EUROPEAN BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Soil Information for Germany: the 2004 Position

W. Eckelmann Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover; Germany

March 1, 1999. As a result, availability and quality Introduction of data related to soil have become priorities at The first country report on the status of soil national and individual state levels in Germany. information in Germany was prepared by Oelkers

(1991), operating as the head of one of the 16 AtT European level, the European Commission federal state soil surveys of Germany. A national adopted a proposal for a new environmental geological authority was in place, but not active strategy 'Environment 2010: Our Future, Our for soil information within Germany. Choice'. Amongst other areas, the proposal stressed the importance of due to nature and Starting 1991, the Federal Institute for biodiversity. Succeeding this strategic frame and Geosciences and Natural Resources (Bundesanstalt according to the needs that soil protection has to für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, BGR) in be built on sound information and assessment, the Hannover established the first elements of a official Communication ‘Towards a Thematic German soil information system (Vinken, 1992). Strategy for Soil Protection’, from the Commission Eckelmann and Hartwich (1996) reported on ‘Soil to the Council and to the European Parliament, Mapping in Germany and the FISBo BGR Soil was published in April 2002. Information System’ as part of a documentation of the status of soil surveying in Europe. This document came to the conclusion that available data on soil are not sufficient with regard As outcome of a workshop on ‘Land information to significance, accuracy and comparability and do Systems’ in Europe, held at BGR 1996, a very not allow detection of trends and changes in the detailed view on soil information systems threats to soils. developments for planning the sustainable use of land resources in Europe was published (Heineke BGR Soil Information et al. 1998). Later Eckelmann (1999) reported on the state of in Germany in European System: Objectives and context. Structure Background Against this political background, BGR has continued to structure and complete its soil This report presents the ongoing activities of BGR information system FISBo BGR. Because in on soil information, against the background of Germany soil surveying is influenced by the discussions on soil protection at political and federal character of the republic, the cooperation societal levels in Germany and the EU that has led between the soil surveys of the component states to an increased demand for pedological of Germany has high priority for all national work. information. A working group consisting of the heads of each state soil survey, and of the national soil survey of At national level, the first German Act On Soil the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Protection (BGBl. I, 1998) was put in force on Resources (BGR), coordinates most of the pedological work, with the main object to publish

Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann 147 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9 the new soil mapping guide KA5 and to publish a • Method database that defines the data German wide coherent at scale processing techniques (e. g. for determining 1:200,000. The chair of this working group is groundwater recharge, water retention and presently at BGR. filter functions, soil productivity) underpinning interpretation of soil maps and As soil protection at national level in Germany is the relevant principal and supplementary coordinated by the Environmental Agency UBA at data. Berlin, many of BGR activities are influenced by With respect to increasing cooperation with the needs of this institute. This is why BGR and organisations of the European Union, these UBA are continuously coordinating their work in structure components become more and more the relevant areas of interest (Eckelmann and adjusted to those of the European Union level. Glante 1999). This demonstrates above all the need for

compatible data field registers, data sets and The German soil information system FISBo BGR methods. is one of a number of linked geoinformation systems, e.g. geology, soils, hydrology. Together they form a geoinformation network, which enables broad interdisciplinary evaluation of Soil Mapping Methods different topics. The principles of the BGR Soil The methods on how to prepare soil maps at th

Information System, in its early stage and relations P different scales are documented in the 4P edition to other systems, have been described by of the German Soil Mapping Guide KA 4 Eckelmann et al., (1995) and Eckelmann (1996). (Arbeitsgruppe Bodenkunde, 1995). This guideline FISBo BGR’s detailed objectives are to: includes the German soil taxonomy and also the • Extend and provide a database of soil data keys, symbols and all parameters used in soil information in cooperation with the German mapping and site description. Together with the federal states according to the needs of definition of the principles of the soil information politics at national and EU level, of research system (Heineke et al., 1995), these data keys are areas and for data users e. g. from agriculture assigned to data fields to be used in digital and all other affected disciplines; management.

• Analyse this database to answer requests for information from the federal government From its tradition, the German Soil Mapping (e.g. for preparing presentations of the Guide KA 4 deals only with the German Soil current situation); Taxonomy. There are no links to international soil taxonomies, e.g. to the FAO soil names (FAO, • Make possible the compilation of basic and 1990; FAO-UNESCO, 1990) or to the WRB- thematic maps for prognosis and for drafting Classification (FAO, ISRIC and ISSS, 1998). guidelines at administrative level; However, these links have become more important • Provide a basis for answering questions in the last years, particularly at the European submitted by European Union agencies or Union level. Consequently, BGR and the German international bodies; state soil surveys revised the version KA 4 and • Provide a basis for cooperation with other integrated the WRB-Classification into the research institutions (e.g. for nationwide German Soil Mapping Guide, KA 5, which is analyses). presently in the final stage of preparation.

The following main structural components are There are also other guidelines existing in being developed at BGR continuously, analogous Germany for special soil mapping, e.g. mapping of to the information systems of the individual forest sites, as already mentioned by Oelkers German states: (1991). Soil maps compiled by using these special • Spatial database that maintains a number of mapping guides are integrated into the geological already existing soil and related maps survey's soil mapping activities as far as it is including the geometric-topographical data; possible. Naturally this requires transformation of • Soil profile and laboratory database that all available data into the standard form as given in contains both the observations of soil surveys the Geological Survey's German Soil Mapping as well as the results of all soil chemical and Guide. physical analyses;

148 Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

The main objective in soil mapping nationwide is Progress in Soil Mapping at least to compile and have available a nested Zitzmann (1994) documented soil maps existing in system of soil maps at different scales, which can Germany. The information that he obtained, be used for a wide range of applications, for all showing the availability of 1:25,000 to 1:200,000 cooperation between the federal state, the national soil maps, emphasised the problem of incomplete level and the EU. coverage. Besides these scales, several state geological surveys published soil maps at scales of To enable interpretation, e.g., to derive land 1:5,000 and 1:10,000, but actually, soil mapping in suitability information, it was necessary to include detail is at very low levels due to reduced staff and non-soil data into the spatial database of FISBo budget at many institutes. BGR. The most important was a digital elevation of this model, which is available on a 50-meter Following the interest to have available soil grid, as well as climate and land use information at information of the whole of Germany, many state various scales and projections. soil surveys published soil maps at scales from 1:300,000 to 1:500,000. Although these activities Although these data are processed in the BGR could improve soil information, the availability of FISBo system, they remain part of other, linked soil maps at identical scales and quality is still information systems, e.g., geomorphology and unsatisfactory with respect to national climate, which are maintained and updated by their requirements. respective owners. Together, these various systems form a geoinformation network that permits broad To solve this problem, the individual state soil interdisciplinary evaluation of data for different surveys and the national soil survey of BGR purposes. agreed on a programme to compile and publish a joint 1:200,000 Soil Map of Germany. The The 1:200,000 soil map Production of this map is coordinated by BGR and the status is described below. In order to coordinate the production of a 1:200,000 soil map for Germany, BGR and the In addition to this scale, the spatial database sixteen state soil surveys have produced a established at the FISBo BGR needs to hold soil 1:200,000 scale mapping Manual including the maps in order to fulfil its duty for the federal following elements: government as well as for cooperation with the European Union. These maps for national and • Guidelines for soil map units and soil profile international needs, and representing the digital descriptions including flow charts showing soil geographical databases, include (Behrens et all steps to be taken by the state soil surveys al., 1998): of Germany as well as those taken by BGR; • Data sheets with 42 data fields for data • Digital Cartographical Database of Europe collection related to the soil units of the (EURODB) to serve as the basic map; 1:200,000 soil maps; • 1:200,000 soil map as the joint base map to • Rules for amalgamating soil survey maps to be compiled jointly with the individual state other scales; soil surveys; • General legend for the standardised • 1:1,000,000 Soil Map of Germany as the 1:200,000 soil map; most important geographical database for • Soil Regions Map of Germany at a scale of national requirements (Hartwich et al., 1995); 1:1,000,000. • 1:1,000,000 EU Soil Map, representing the A system of landscape relations has been defined German part of the Soil Geographical for Germany to ensure that the soil surveys Database of Europe at a scale of 1:1,000,000; describe similar soil units for the 1:200,000 soil • Soil Regions map at a scale of 1:1,000,000 to map in a comparable way. This hierarchical system show landscape relations and to give an classifies landscapes according to geology, overall view of soil information; morphology, climate, and vegetation. • 1:2,000,000 Soil Map, representing a part of the Hydrological Atlas of Germany; Areas with generally similar geology and • Soil Regions Map of Europe at scale morphology are defined, and within these areas 1:5,000,000, which has been drawn up in climate, water regime and relief show only limited cooperation with the European Soil Bureau. variation.

Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann 149 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Figure 1: Soil regions of Germany; locations of Soil Survey Institute

Parent material and soil genesis in such an area containing harmonised soil information for all also vary little, and this in turn permits dominant relevant and representative soil profiles of each soil types to be defined for each area. Such an area soil map unit. At least, these data collection will is called ‘Bodenlandschaft’ or ‘soil landscape’. form a single common database for all German soil maps at that scale. This procedure will On a higher hierarchical level, several soil eventually enable translation of this soil landscapes are united to form a information to the WRB standard. The WRB ‘Bodengroßlandschaft’ or ‘Soilscape’ (after Dudal standard, as it is described by the 1:250,000 et al., 1993), and several of these form a European Union Soil Map Manual (ESB, 1998), is ‘Bodenregion’ or ‘Soil Region’, of which there are the EU wide accepted taxonomy. twelve in Germany (Figure 1). The 1:1,000,000 soil map When drafting the 1:200,000 soil map, soil scientists pay attention to ensuring that similar soil Until the soil map at scale 1:200,000 is available landscapes have similar soil inventories, or the soil for the whole of Germany, the digital 1:1,000,000 landscape boundaries would need to be changed. Soil Map of Germany is the most important part of Using this procedure, it will be possible to produce the spatial database and is integrated in the FISBo consistent 1:200,000 soil maps in cooperation with BGR Soil Information System, available to the state soil surveys of Germany. science, administration and industry.

The production of the 1:200,000 scale soil map, In addition to the characteristic soil profiles coordinated by BGR, has until today led to fifteen (‘Leitprofile’), thematic maps dealing with printed maps. The overview in Figure 2 shows the nationwide problems of soil use and soil protection status and planned procedure for publishing during have been derived. The 1:1,000,000 scale makes 2004. In addition to this printed version, a the soil map especially suitable for evaluating 1:200,000 Soil Database is continuously built,

150 Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9 problems at both national and European Union level.

Figure 2: Status and programme of soil mapping at 1:200,000 scale in Germany

In the course of preparation of thematic maps, the cover. This work is presently being done using the needs of some users made it necessary to improve CORINE Land Cover data set. The first step, and complete the 1:1,000,000 spatial database with elaborated in close cooperation with the forest more precise information with respect to land agencies in Germany, is almost ready for the

Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann 151 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9 forestry land use type. It has led to changes in the continuously give support to the BGR soil profile description of the variability of all soil map units. and laboratory database with additional data from Other improvements have been made using their state level. Such cooperation is a welcome geomorphological and climatological information, procedure, enabling BGR to answer questions at so that the 1:1,000,000 spatial database will be at the national level. least an optimised solution for the coming years. In order to reach comparable soil data all over Germany, the individual state soil surveys and Soil Profile and Laboratory BGR have agreed to common ‘Guidelines for Database Taking Soil Samples’ (Ad-hoc-AG Boden, 1996). The ‘Documentation of Laboratory Methodes’ The soil profile and laboratory database of the (Ad-hoc-AG Boden, 2000.b) aims at harmonising FISBo BGR is organised as a relational database. analytical methods. The methods database itself is It stores all soil attribute data extracted from point designed so that it can easily be updated and observations of fully described and analysed further methods and information can be added. reference profiles in sets of tables for later retrieval. Links between the tables are maintained through primary keys. Based on the standard Contents and Use of a software (i.e. MS SQL Server), soil and other Method Database components (e.g. vegetation) may readily be added to or removed from the database as required. Processing of pedological data, e.g. to make Depending on regional or national needs, the soil interpretations of soil maps on various themes or database may be set up according to various soil to analyse specific topics, requires not only the classification systems. In addition to the German availability of the necessary data within an system, the WRB classification (FAO, ISRIC and efficient information system, but also well defined ISSS, 1998) and the FAO methods to be applied from a digital method system have been included so far. The latter has database. The method database contains been done in order to cater specifically for algorithms to derive land qualities from international cooperation. Similarly, a soil pedological base data (e.g. maps). database was developed according to the U.S. Soil Taxonomy (widely used in Asia and the The methods themselves consist of pedotransfer Americas). functions (in modular form). These pedotransfer functions, once established as reliable and In a further step towards harmonisation of global accurate, permit key parameters (relationships) to soil information (Van Engelen and Wen, 1995), be calculated, thus, greatly simplifying the data BGR also adopted the terminology and required in modelling (Wagenet et al., 1991). components of the Multilingual Soil Database Furthermore, the methods collected in such a (SDBm Plus; FAO and CSIC, 2002) for its FAO method database must be programmed according soil database version. to a single system so that they can be used by both BGR and the German state soil surveys. One essential purpose of the harmonised, site- specific soil data is to develop representative soil An up-to-date documentation of a large number of profiles for small scale soil maps for making methods has been published (Ad-hoc-AG Boden spatial interpretations on various themes. 2000.a), based on a first documentation of Additionally, this soil profile and laboratory Hennings (1994). This set of methods was database can be used to create pedotransfer prepared by a joint working group of the , which relate different soil properties to surveys of the German individual states and the one another or to (Bouma and Van BGR, set up to study various methods for Lanen, 1987). The pedotransfer functions are processing basic pedological data, to assess these essential for creating standardised data sets from methods, and to compile suitable documentation. inhomogeneous data. The methods are restricted to calculating specific With reference to the Federal Soil Protection Act soil properties, parameters or functions and (BBodSchG) (BGBl. I., 1998) and to the determining the vulnerability of the soil to specific associated ordinance (BBodSchV) (BGBl. I., hazards: 1999) it is necessary to improve information on Potential susceptibility to compaction; soil threats in Germany. The Federal States • • Retention capacity for heavy metals;

152 Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

• Vulnerability to erosion by water; conducted with a water regime model for a number • Groundwater recharge; of locations with different soil and climatic • Nitrate retention capacity; conditions. The results of all the scenarios were • Potential agricultural yield; evaluated using multiple regression analysis to • Vulnerability to erosion by wind; derive new regression equations enabling the • Vulnerability of forest soils to acidification. reliable estimation of water percolation rates in the soil for the whole of Germany. All of the methods in the method database are deterministic models based on simple empirical The results of the new method were tested on long relationships. Sometimes these models term regional drainage data from selected considerably simplify the physical and chemical catchment areas of different size, land use, soil processes concerned and provide only an properties and geomorphological and climatic approximate estimate of the parameter of interest. conditions. The good correlation between the Information about the kind of input data needed, measured and the calculated values revealed that the appropriate scale, and whether the result is the new expressions matched the requirement for a qualitative or quantitative is given for each method valid for the whole of Germany. method, so that the different methods available in the method database for the same applicable The new method was used for the first time for a parameters can be compared. nationwide thematic map on soil protection in a map of annual average percolation rate from the To give easy access to updated versions of the soil at a scale of 1:2,000,000 incorporated in the method documentation and to new documented new Hydrological Atlas of Germany (HAD; BMU methods, BGR and the Ad-hoc-AG Boden 2000). developed a download area on the web: http://www.bgr.de/saf_boden/SAF/index.htmlHTU .UTH Use of the Soil Information Example: annual water System percolation rate The various soil information systems are used to advise the German Federal Government and the A key parameter which needs to be determined for individual state governments on the needs of the putting into effect the EU Water Directive is the German Soil Protection Act. This requires close average annual water percolation rate from the cooperation with the environmental agencies of the soil. This primarily reflects the regime individual states and the German Government. The and is preferentially determined using methods information systems are applied to develop from . In addition to its quantitative pedotransfer functions and varyingly complex significance for groundwater-sourced drinking methods for evaluating soil data. water supplies, water percolation is a crucial factor in the movement and of nutrients and As an example the FISBo BGR serves for the toxins. The water percolation rate is therefore a determination of spatially representative critical input parameter for qualitative aspects of background values for topsoils, and water protection in particular. bedrock. A concept was developed and applied that is based on a differentiation of background Determining the water percolation rate requires values according to soil parent material as a first information on soil properties, climatic data, and priority. In topsoils the background values are the current type of land use. The determination of distinguished in second order by the reference long term averages in the past was based on the parameters land use and regional settlement gradual development of simple empirical structure. In the subsoils from solid rocks they are equations. The disadvantage was that they were all further differentiated according to their only valid for a limited spectrum of field content. For soils from unconsolidated deposits the conditions or could only provide sufficiently effect of pedogenetic processes (enrichment, accurate results for certain parts of Germany. impoverishment) are considered. The determination of background values for bedrocks To improve the situation, BGR launched a requires no further differentiation (Utermann et al., research project with the aim of removing the 1998; Utermann et al.; 2003; LABO, 2003). weaknesses in the previous method and developing a new alternative method applicable to the whole of Germany. To this end, model calculations were

Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann 153 EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9

Figure 3: Background values of lead in German top soils and subsoils Site specific soil data were brought together from different sources (soil data from Federal The structure of the FISBo BGR is to be institutions and institutions of the Federal States) developed further for example for the special taking into account minimum requirements and needs of developing countries. It will then be aspects of data harmonisation. Spatial information possible for data from technical cooperation is given by the small scale (1:1,000,000) digital projects to be processed in the project area as well map of soil parent materials (MPM 1,000) which is as in BGR and be used in a global soil information based on the 1:1,000,000 Soil Map. database. It will also be a basis for cooperation with other institutes at global level and particularly Based on information from about 5,000 soil with the European Union against the background profiles representative background values for of the ongoing Soil Thematic Strategy. topsoils, subsoils and bedrocks could be determined for the dominating groups of soil BGR contribution to the new parent material in Germany with a current spatial coverage of about 90% (see for examle hydrological atlas of Germany background values of lead in top soils and subsoils BGR has contributed several maps at a scale of in Figure 3). 1:2,000,000 to the Hydrological Atlas of Germany, published by the Federal Ministry of the Another example of a current application of the Environment (BMU 2000). This new atlas FISBo BGR is the compilation of spatial provides up-to-date information, presenting basic information on soil texture and organic matter in and aggregated data, as well as giving an insight German soils. In the case of soil texture, data are into the scientific methods used. related to soil landscape units composed of the soil map of Germany. For The first BGR Contribution was the Soil Map, additional climate regions and main types of land prepared from the existing 1:1,000,000 Soil Map use are taken into account.

154 Soil Information for Germany. Eckelmann EUROPEAN SOIL BUREAU ⎯ RESEARCH REPORT NO. 9 of Germany (BÜK 1000), showing the soil The sixth contribution to the new atlas was a map associations in Germany in 60 map units. of annual average percolation rate from the soil as The following thematic maps on soil water were mentioned above. also submitted in 2000: (a) Depth of the effective rooting zone; (b) Field capacity down to a depth of This atlas makes it possible for the scientists, those 1m; (c) Available field capacity in the effective involved in water management, politicians and lay rooting zone; and (d) Air capacity in the effective persons interested in the environment to quickly rooting zone. recognize large-scale relationships and to access sources of further information. The maps can be The CORINE land cover of the Federal Statistics used at the state, federal, and EU levels, providing Office, a digital landuse information set derived valuable information in the fields of water and from satellite data, from which mainly the areas of environmental protection. agricultural and forestry land use were taken, was intersected with the 1:1,000,000 soil map to prepare the cartographic base map for the soil Acknowledgements water maps. The values for the soil water The text of this country report is mainly based on parameters were derived from soil texture, bulk the references, given below. Substantial input by density, and humus content and subdivided into written contributions or figures was offered by five classes. Olaf Düwel, Reinhard Hartwich, Volker Hennings and Ulrich Stegger. These efforts and a last review The soil water parameters provide basic of the text by my friend Bob Jones are gratefully information about the capacity of the soil to retain acknowledged. water, the rate of drainage, and the plant availability of the soil water. Together with climate data, conclusions can be drawn about the suitability of a site for a specific crop or the risk of lowered yield during dry periods.

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