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Turridae S.L © Sociedad Española de Malacología Iberus, 16 (1): 95-118, 1998 The family Turridae s.l. (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Angola (West Africa), 1. Subfamily Daphnellinae La familia Turridae s.l. (Mollusca, Gastropoda) en Angola (África occidental), 1. La Subfamilia Daphnellinae Emilio ROLÁN*, Jorge OTERO-SCHMITT** and Francisco FER- NANDES*** Recibido el 22-VIII-1996. Aceptado el 17-II-1997 ABSTRACT A total of 12 species belonging to the subfamily Daphnellinae (family Turridae s.l.) and co- llected from the coast of Angola have been studied. Six of these species are described as new, and the other six are recorded for the first time from Angola (Diaugasma marchadi, Raphitoma cordieri, R. purpurea, R. leufroyi, Kermia alveolata and Gymnobela dautzenbergi). The supraspecific taxa Diaugasma, Philbertia, Raphitoma, Clathurella, Daphnella, Cythara, Propebela, Pleurotomoides, Kermia and Gymnobela are commented on or discussed. In ad- dition, Cordieria, Pseudodaphnella and Asperdaphne are considered as synonyms of Rap- hitoma, and Clathurina a synonym of Kermia. Diaugasma is raised to generic level, Kermia is considered to be present in the Atlantic ocean, and the taxa Kermia alveolata and K. me- heusti are considered to be conspecific. Some comments are made on the geographic distribution of the turrid fauna of Angola. RESUMEN Han sido estudiadas un total de 12 especies incluidas en la subfamily Daphnellinae (familia Turridae s.l.) y recolectadas en Angola. Seis de estas especies son descritas como nuevas, y otras seis son citadas por vez primera para Angola (Diaugasma marchadi, Raphitoma cor- dieri, R. purpurea, R. leufroyi, Kermia alveolata y Gymnobela dautzenbergi). Los taxones supraespecíficos Diaugasma, Philbertia, Raphitoma, Clathurella, Daphnella, Cythara, Pro- pebela, Pleurotomoides, Kermia y Gymnobela son comentados y discutidos. Además Cor- dieria, Pseudodaphnella y Asperdaphne son considerados sinónimos de Raphitoma, y Cla- thurina sinónimo de Kermia. Diaugasma es elevado a nivel genérico, el género Kermia se considera que está presente en el Océano Atlantico, y se consideran conespecificos los taxones Kermia alveolata y K. meheusti. Se hacen comentarios sobre la distribución geográfica de la fauna de Turridae de Angola. KEY WORDS: Turridae, Daphnellinae, Raphitoma, Kermia, Diaugasma, Gymnobela, Angola, new species. PALABRAS CLAVE: Turridae, Daphnellinae, Raphitoma, Kermia, Diaugasma, Gymnobela, Angola, especies nuevas. * Cánovas del Castillo, 22, 36202 Vigo, Spain ** Avenida de las Ciencias s/n, 15786 Santiago de Compostela, Spain *** now deceased. 95 Iberus, 16 (1), 1998 INTRODUCTION The family Turridae s.l., is one of the African turrids based upon the material most complex, confused and diverse in collected in Angola. taxa among the Mollusca, with many Previous interpretations of the sub- species still to be studied and described. family Daphnellinae Hedley, 1922 have More than 600 supraspecific taxa been confusing, with its species inclu- have been described within this family, ded in part in Raphitominae Bellardi, many of which have inadequate des- 1875, Defranciinae H. and A. Adams, criptions, others are fossil, and there are 1858 and Cytharinae Thiele, 1929 usually few data about their anatomy, (POWELL, 1966). opercula and radulae. Therefore, the systematic arrangement of this family becomes very difficult. MATERIAL AND METHODS Recently, TAYLOR, KANTOR AND SYSOEV (1993) have revised the Conoi- The authors have studied material dea Rafinesque, 1815, based upon the collected in Angola mainly by the third foregut anatomy and feeding mecha- author. Most of this material was collec- nisms, proposing important supragene- ted by diving or by dredgings. Small ric changes. As a result they propose the shells were obtained from sediment inclusion of the subfamily Daphnellinae samples under magnification. Other Deshayes, 1863 in the family Conidae material was borrowed from MNHN Fleming, 1882. Until this opinion meets (collected by S. Gofas). Additional mate- with general acceptance, we prefer to rial from other East Atlantic areas was continue employing the family name used for comparison purposes, from the Turridae in the traditional sense. collections of MNCN, F. Fernandes, E. There are several descriptions of Rolán, J. Otero-Schmitt, P. Ryall, M. Pin, species of Turridae s.l. in general works P. E. Hattenberger and L. Dantart (see dealing with West Africa coasts (REEVE, below). Type material was studied from 1843-46; THIELE, 1925; MARTENS, 1903), several museums (mentioned in ack- as well as in local works (LAMY, 1923; nowledgements). PETIT, 1839; DAUTZENBERG, 1910 and The SEM studies were made by José 1913; STREBEL, 1912, 1914; KNUDSEN, Bedoya of the MNCN, Madrid, Ber- 1952, 1956). KILBURN (1983, 1985, 1986, nardo Fernández Souto of the Servicios 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, Generales de Apoyo a la Investigación, 1994) is engaged in an extensive revi- A Coruña University and Jesús Méndez sion of this family from South African of Centro de Apoyo Científico a la coasts, although mainly from the Indian Investigación (CACTI), Vigo University. Ocean side. Recently GOFAS (1991), Radula studies were not carried out ROLÁN AND FERNANDES (1993), ROLÁN, in the present work because we wanted OTERO-SCHMITT AND FERNANDES (1994) to avoid damaging our few live-collec- and FERNANDES, ROLÁN AND OTERO- ted specimens, these being examples of SCHMITT (1996) have revised and descri- species for which we had only limited bed new species from different areas of material. Also, because the radula of the West African coast. most of the European species with Our revision of the bibliography on which they were compared was West African molluscs showed that unknown, while on the other hand the most studies deal with larger species new species showed clear conchological (mainly of the genera Clavatula, Genota, differences. Pusionella, etc.), however even these require some taxonomical corrections. Abbreviations used: The generic position of several species is confused, so we are attempting to revise AMNH: American Museum of Natural some genera and species of West History, New York, USA 96 ROLÁN ET AL.: The family Turridae s.l. in Angola, 1. Subfamily Daphnellinae BMNH: The Natural History Museum, CPR: collection of Peter Ryall, Takoradi, London, United Kingdom Ghana CER: collection of Emilio Rolán, Vigo, IRSN: Institute Royal des Sciences Natu- Spain relles, Bruxelles, Belgique CFF: collection of Francisco Fernandes, MNCN: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Luanda, Angola Naturales, Madrid, Spain CMP: collection of Marcel Pin, Dakar, MNHN: Museum National d’Histoire Senegal Naturelle, Paris, France COS: collection of Jorge Otero-Schmitt, ZMC: Zoologisk Museum of Copenha- Santiago de Compostela, Spain gen, Denmark CPH: collection of Paul Henry Hatten- When the source of the material is berger, Pointe-Noire, Congo not indicated, it is from CER. RESULTS Subfamily DAPHNELLINAE Hedley, 1922 Shells small or not. Protoconch genera and species, with a world-wide usually cancellated, a sutural sinus like distribution ranging in time back to the a reversed letter L, a radula of awl- Eocene, but the greatest development is shaped marginals, and the operculum late Tertiary and Recent (POWELL, absent or vestigial. Very numerous in 1966). Genus Diaugasma Melvill, 1917 Melvill described the taxon Diau- has a narrowly ovate aperture that gasma as a subgenus of Daphnella Hinds, reaches up to nearly half the length of 1844, but the features of the type the shell, the spire whorls are almost species, Daphnella epicharta Melvill and flat-sided, and the siphonal canal is Standen, 1903 (see P OWELL, 1966, p. 123, narrower. Therefore, we think that these pl. 19, fig. 17) do not fit well with those differences could be enough to consider of the type species of Daphnella, Pleuro- both taxa as different genera, raising up toma lymneiformis Kiener, 1839-40 (see Diaugasma to generic level. Type species POWELL, 1966, pl. 19, fig. 16). Diaugasma from the Gulf of Oman. Diaugasma marchadi (Knudsen, 1956) (Figs. 1-4) Philbertia marchadi Knudsen, 1956. Bull. I.F.A.N., 18, ser. A, 2; p. 526, pl. 1, fig. 3. Material studied: Angola: 1 shell, 40-60 m, Ilha de Luanda (MNHN); 1 shell, 50-60 m, Mussulo, Luanda (MNHN); 46 shells, 90-100 m, Mussulo, Luanda (MNHN); 30 shells in sediment, 20 m, off Luanda; 29 shells, 50 m, off Luanda; 45 shells, 100 m, off Luanda; 5 shells, 5 m, Cacuaco, pro- vince of Luanda. French Guinea: holotype, 8-18 m, Ile de Los (ZMC). Description: Shell, see KNUDSEN opinion, should be considered the last (1956) and Figs. 1-3. whorl of the protoconch, which then has In the original description, the proto- about 3 whorls. conch is described as having 2 1/2 Habitat: Only empty shells have been smooth whorls followed by the begin- found on sandy bottoms. ning of the teleoconch with several Geographical distribution: Known curved ribs. This last part (Fig. 4), in our from French Guinea to Angola. 97 Iberus, 16 (1), 1998 Remarks: Diaugasma marchadi lacks the different genera. On the other hand, main characteristics of the genus Philber- POWELL (1966) notes some variability of tia (type species Pleurotoma philberti the protoconch saying that “.. the proto- Michaud, 1830), whose shell has a more conch varies from tall, diagonally cance- prominent spire, deeper suture and stron- llated, polygyrate to paucispiral and ger sculpture. Therefore, we include the almost smooth”. As we had no informa- present species in the genus Diaugasma tion on soft parts from the type or from because of the similarity of the shell to the our material, we had no other possibility type species of this genus. A problem for of comparison. So we have decided to give this inclusion is that the protoconch of D. more importance to the shell characters marchadi (Fig. 4) lacks the reticulated sculp- and consider this kind of protoconch, ture typical of the Daphnellidae, but has which is present in several genera, as not a common form that is present in several being a distinguishing factor in this case. Genus Raphitoma Bellardi, 1847 POWELL (1966) mentions several dis- 1966) since Sykes claimed that R.
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