Intl. J. Humanities (2015) Vol. 22 (2): (1-16)

The Problem of the Neolithic in Khorramabad Valley, Luristan, : Questions and Presuppositions

Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresty 1*, Mohammad Bahrami2

Received: 2014/5/2 Accepted: 2015/6/20

Abstract Two important points have been the motivations of the writers of this article. The first motivating factor is the importance of the Neolithic Period especially the phase of shifting from Epi-Paleolithic to Neolithic in nowadays archaeological argumentation. The second factor is the importance of Khorramabad valley at the Paleolithic period and the abundance of early Chalcolithic sites and having no knowledge about the valley’s archaeology in Neolithic Period. Exploring two important sites namely Roāhol and Merijelo and finding three sites namely Sarab Kotela, Kohele and Kharmanjā Haft Cheshmeh in this valley, have opened promising horizons for archaeologists to understand the cultural changes of the Neolithic period. Surveying the surface findings and studying on the settlement layers of these sites have provided an opportunity for initial recognition of the existence of social life in Neolithic period in the valley. The general archaeological researches on central Zagros and specific

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 researches on Khorramabad valley and also identifying and preliminary surveying of two under- discussion sites have created a proper opportunity for proposing a new mission to excavate the sites and to conduct systematic compact survey on Khorramabad valley. This article reviews the literature of archaeological studies on central Zagros and Khorramabad valley briefly and propounds the theories of beginning of food production and Neolithisation, proposes key questions and presupposition corresponding to the writers’ suggestive plan.

Keywords: Khorramabad Valley, Epi-paleolithic, Neolithisation, Roahol, Merijelo.

1. Assistant Professor, University of Mazandaran, Department of Archaeology, [email protected] 2. PhD Student, University of Mazandaran, Department of Archaeology, [email protected] 1 The Problem of the Neolithic in Khorramabad … Intl. J. Humanities (2015) Vol. 22 (2)

Introduction Henry Field, an American anthropologist, Khorramabad valley is located between was the first researcher who pointed to the longitude of 48°21' and latitude of existence of Paleolithic period in 30°43'on central . The Khorramabad. He visited the region with average height of this valley is 1170 the aim of anthropomorphic data meters from the sea level and has a length registering and finally he could collect the of 15 km and width of 2 km. The valley is stone tools in Konji cave in 1950 (Field, surrounded by Sefidkouh, Kamarsiāh 1951: 91). Between the years of 1963 and (Makhmal Kouh) and Hashtādpahlou 1965 Frank Hole from the Rice University mountains. The city of Khorramabad has and Kent Flannery from the Michigan been formed in the middle and northern University studied the valley. The part of the valley which has the less width mentioned scholars could identify 17 and gradually has developed toward Paleolithic sites that among them, 5 sites sedimentary and flat plain of Korregāh concerned to the middle Paleolithic, which is located in the south. The Valley Mousterian, and the other were related to of Khorramabad and alluvial plain of the late Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic Korregāh are fed by the mass water (Hole and Flannery, 1967). They sources such as mirages, streams and rivers excavated in Ghamary, Konji, Gar Arjeneh namely Korregāh and Balāroud. In the and caves and also Pāsangar rock recent century, various kinds of shelter. They could identify the frequency archaeological researches have been done of Khorramabad valley paleolithic industry by Iranian and foreign archaeologists on by studying the found stone tools. In spring Khorramabad valley. and summer of 1969, Jhon Speth re- However, we see no reports about excavated the Konji cave and followed the Neolithic period; and the majority of previous researches (1971: 172- 173). Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 researches are related to Paleolithic period Up to 1970, fieldwork activities have and excavations in the caves and rocky focused on Paleolithic period shelters of the valley and some sites Khorramabad valley. During recent around the city namely Shāpourkhāst and decades some researches have been done the castle namely Falakolaflāk. This article on the basis of collected stone tools is aimed to study the Neolithic period of through excavating Khorramabad valley the valley and to propose new questions (Baumler & Speth 1993; Lindly 1997). In and pre-suppositions based on the new the winter of 2000, the Iranian investigations and findings. Organization of Cultural Heritage supported the plan of surveying Settlement Situation of Khorramabad Khorramabad valley with the aim of Valley Before and After Neolithic Period identifying the Paleolithic sites of Luristan province (Roustaei et al., 2000: 46- 64).

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Moreover, in 2006 a board under the smaller scale and shorter periods at the far leadership of Marcel Otte re-excavated and close distances from these centers. Yafteh Cave. In the winter of 2011 Most probably the period of “Bāgh-e- No” Behrouz Bāzgir a Ph.D. student of which concerned settlements have been prehistoric archaeology from Rovira identified around Khorramabad, Boroujerd Virgili University of Spain, excavated and Doroud (Parviz, 2006; 2008), consists Gilvarān cave (Fig. 5) and some other of several phases. In case of accomplishing caves with the aim of reviewing scientific excavations in the sites of this Khorramabad valley in the Paleolithic period, one can obtain a chronology on the period (Bazgir & Davoodi, 2014). basis of identified potteries. There are two According to the findings of the studies different dates have been presented for the conducted in a certain time, before and Bāgh-e- No period on the basis of after the Islamic Revolution in 1979, radiocarbon with 1000 year difference. Khorramabad valley and surrounding Frank Hole has dated it 5000 B.C. (2007: regions from the last phases of Neolithic or 71). He also has presented an exact date early Chalcolithic period which has been which is 5420- 4895 B.C. (Hole, 1987: 138; Goff, 1971: 134, table 3). known as the “Bāgh-e- No Culture” to the historical and recent age had been According to another radiocarbon frequently resident (sometimes with dating, it is estimated that the history of shorter gaps). Under this circumstance the Bāghe-e- No backs to 4250 B.C. Its contribution of chalcolithic period, potteries have been compared with historical and the early centuries of Islam ceramics of the Tepe Se Gabi C and Tepe are more than the others. The Chalcolithic Giān Va, Sialk I & II and Qaleh Rostam in period of Khorramabad valley is divided Bakhtiāri and also Bākun A in Fars into 3 shorter stages namely “Bāgh-e-No”, (MacDonald, 1979: 530). Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 “Dārāei & Ghamary” and “Konji & At the last decade, the systematic and Māsour” which have got their own cultural careful surface surveys have been done in specifications (Hole, 2007: 71- 72; Farzin Khorramabad, Boroujerd and Doroud and & Parviz, 2011: 9; Bahrami, et al., 2012a). the pottery of Bagh-e- No studied more. In each of the periods, important and According to the studies, the pottery of central settlements had smaller and Bāgh-e- No has been dated to a transitional marginal settlements which indicates their phase between the end stages of late hierarchy system. In Bāgh-e- No period Neolithic and early Chalcolithic which fills -e- some important hills such as “Bāgh the gap between Late Sarāb and Giān Va No”, “Sarāb-e- Yās”, “Soheil Beigi 1” and (Farzin & Parviz, 2011: 9). Bahrami has “Nāservand 2” with about 1 hectare width estimated the date of the social- have been known as the main settlement. economical life of Bāgh-e- No during a There are marginal settlements with period of one thousand year since 5300-

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4300 B.C. (Bahrami, et al., 2012b). Middle can see the development of pastoralism in Chalcolithic period in Khorramabad valley Luristan (Alizadeh, 2003: 52); this is the has been known under the title of “Dārāei fact that has been resulted from the Phase” (Hole, 2007: 72). In Dārāei period similarity of the potteries of the south- important hills such as Dārāei, ZāhedShir western regions of Iran and the presence of and Tepe Khāki consisting a square about graveyards of Hakalān and Parchinah 2-5 hectares have been identified as the where their relation with their settlements main settlements. In a several hundred is not clarified yet (Ibid: 83- 84). meters up to several kilometers of these The late Chalcolithic period in sites there are marginal settlements with Khorramabad valley has been introduced small size. Moreover, in this period as “Ghamary”, “Konji” and “Māsour” seasonal and mobile settlements were (Hole, 2007: 73). In this period, important formed in highlands which indicates the settlements such as Māsour, Deh Bāgher changes in lifestyle from permanent and Shāzādeh Abdollāh and also seasonal residence to permanent-mobile one. It and mobile settlements have been formed seems that Frank Hole's view should be on the highlands and caves which indicate accepted (2007: 72) which indicates that the continue of permanent occupation of there was little gap between Dārāei Phase former phases (Bahrami, et al., 2012a). and Bāgh-e- No. Dārāei Phase which is The two first phases of this period, as dated between 4400- 3800 B.C. by him Frank Hole believes; present findings of (2007: 134, table no. 2), is specified by two famous caves namely Ghamary and dotted motives which is at the same Konji. At the same time there were horizon with Godin IX or painted culture important settlements such as Deh Bāgher of Seh P Vc-b Gābi (SG ) in Kangāvar, Giān and Shāzādeh Abdollāh at the bottom of and late Susiana 1 which was the the valley. The most important phases of Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 beginning of the interaction between Chalcolithic period in Khorramabad valley lowlands and highlands (Alizadeh, 2003: is Māsour. Its name has gotten from 51). Mortensen (1974: 42) dates the middle Māsour site which was the greatest chalcolithic with the end of 5thmillennium settlement of the valley with about 20 and the beginning of 4th millennium B.C. hectares width (Karamiān, et al., 2010). Pisdeli complex and Seh Gābi B have been This phase and Godin V (3200- 3000 B.C.) dated between 3600- 3200 B.C. which were contemporaneous. From stratigraphic have been well match with all the point of view, it has been the continuous of concerned chronologies (Henrickson, Godin VI. 1985: 70). Bahrami estimated the date of 4200- 3600 B.C. for Dārāei phase (2012a). It seems that in this period because of the existence of Late Susiana 1 potteries, we

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Theoretical Framework and Research using new scientific methods such as Data Geology, Paleoclimatology, Paleobotany What separates and bolds the Neolithic and Paleozoology with the aim of period from the other lifetime of human searching the origins of agriculture and beings is the important and fundamental husbandry. He challenged Child’s changes which was created following the Hypothesis and questioned about the modifications in the economic situations occurrence of climate changes at the end of and the human lifestyle. The beginning Pleistocene and the beginning of the point of this period backs to 12000 years Holocene (Braidwood et al., 1961: 181). ago and is simultaneous with the beginning Braidwood believed that the domestication of the last period of the fourth Geological is as a result of the trend of changes in period, Holocene, which is specified by human culture and his cognition of wild increasing in the earth’s temperature and species of plants and animals in their northern hemisphere glacier’s pullback. natural habitats (Braidwood, 1960). Desired environmental condition resulted According to the theory, human societies from the increasing of weather temperature began compact exploitation of local region along with mass rainfall made the of arched foothills at the final stage of technological experiences and intellectual Pleistocene after the maximum of the last achievements which were achieved during Ice Age among interlude of the climate of the long period of Paleolithic have being Bulling, Alerd, Younger Dryas and used in the field of the development of Perboreal (Byrd, 2005). subsistence economy and changing the Most of the archeologists realized the settlement patterns and have been prepared importance of Braidwood’s works and the background of so much changes such confirmed their theories about the methods as the progress of stone industry and the of transmission to the Neolithic/food Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 forming of new industries such as pottery. production period and stat and reasons of In order to explain these developments occurrence of this period in this region and and changes, scholars such as G. V. Child not in another region. For instance, it can and R. Braidwood played important role in be referred to Binford (1968) and Flannery planning the new compound namely (1969) who have used “Density “” and “Oasis Equilibrium Theory” and “Broad Spectrum Theory” (Child, 1951: 66), and in Economy” to explain the important presenting the hypothesis on the title of change, in fact, these statements were “Natural Settlement of Herbal and Animal pointed by Braidwood before (1960: 131) Species” and “Nuclear Zone Theory” but latter; Flannery and Binford explained (Braidwood, 1960). Braidwood to test the them more expanded and widely. They Child's Theory began a mass and spread believed that the beginning of food work in “the Fertility Crescent” region production was as a result of inequality

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between the population growth and the emphasized on the coordination of the limitation of sources and the increasing of society, environmental and social variables challenges between human and and Melinda Zeder (2009; 2011; 2012) has environment sources. This process leaded focused on human factors. Besides, Zeder to settlement and population growth and to believes that domesticating the plants and make force human to change the living animals were simultaneously, holding the patterns and lifestyle and to start signs of primitive management in potential agriculture (Flannery, 1973: 308) species morphology in 11500 years ago. The other researchers trended to analyze Some scholars believe that the decisive and test the hypothesis presented by factor was rivalry and competition in food Flannery and Binford. Smith and Young production and have presented the theory both excavated some prehistoric sites in of “Food Fight” (Hayden, 1995; 2001; the valleys of central Zagros and proposed 2003) while some others believe that the the theory of the population pressures and main factor of food production was climate changes to explain the turning to religion and emphasize on psychological the food production pattern in this region. aspects (Cauvin, 2001; Hodder, 2001). According to their theories, the familiarity Watkins believes that the pattern of with plants and animals which have “simultaneous changes of thoughts and potential for being domesticate; occurred culture” was the main factor for the in highlands for the first time. In the next beginning of Neolithic (2010a; 2010b) and step, at the beginning of Holocene (11000 Diamon suggests that the factors of years ago), environment and climate geographical changes and technology conditions were better. So, the pressure of developments were very effective to enter population prepared elements of the the human in to the period of producing changes in technology and first steps food (Diamon, 1977; 2002). Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 toward the domestication and permanent It has been seen that almost all of the residences in lowlands and the valleys in hypothesis and theoretical patterns the mountain-inside plains of Zagros summed up and presented as the result of (Smith & Young, 1983); this is a studies, searches and excavations in phenomena which its documents have been Levant, Iraq Zagrosand Anatoly Taurus observed in sites such as Asiāb and Ganj regions and the contribution of the Iranian Darreh. Then, some other scholars like prehistoric sites in exposition of the Cohen (1977), Redding (1988), transmission to the Neolithic period and in McCorriston and Hole (1991) suggested the process of Neolithisation is so little. some theories. Bar-Yousef (1995) has One of the most important factors for the emphasized on Young Dryas creation and retardation in such a research is rooted in social factors as the most important factors the Iranian Cultural Heritage for being neolithic while Henry (1989) has

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Organization’s policies and programs have been identified (Bahrami et al., through past three decades. 2012a). Beside, through the recent The researches have been done in recent investigations which have been done in Chegni on the west side and the pound area years at the hills of Jāni and Sheikhiābād, of Eyvashan Dam in northeastern of Kermānshāh (Mohammadifar et al, 2011: Khorramabad valley, two sites namely 9-30) and Choghā Sabz, Luristan (Dārābi et al, 2011), eliminated the deficiency to “Kohele” (Fig 4) and “Kharmanjā Haft (Fig 6) (Bahrami, 2013), and some extent and attracted the researchers’ Cheshmeh” attentions to the role and the importance of an area namely Sarab Kotela with more Iranian Zagrosregion in this process. Other than one meter cultural layer deposits have investigations on Neolithic and been identified (Mohammadian, 2013). Neolithisation in Iran were presented in 7th None of these three sites have potteries. International Congress on the Archaeology Kohele and Kharmanjā Haft Cheshmeh of the Near East (7ICAANE) on 16th April have about 2 or 3 hectares habitats. These 2010 and were published in a volume by sites have located on the highlands with Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK (Matthews and the 2000 m. height from sea level at Sefid th th Fazeli Nashli, 2013). Fazeli Nashli and Kouh slopes and with the 5 and 10 km. Matthews believe that there is much distance from the northwestern of Merijelo evidence for continuity in the cultural and hill. Sarab Kotela is located on mountains material tradition of Iranian communities with the height of about 1850 m. The tools across the transitional phases between made of obsidian have been found in each Paleolithic and Neolithic (Fazeli Nashli & of three sites such as which were Mattheos, 2013: 6). They say that the discovered in Merijelo and Roāhol. timing and rates of Neolithisation in Genetics researches, during recent half different regions of Iran is diverse and century, have specified five regions as the Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 locally specific. They propose some points primary centers of domestication. Some for future direction of the Neolithisation regions have been recognized in the south studies of Iran methodologically and west Asia as the homeland of wild theoretically. Performing intensive and ancestors of some beans such as wheat, comprehensive surface surveys in these barley and lentil (McCarter, 2007: 56). regions specially in order to find the sites Some parts of middle Zagros of Iran are relating to Pre-Pottery Neolithic that similar to this region. There are wild discovering them needs special carefulness ancestors of mentioned beans and animals and intelligence; is so essential. During such as sheep and goat there (Ibid: performing a survey program by Bahrami 85,104). Khorramabad valley is one of on Khorramabad valley and surrounding these parts of central Zagros. It seems that regions, three sites namely Merijelo (Figs. search for finding Neolithic sites specially, 2& 7), Roāhol (Fig 3) and Chiātorkena those that are related to transitional phase

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from the Paleolithic/ gathering food age to questions will be answered: can excavation the Neolithic/ producing food age will let of Merijelo and Roāhol hills fill the gap of to collect information which responds the early Neolithic and show the settlement questions and ambiguities in this field. The sequence in the valley from Epi-Paleolithic background of concerned settlements to to Bāgh-e- No period? Which Process of the late Paleolithic and Epi-Paleolithic the trend of domestication of plant and periods and the abundance and wealth of animal remains resulted from the after Neolithic cultures, Bāgh-e- No excavation of Roāhol and Merijelo period, which was mentioned above, express? Shall we see the process of convince us that there have been talent and transmission from Food-gathering phase to required capacities to form communities of Food-production and permanent residence Neolithic in under discussion region. through the sequences of settlement layers Reasons such as not to perform of Roāhol? If the mentioned transmission comprehensive and precise surveys and trend has been seen, would it be as a result infirmity in organizational programming of regional interaction or fulfilled lead to failure to fulfill this goal. independently? If it was fulfilled Found sites specially two centers of independently, on the basis of what kind of suppositions framework would it be neolithic, Roāhol and merijelo (Bahrami et al., 2012b: 9) put ahead a chance to explained and analyzed? If it does not understand the development and evolution stand in the framework of mentioned of Neolithic, the process of Neolithisation, theories, which pattern can be considered transition from Epi-Paleolithic to Neolithic in this region of central Zagros? How was period and reasons and circumstances of the situation of internal and external this transmission in Khorramabad valley cultural relations compared with the sites and its surrounding. Primary survey in of the central Zagros such as Sarāb and Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 these sites, put head hypothesis that Gourān and northern Iraq; for example through the targeted programmed Umm Dabaghiyah (Bahrami et al., 2012b: excavation of them, one can commit to test 8) on the basis of potteries and stone tools made of obsidian? What dating should we the hypothesis and search for the answers of the questions (Fig. 1). In this step, consider for it? reader is expected to be familiar with some Regarding the height of Roāhol and of these questions which are the main goal Merijelo hills and acquired data from canal of the present paper: walls which were dug to set up gas pipes Regarding the evidences extracted from and also unplanned and illegal excavations, Epi-Paleolithic sites (Gararjaneh cave and the thickness of settlement layers of these sites has been estimated about 2 to 3 Pāsangar rock shelter) and also late meters. These layers belong to pre-pottery Neolithic and early Chalcolithic (Bāgh-e- No Culture) in Khorramabad valley these and pottery Neolithic and are correspond

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with the recent chronology which has been probable that one can identify the proposed by Darabi on the basis of recent emergence of the transitional process from investigation in central Zagros in western Epi-Paleolithic to Neolithic and from food Iran (Darabi, 2012: 104, Fig 1). In this gathering trend to permanent settlement period that contains 8000- 5500 B.C., the and food producing period in their beneath presence of obsidian has been proved in layers. With regard to the existence of the concerned prehistoric sites in the ecological potentials in the valley and region (Darabi, et al., 2011). Deposits locating in the region of natural ecology of uncovered from the excavation of East wild species of beans and animals such as Chia Sabz in dating from 9th sheep and goat, probably the habitants of through 7th millennium B.C. have the region were succeed to domesticate exhibited some obsidian artefacts which these species. Studying the surface came from the obsidian sources in findings has shown that the sites probably southeastern Turkey (Darabi and Glascock, have been formed in the Proto-Neolithic 2013). It might be assumed that obsidian period and habitations in them have been during this time span has imported from continued to the late Neolithic period. southeastern Turkey to northern Iraq and These centers have communicated to lots then to western Iran (Ibid: 3808). of simultaneous areas as the dynamic Superficial observing the layers communities of Neolithic. Pottery findings supports the probability that settlement and especially obsidian artefacts indicate phases in these sites, remove the gap such a cultural interactions and between Epi-Paleolithic in Gararjaneh and commercial relations. Pāsangar shelter and early Chalcolithic Modes entanglement between human period, Bāghe-e- No Culture (about 5300 groups and their surroundings which B.C.), in Khorramabad valley. Regarding indicate changes in lifestyle has been Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 habitation sequence in these sites from Pre- demonstrated in Zagros region during final Pottery Neolithic to Pottery-Neolithic phases of upper Paleolithic and Epi- period and the existence of architectural Paleolithic (Matthews et al., 2013: 29). evidences and the presence of seasonal Besides, it seems that there might have sites in highlands, there is a probability been the modes of entanglement and that the sites were the first villages with the interaction between human and permanent residence culture who were environment in low and high lands of the moving to highlands in some seasons of central Zagros. the year in order to hunt and use of the ecological potentials of the regions. This Conclusion: was such a trend which is being continued The mountain-inside plain of Khorramabad at the present time. In the case of in the cultural region of the central Zagros excavating Merijelo and Roāhol hills it is have held the necessary capacity and

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geographical and ecological conditions and an excavation program in under discussion had has a proper communicate sites, desired information about the circumstance. From archeological point of Neolithisation process and the transmission from the Paleolithic/ gathering period to view, this region presents the evidence of the Neolithic/ food producing period; will middle and late Paleolithic and Epi- be extracted. Paleolithic periods. Also, acceptable evidences and data have been gathered References: from the periods of the after Neolithic and [1] Alizadeh A., (2003), The Settlement Patterns and Prehistoric Cultures of Susiana Plain the Chalcolithic in this valley. In spite of According to the Analysis of Archaeological the wealth of the region from the view Finds Resulted from Surveying F. J. point of enjoying the evidences of the Legermeliza, translated by L. Pāpoli Yazdi & O. phases of the before and after Neolithic, Gārājiān, : The Publishing of Research there is no report about Neolithic period. Center of Archaeology- Vice- Chancellor of Research of the Iranian Cultural Heritage The new-known Neolithic sites especially Organization, 199 p., (In Persian). Roāhol and Merijelo remove this inactivity [2] Bahrami, M., M. Sabzi Doabi & M. Nikzād, and have drawn a desired perspective to (2012a), “Introducing 3 New Areas of Neolithic study the Neolithic period. Identifying and in Pishkouh, Luristan Province”, The Journal of performing surface surveys and studying Modarres Archaeological Researches, 3th years, No. 6 & 7, p.p. 38- 43. surface finds, indicate the probability of [3] Bahrami, M., M. Sabzi Doabi and M. Nikzad, the beginning of social life of the region in (2012b), “Note on Three Neolithic Sites in Pish- the beginning process of the Neolithic e Kuh Region, Central Zāgros”, NEO-LITHIC period. Performing the aimed program of 1/12. The Newsletter of Southwest Asian excavation along with interdisciplinary Neolithic Research, Berlin, p.p. 8-14. [4] Bahrami, M., (2013), The Archaeological studies and absolute dating in these sites Report of Surveying and Identifying the Town of can reveal the important and dynamic role Shāhivand of the City of Chegni, The Document Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 of the Khorramabad valley in the Neolithic Center of Cultural Heritage of Organization, period and can open a new horizon for the Luristan Province (not published), (In Persian). Neolithic researches on the valley and [5] Bar-Yosef, O., (1995), “The Role of Climate in the Interpretation of Human Movements and central Zagros. Cultural Transformations in Eastern Asia”, in By identifying the seasonal sites in Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on highlands and permanent settlements in Human Origins, Edited by Elizabeth S. Vrba, lowlands, it can be concluded that the George H. Dentn, Timothy C. Patridge and people of these sites in Neolithic hold the Lioyd H. Bruckle, Press, New movement of coming and going in a Haven: 507- 523. limited region throughout the period in [6] Baumler, M. F. & J. D. Speth, (1993), “A order to use of the hunting capacities and Middle Paleolithic Assemblage from Kunji collecting beans and animal species which Cave, Iran”. In: The Paleolithic prehistory of the Zagros-Taurus, edited by Deborah had potentials for being domesticated Olszewsky and Harold Dibble, University during a long term. In case of fulfillment Museum Monograph 83, University Museum

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Symposium Series 5. Philadelphia, PA: [18] Diamon, J., (1997), Guns, Germs and Steel: University of Pennsylvania: 1- 73. The Fates of Human Societies, Norton, New [7] Bazgir, B. & D. Davoodi, (2014), “Excavation York. at Gilvarān, Kaldar and Ghamary Caves and [19] Diamon, J., (2002), Evolution, Consequences Gar Arjeneh Rock Shelter, Khorramabad”, In: and Future of Plant and Animal Brief Articles of 12th Annual Symposium on the Domestication, Nature, Vol. 418: 700-707. Iranian Archaeology, 19- 21 May 2014, Hold [20] Farzin, A. & A. Parviz, (2011), Khorramabad, by Iranian Center for Archaeological Center: Tehran: Mirdashti Cultural Center’s 71- 74, (In Persian). Publishing, 226 p., (In Persian). [8] Binford, L. R., (1968), Post– Pleistocene [21] Fazeli Nashly, H. & R. Matthews, (2013), Adaptation, In New Perspective in Archaeology, “The Neolithisation of Iran: Patterns of Edited by Sally Binford and Lewis Binford, Change and Continuity”, in The Neolithisation Aldine Chicago: 313-314. of IRAN: The Formation of New Societies, [9] Braidwood, R. J., (1960), “Seeking the World’s Roger Matthews & Hassan Fazeli Nashli First Farmer in Persian Kurdistan: A Full– Scale (eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK: 1- 13. Investigation of Prehistoric Site near [22] Field, H., (1951), “Reconnaissance in ”, The Illustrated London News, Southwestern Asia”, Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 237, No. 6325: 246. vol. 7, p.p. 86-102. [10] Braidwood, R., B. Howe and C. A. Reed, [23] Flannery, K. V., (1969), “Origins and (1961), “The Iranian Prehistoric project”, EcologicalEffects of Early Domestication in Science 133: 2008-2010. Iran and the Near East”, In the Domestication [11] Byrd, Brian, F., (2005), “Reassessing the and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, Peter Emergence of Village Life in the Near East”, J. Ucko& G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), Proceeding Journal of Archaeological Research, Vol. 13, of a Meeting of the Research Seminar in No. 3: 231-290. Archaeology and Related Subjects Held at the [12] Cauvin, J., (2001), “Ideology before Institute of Archaeology, London University. Economy”, Cambridge Archaeological [24] Flannery, K. V., (1973), “The Origins of Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1: 106-107. Agriculture”, Annual Review of Anthropology, [13] Childe, V. G., (1951), Man Makes Himself, Vol. 2, p.p. 271-301. New American Library of World Literature, [25] Foster McCarter, S., (2007), Neolithic,

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 New York. Rouledge, 240 p. [14] Cohen, M. N., (1977), the Food Crisis in [26] Goff, C., (1971), “Luristan before the Iron Prehistory, Overpopulation and the Origins of age”, Iran 9: 131-152. Agriculture, Yale University Press. [27] Hayden, B., (1995), “An Overview of [15] Darabi, H., (2012), “Towards reassessing the Domestication”, In Last Hunter, First Neolithisation process in western Iran”, Farmers: New Perspectives on the Prehistoric Documenta Praehistorica xxxIx: 103- 110. Transition to Agriculture, Edited by T. [16] Darabi, H., R. Naseri, R. Young & H. Fazeli Douglas Price and Anne Gebauer: 273-299, Nashli, (2011), “The Absolute Chronology of School of American Research Press, Santa Fe. East Chia Sabz: a Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site in [28] Hayden, B., (2001), “Fabulous Feasts: A Western Iran”, Documenta Praehistorica, Vol. Prolegomenon to the Importance of Feasting”, 38: 255-265. In Feasts: Archaeological Perspectives on [17] Darabi, H. & M. D. Glascock, (2013), “The Food, Politics and Power, Edited by Michael source of obsidian artefacts found at East Chia Dietler and Brian Hayden, p.p. 3-64, Sabz, Western Iran”, Journal of Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington Archaeological Science 40: 3804- 3809. D.C.

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[29] Hayden, B., (2003), “Were Luxury Foods the “Investigating the Neolithisation of Society in First Domesticates? Ethno-archaeological The Central Zagros of Western Iran”, in The Perspectives from Southeast Asia”, in World Neolithisation of IRAN: The Formation of Archaeology, Vol. 34: 458-469. New Societies, Roger Matthews & Hassan [30] Henrikson, E. F., (1985), “An Updated Fazeli Nashli (eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford, Chronology of the Central Zagros UK: 14- 34. Chalcolithic”, Iran XXIII, p.p. 63-123. [40] McCorriston, J. & F. Hole, (1991), “The [31] Henry, D. O., (1989), From Foraging to Ecology of Seasonal Stress and the Origins of Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Agriculture in the Near East”, American Age, University of Pennsylvania Press. Anthropologist, Vol. 93, No. 1: 46-69. [32] Hodder, I., (2001), “Symbolism and the [41] McDonald, M. M. A., (1979), An Examination Origins of Agriculture in the Near East”. of Mid-Holocene Settlement Patterns in the Cambridge Archaeological Journal, Vol. 11: Central Zagros Region of Western Iran, Ph.D. 107-112. Dissertation., University of Toronto. [33] Hole, F. and K. V. Flannery, (1967), “The [42] Mohammiān, M., (2013), The Report of Prehistory of Southwestern Iran: A Surveying and Identifying Pond Field of Preliminary Report”, Proceeding of the Iyvashān Dam, Khorramabad, The Document Prehistoric Society for 1967, No. 33: 147-206. Center of Cultural Heritage Organization of [34] Hole, F. 1987, “Archaeology of the Village Luristan Province (not published), (In Period”, in the Archaeology of Western Iran: Persian). Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the [43] Mohammadifar, Y., R. Mattews, W. Mattews Conquest, Washington D.C.: 29-79. & A. Motarjem, (2011), “Archaeological [35] Hole, F., (2007), “Cycles of Settlement in the Project of Central Zagros(CZAP), The Khorramabad Valley in Luristan, Iran”, in: Preliminary Report of Excavation and Survey Settlement and Society, Essays Dedicated to in Sheikhiābād Hill in Sahneh and Jāni Hill in Robert McCormick Adams, Edited by: Islāmābād Gharb”, Journal of the Letter of Elizabeth C. Stone, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, Hamedān University Press, No. Archaeology, University of California, Los 1: 9-13, (In Persian). Angeles and The Oriental Institute of the [44] Mortensen, P., (1974), “A survey of : 63-82. Prehistoric Settlements in northern Luristan”,

Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 [36] Karamiān, Gh., M. Birānvand& A. Sajjādi, ActaArchaeilogica 45, p.p. 1-47. (2010), The Report of Determining the [45] Parviz, Ahmad, 2006, The Survey Report of Demarcation of Māsur Ancient Hill, the Silākhoor Plain, Doroud City, Chālān Choulān Document Center of the General Organization Village, General Organization of Cultural of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Heritage of Luristan Province, 368 p, (In of Luristan Province, 178 p., (In Persian). Persian). [37] Lindly, J. M., (1997), the Zagros Mountains: A [46] Parviz, Ahmad, 2008, The Archaeological Regional Perspective. Not Published Ph.D. Report of Surveying and Identifying of West Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Korregāh Village of Khorramabad City, Arizona State University, Tempe (AZ). General Organization of Cultural Heritage of [38] Matthews R. & H. Fazeli Nashly, (2013), The Luristan Province (under the publish), (In Neolithisation of IRAN: The Formation of Persian). New Societies, (eds.), Oxbow Books, Oxford, [47] Redding, R., (1988), “A General Explanation UK, 296 p. of Subsistence Change: From Hunting and [39] Matthews, R., Y. Mohammadifar, W. Gathering to Food-Production”, Journal of Matthews & A. Motarjem (2013), Anthropological Archaeology, Vol. 7: 56-96.

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[48] Roustāei, K., F. Biglari, S. Heidari & H. the Study of Culture Change”, Journal of Vahdatinasab, (2000), “Preliminary Report of Archaeological Research, Vol. 17: 1-63. Archaeological Survey of Paleolithic Sites, [54] Zeder, M. A., (2011), “The Origins of Luristan Province: Winter 2000- 2001”, Agriculture in the Near East, Current Journal of Archaeology and History, Anthropology”, Vol. 52, No. S4: 221-235. University Press Center, 16th year, Vol. 1, [55] Zeder, M. A., (2012), “The Broad Spectrum Frequent No. 31: 46- 64, (In Persian). Revolution at 40: Resource Diversity, [49] Smith, P.E., L. & T. C. Young, (1983), “The Intensification and an Alternative to Optimal Force of Numbers: Population Pressure in the Foraging Explanations, Journal of Central Western Zagros 12000-4500 B.C.”, In Anthropological Archaeology, Vol. 31: 241- the Hilly Flanks and Beyond. Essay on the 264. Prehistory of South West Asia, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, p.p. 141-161. [50] Speth, J., (1971), “Kunji Cave”, Iran, Vol. 9: 172-73. [51] Watkins, T., (2010a), “New Light on Neolithic Revolution in South West Asia”, Antiquity, Vol. 84.p.p. 621-634. [52] Watkins, T., (2010b), “Changing People, Changing Environments: How Hunter- Gatherers Become Communities that Changed the World”, in Landscapes in Transition, Edited by Bill Finlayson and Graeme Warren, Oxbow Boos: 106-114. [53] Zeder, M. A., (2009), “The Neolithic Macro- (R) evolution: Macro-evolutionary Theory and Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021

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Fig. 1: The Location of Neolithic Sites in Khorramabad Valley: Roahol 02. Merijelo 03. Sarab Koteleh 1 04. Gilvaran Cave 05. Kharmanja Haft Cheshme 06. Kohele. Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021

Fig. 2: Merijrlo Hill, Seeing from South. Fig. 3: Roahole Hill, Seeing from South.

14 The Problem of the Neolithic in Khorramabad … Intl. J. Humanities (2015) Vol. 22 (2)

Fig. 4: Kohele Site, Seeing from West. Fig. 5: Gilvarān Cave, Seeing from South. Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021

Fig. 6: Haft Cheshme Site, Seeing from Northern-east Fig. 7: Roahole Hill, Pottery Sherds

15 The Problem of the Neolithic in Khorramabad … Intl. J. Humanities (2015) Vol. 22 (2)

ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ در درهي ﺧﺮّمآﺑﺎد، ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن، اﯾﺮان: ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎ و ﭘﯿﺶﻓﺮضﻫﺎ

رﺣﻤﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻨﮋاد ﺳﺮﺳﺘﯽ1، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﯽ2

ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ:12/2/93 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 94/3/30

دو ﻧﮑﺘﻪي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ اﻧﮕﯿﺰهي ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اوﻟﯿﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﮕﯿﺰﺷﯽ،

اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دورهي ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ و ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه دورهي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﻓﺮاﭘﺎرﯾﻨﻪﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽﺷﺪن در

ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ روز ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻋﺎﻣﻞ دوم، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دره ﺧﺮّمآﺑﺎد در دورهي ﭘﺎرﯾﻨﻪﺳﻨﮕﯽ و

ﻏﻨﺎي آﺛﺎر دورهي ﻣﺲ و ﺳﻨﮓ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ در آن و ﻋﺪم ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ از وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ دره در

دوران ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺸﻒ دو ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي رواﻫﻞ و ﻣﺮﯾﮋِﻟﻮ در اﯾﻦ دره و ﻧﯿﺰ

ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪي ﺳﺮاب ﮐﺘﻠﻪ 1، ﺧﺮﻣﻦﺟﺎ ﻫﻔﺖﭼﺸﻤﻪ و ﮐﻮﻫﻠﻪ، اﻓﻖ اﻣﯿﺪوارﮐﻨﻨﺪهاي را ﺑﺮاي

درك ﺗﺤﻮﻟّﺎت دوران ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭘﯿﺶِروي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ-

ﻫﺎي ﺳﻄﺤﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﻘﺮاري اﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪﻫﺎ، ﻓﺮﺻﺘﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ اوﻟﯿﻪ از

وﺟﻮد ﺣﯿﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ در دوران ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ در دره ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ

در زاﮔﺮس ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﺎم و درهي ﺧﺮمآﺑﺎد ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص و ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽِ اوﻟﯿﻪي Downloaded from eijh.modares.ac.ir at 20:20 IRST on Thursday September 23rd 2021 دو ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﮐﺎوش آنﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﺸﺮده و

ﭘﯿﻤﺎﯾﺸﯽ در دره ﺧﺮّمآﺑﺎد اﯾﺠﺎد ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺮوري اﺟﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت

ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ در زاﮔﺮس ﻣﯿﺎﻧﯽ و درهي ﺧﺮّمآﺑﺎد و ﻃﺮح ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي آﻏﺎز ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻏﺬا و ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽ-

ﺷﺪن، ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي و ﭘﯿﺶﻓﺮضﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮح ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن را ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯽﺳﺎزد.

واژﮔﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: دره ﺧﺮّمآﺑﺎد، ﭘﺎرﯾﻨﻪﺳﻨﮕﯽ، ﻓﺮاﭘﺎرﯾﻨﻪﺳﻨﮕﯽ، ﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﯽﺷﺪن،رواﻫﻞ، ﻣﺮﯾﮋِﻟﻮ.

1. اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران. 2. داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﮐﺘﺮي، ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران. 16