A 341200 Challenge to Mars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945
EDITED BY PETER BROCK AND THOMAS P. SOCKNAT
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London Contents
PREFACE IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV CONTRIBUTORS Xvii
Part One From Peace to War
1 Mennonites and Military Service in the Soviet Union to 1939 LAWRENCE KLIPPENSTEIN 3
2 Russian Baptists and the Military Question, 1918-1929 PAUL D. STEEVES 21
3 Pacifism and Conscientious Objection in Finland, 1918-1945
THOMAS HACKMAN AND KATJA HUUMO 41
4 In Search of a 'Lost' Belarusan Pacifist Leader PETER BROCK 60
5 War Resisters in Weimar Germany GUIDO GRUNEWALD 67
6 The Anarchopacifism of Bart de Ligt HERMAN NOORDEGRAAF 89
7 The Conviction of Things Not Seen: Christian Pacifism in France, 1919-1945 PETER FARRUGIA 101 8 Defending the Rights of Man: The Ligue des droits de l'homme and the Problem of Peace NORMANINGRAM 117 vi Contents
9 A Legitimate Peace Movement: The Case of Interwar Britain, 1918-1945
MARTIN CEADEL 134
10 Women Pacifists in Interwar Britain JOSEPHINE EGLIN 149
11 The Peace Pledge Union: From Peace to War, 1936-1945 ANDREW RIGBY 169 12 J.S. Woodsworth and War KENNETH MCNAUGHT 186
13 'Practical' and Absolute Pacifism in the Early Years of the U.S. Women's International League for Peace and Freedom ANNE MARIE POIS 199
14 The Fight against War of the Historic Peace Churches, 1919-1941 DONALD F. DURNBAUGH 218
Part Two The Second World War
15 Quakers in Uniform: The Friends Ambulance Unit LYN SMITH 243
16 Conscientious Objection in Canada THOMAS P. SOCKNAT 256
17 Pacifists as Conscientious Objectors in Australia PETER BROCK AND MALCOLM SAUNDERS 272
18 Pacifism and Conscientious Objection in New Zealand J.E. COOKSON 292
19 Conscience and Conscription in a Free Society: U.S. Civilian Public Service MITCHELL L. ROBINSON 312
20 Pacifist Professional Women on the Job in the United States
RACHEL WALTNER GOOSSEN 331
21 Prison Journey of an American War Resister LARRY GARA 346
22 Conscientious Objection and Popular Culture: The Case of Lew Ayres JENNIFER FROST 360 Contents vii
23 Conscientious Objectors in Nazi Germany PETER BROCK 370
24 Danish War Resisters under Nazi Occupation PETER KRAGH HANSEN 380
25 Pacifists in Nazi-Occupied Norway TORLEIV AUSTAD 395
26 For Church and Peace: Dutch Christian Pacifists under Nazi Occupation HENK VAN DEN BERG AND TON COPPES 409
Part Three Pacifist Outreach: Japan and India
27 Pacifism in Japan, 1918-1945 CYRIL H. POWLES 427
28 Gandhi's Satyagraha and Its Roots in India's Past ANTONY KOZHUVANAL 440
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 455 INDEX 457