. 181 5.2.1.3 Non-structural case: summary ........ 186 5.2.2 Structural case ...................... 187 5.2.2.1 Case by Agree ................. 187 5.2.2.1.1 Agree with multiple heads ..... 191 5.2.2.2 Dependent case ................ 192 5.2.3 Structural case: summary ................ 194 5.3 Nominative and ergative in classic Jê .............. 195 5.4 Ergative in Panará ......................... 209 5.4.1 Structural case as dependency .............. 214 6 Deriving polypersonalism 217 6.1 Panará doubling as head movement ............... 218 6.2 No person exponence ....................... 226 x 7 Conclusion 233 A Hunting in the old days 237 Bibliography ................................. 251 Samenvatting in het Nederlands ...................... 263 Resumo em português ............................ 269 Biography ................................... 273 Groningen Dissertations in Linguistics (GRODIL) ............. 275 Acknowledgements This book is about the Panará language. As a linguist, I consider myselfex- tremely lucky. Not only is Panará a fascinating language, but it is spoken by beautiful people. To all the Panará I am extremely thankful, jy ra inkin pyt- insi. Special thanks go to my teacher and friend Perankô Panará, my adoptive family, and the many people who took the time to talk to me and help me understand their language, too numerous to name individually. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my promotors Jan-Wouter Zwart and Francesc Queixalós. Jan-Wouter has supervised my research with encouragement and support beyond what I could have reasonably expected. His feedback and discussion have been integral to my growth both as a lin- guist and as an academic. Francesc supervised me through my MA in Paris vii–Diderot, and saw me off to the field with encouragement and good advice (modèstia, prudència i bon humor amb els indis). I was fortunate to count with his input also in my PhD. I am also thankful to my assessment committee, Amy Rose Deal, Jack Hoeksema and Leo Wetzels not only for reading my manuscript and accepting to approve it, but also for their feedback. In Brazil, I was lucky to find many people who have supported me along the way. I am indebted to Luciana Storto from the University of São Paulo for not only providing me with institutional affiliation, but also for her constant support and feedback. In Belém, Denny Moore provided endless advice and guidance in the many aspects of Amazonian fieldwork, including access to his safehouse for lost linguists. Bruna Franchetto got me in touch with the Panará in the first place, and she saw me off to my first visit to Nãsepotiti. My gratitude also extends to Hein van der Voort, Joshua Birchall, Rose Costa, Karol Obert, Filomena Sandalo, Kris Stenzel, Suzi Lima, Bruna Fernanda Lima. xii I would like to especially thank the Instituto Socioambiental, in particular André Villas Bôas, Paulo Junqueira and the Xingu team. Finally, I would like to thank the staff at FUNAI and CNPq who helped with my authorization processes. Being a Panará researcher allowed me to join the select club of Panará scholars. As it turns out, all of them are nice generous people. Luciana Dourado not only wrote the first scholarly work on the Panará language, but shealso sent me cherished advice and material. My relentless fieldwork companion Myriam Lapierre Kjêpyti was an invaluable support, and most of my cur- rent understanding of the sounds of Panará exists thanks to her. I would also like to thank the anthropologists Steve Schwartzmann Sejn, Elizabeth Ewart Kârânpô, and especially Fabiano Bechelany Kjãsôti and João Paulo Denófrio Sâkjo, with whom I shared different periods in the field and who I nowcall my friends. In 2015 and 2016 I spent some time as a visiting researcher at the Depart- ment of Linguistics of the University of Ottawa. Andrés Salanova, from whom I first heard about the Panará in 2011, was my sponsor there and I amthankful to him. I would also like to thank Ana Arregui, Ian MacKay and Dennis Ott for welcoming me in their courses and for the fruitful discussion. I extend my gratitude to professors Marc Brunelle, Éric Mathieu and María-Luisa Rivero, and to graduate students Julie Barette, Jérémie Beauchamp, Félix Desmeules- Trudel, Brandon Fry, Jean-Christophe Leclerc, Claire Lesage, Paul Melchin, Basile Roussel, Nova Starr, Suzanne Robillard, Vesela Simeonova and Ray Therrien. In 2017 I spent a few months at the Department of linguistics of the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley. I am indebted to Lev Michael, who sponsored me as a visiting student researcher and took good care of me while I was there, and to Andrew Garrett, the department chair. Berkeley is a heaven for fieldworkers interested in formal linguistics, and both faculty members and students made me feel at home
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