JNE 4 (2) (2018)

Journal of Nonformal

http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jne

The Social Emotional Development of Children

Rezka Arina Rahma , Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho

Department of Nonformal Education, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jne.v4i2.15975

Articles Info Abstract ______History Articles: Homeschooling is becoming a popular alternative education to school-based education. Received 01 July 2018 The purpose of this study was to discuss the social development of children participants Approved 15 July 2018 homeschooling. To specify the discussion been one age range, namely the end of the age Published 30 August 2018 of the child (6-12 years) or known as elementary school age. Method that apply is ______descriptive method with qualitative approach. A qualitative study was conducted by Keywords: interviewing the homeschooling participants as the subjects in this research. Researcher social emotion, was the major instrument and was supported with interview guidance. Moreover, the emotion development, process of analysis included data presentation, data reduction, and conclusion. homeschooling Triangulation technique was employed to explain data validity of the technique. The ______conclusions of this study are seen from the social development of children homeschooling, it appears some things like communication, play, empathy is developed enough. The thing to worry is associated with extensive opportunities to recognize the variety of people in a variety of different situations or identify people in different situations. This introduction is necessary as the process of understanding other people, finding a solution of the divergence, and the creation of close relations with friends that friends can be a source of social support for children. ______© 2018 PLS PPs UNNES

 Address correspondence: p-ISSN 2442-532X Department of Nonformal Education, Faculty of Education, Universitas Negeri Malang e-ISSN 2528-4541 Street Semarang No.5, Sumbersari, Kec. Lowokwaru, Kota Malang, Jawa Timur, Indonesia, 65145 E-mail: [email protected]

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INTRODUCTION rate provide homework for the government and all citizens who care about education. The Success in the development process Formal education does not seem to be and able to compete in the era of globalization able to guarantee 100% of the nation's primary nowadays has made every nation needs education age can complete their education. qualified human resources - a generation of Thus, nonformal education channels such as nations that have adequate education level and Homeschooling will be an alternative that sufficient ability to support the development needs to give equal access to process. In order to achieving qualified human education, so that the next 5 years are expected resources is needed efforts to facilitate access to that all generations of the nation have education as well as various models of completed their basic education through alternative education, one of which is formal and informal and nonformal education. homeschooling. This is naturally Informal happens all the time without understandable given the fact that the learning a specific time and place which is. it does not process takes place at home and among family specify the subject or materials to be mastered members, especially the parents, who must be in which to complete the understanding of actively involved in providing any necessary informal learning. support for their child/children in attaining the This learning interpreted to refer the best outcomes of their education (Mulyadi formal education and nonformal for this et,al, 2016). informal method, there are relationship Alternative education at an expensive between formal and nonformal (Merriam & cost and is preferred by school-age celebrities is Baumgartner 2012). Experience is one of the a paradigm that comes when we hear the word factors that improves the informal learning of homeschooling. In fact this is not entirely true, individuals and it depends on how the findings homeschooling is one of the nonformal of the information and skills enhancement education channels that can be a choice for a obtained (The Institute for Research on nation or even made a choice for certain Learning, 2000, Menlo Park). Individual needs communities such as children who dropped out to learn on how to build an informal learning or children in remote areas. The role of because it can be strengthened with a education will influence man power source in discussion of an indirect, experiment, errors quality and quantity so as to promote made during the process of learning and community welfare and prosperity in a country training and it is done on an ongoing basis with and finally can raise national pride and dignity, the help of mentors who are also have expertise (Shofwan, 2014: 51). in specific areas. It can not be denied, that the The term "homeschooling" is used with government has not one hundred percent reference to parents who teach their children at succeeded in realizing the noble goal of helping home. Homeschooling is often compared with the nation's children to complete the basic school-based education, the institution of education program or so-called 9-year teaching children at school. Homeschooling compulsory education. Statistical data shows and school-based education can be seen as two the enrollment rate and drop-out rate of extremes of a continuum. In an intermediate elementary and junior high school still need to form, children would be taught in part by their get serious attention. SUSENAS data of 2004 parents, in part at school (Block, 2004). In its (www.bps.go.id) shows the number of development, there are various homeschooling participation for elementary school students models that can be observed. Homeschooling are 92-93 % and for junior high school students in Thai society has been continuously 65.7%. While the drop out rate for primary developing and evolving as a unique learning school students is 2.1% and the drop-out rate of style toward specific family goals. However, junior high school is 4.4%. The large dropout rate and the absence of maximal enrollment

152 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 many operational problems have been family. In general, the child becomes less social encountered. (Rudjanee Engchun, 2017). experience, and is feared to be less social Seto Mulyadi, one of the homeschooling sensitivity, social competence, and become less practitioners stated that there are 3 sociable when he grew up. From the homeschooling models, namely single phenomenon given above, the researchers are homeschooling, complex homeschooling, and interested to conduct a research on the social homeschooling community (Mulyadi, 2007). emotional development of homeschooling In single homeschooling, families apply children in Khoiru Ummah Surabaya homeschooling independently, as desired Homeschooling Group (HSG). without joining other homeschooling families. In complex homeschooling, some families join METHODS in certain activities, but the main activity remains to be the responsibility of each family. The approach used in this study is a In this case, among the families have the same qualitative approach. Bogdan and Taylor (in needs that can be compromised. The Moleong, 2005: 135) suggest that qualitative homeschooling community is a composite of methodology as a research procedure that complex homeschools that compose and define produces descriptive data in the form of syllabus, teaching materials, principal activities, written or oral words of people and behavior facilities and infrastructure and learning that can be observed. In an effort to find facts schedule. The selection of homeschooling and data scientifically underlying research, the models to be applied depends on the needs of researchers set up to use descriptive qualitative each family, the goals, and the availability of methods, since descriptive research is a kind of various support, tools and curricula. research directed to provide symptoms, facts In relation to the difference between the or events systematically and accurately, on the public school system of education and characteristics of the population or a specific homeschooling that appears in the child's area. learning hours, the child's learning activities, This study will discuss about the social one of the issues often discussed is the emotional development of children socialization of children. How does the child participating in Khoiru Ummah Surabaya socialize with his peers, with others outside his Homeschooling. To specify the discussion one main family, if his education system and the age range is selected, which is the age of the educational process he is living centered on, late childhood (6-12 years old) or known as followed only by his father, mother, and his elementary school age. Thus the technique of siblings? Various negative opinions related to data collection are done by interview, the socialization of homeschooling children are observation, and documentation. The often feared by the society. The common discussion will involve the social interaction opinion expressed is that with homeschooling, data of homeschooling children with friends children lose the opportunity to socialize with around him (not homeschooling) as well as his their peers, with people other than their families. interaction with others, in the form of diaries. It is also feared that children lose the From the data, using a conceptual framework opportunity to interract with a very of social development of children could be heterogeneous environment, where in that discussed about the particular social environment he will learn many things (status development in homeschooling children. differences, differences in habits, background Data analysis is done through data differences, sharing, mutual help, social collection, data reduction (making contact comparison, etc.). In addition, the interaction summary, encoding and sorting of research with friends in high intensity should be a source findings data) then presented in explanatory of psychic and emotional support for the child, sentence form, table and chart, then verified to in addition to the support he gets from his find facts/ meaning from the obtained data. As

153 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 for the validity of data is done through The facilities and infrastructure credibility test using triangulation and member provided by Khoiru Ummah Homeschooling checks, then tested dependability and for the students are not limited only to the confirmability by supervisor, then with scope of the classroom, but also outside the transferability to know whether this research classroom. They can directly implement it in can be transferred or applied elsewhere. the field whose guided by Chaplain - for example: how to plant corn crops and they can RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS immediately know its development clearly because they not only see in the picture, but The EL-DIINA Foundation through an they can practically have observed it. It is also educational program using the important to introduce the various types of Homeschooling Group method which invites animals that exist around us, in this case the parents and their 6-year-old children to join child can also directly see the object, not just together in this program. To enter in this imagining them. institution there is no special selection but The learning place in Khoiru Ummah adjusted to the number of children who Homeschooling Group has been set in such a received the school, because in each class has way that learners feel comfortable during the the number of students who have been set so learning process. This homeschooling building that the class can accommodate students consists of 6 classrooms with an area of 5x4m appropriately. classroom and 1 playgroup classroom with an used in this foundation is area of 6x7m wide. The learning process is integral education curriculum based on done by sitting on the classroom floor and the Islamic aqidah for pre-school age children in learners using a small table to assist each order to realize the generation of khoiru learning activities. This is related that children ummah is religious, intelligent, innovative and are more freely to move without any have leadership spirit. HSG Khoiru Ummah impression of formalities as in formal schools Curriculum is given to children based on in general. It should be emphasized once again child's thinking level. Thus, the child will feel that the learning process in homeschooling is happy in learning and not feel the burden flexible, so the learning place is not only taken during the learning process. This is consistent in the classroom, but also the area outside the with Mulyadi (2007: 52) as a form of informal classroom can also be used for the learning education the main key to organizing process as well. homeschooling is flexibility or appeal. The learning resource used is a module Planning cannot be rigid and too structured printed by the El-Diina Foundation. This like a formal school. If not, then the school will module is used by students in learning. lose its meaning but does not mean without Modules are used according to the grade level being clear. Homeschooling flexibility is still of the students. The students also supported by carried out with full responsibility especially supporting books from other publishers. In this parents have a big role in their children's homeschooling, there are 5 study groups that education. are adjusted by the grade level, including: play Khoiru Ummah Homeschooling group group, 1st grade, 2nd grade, 3rd grade, and 4th founded by Hj. Emi Khoironi has branches in grade of elementary school. Each class has several major cities throughout Indonesia and nicknames taken from the name of the organized by EL-DIINA foundation which Prophet's companions. From this study group one of them is located in sidoarjo, and students can develop their creativity through addressed at Perum puri Airlangga Blok 0 no.4 various games as well as learning and it also Sidoarjo, East Java. One of the branches in support them to communicate with each other sidoarjo was established on the early as well. at Khoiru Ummah November 2009. Homeschooling Group consists of chaplains

154 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 who given the mandate to teach because they School certificate of graduation, then the are considered competent and able to integrate student will be allowed to take the exam on every subject in daily life. although at that time the student is still in the The learnings fund comes entirely from 5th grade. On the other side, for students who the student's funds through the Education are less able in funding, will be afforded cost- Development Contribution (SPP) fee. The fee relief, so that the students do not feel burdened is paid each month for Idr 200,000,00 but the by the cost. fee is not a fixed benchmark. For students who Specifically, the author brings up the are less able to pay the fee, then it will get relief homeschooling experience of a child named from the help of other parents who pay more. Akbar (a pseudonym), 7 years old. The author It is especially the parents in Khoiru Ummah also includes 2 additional data on other Homeschooling Group who are mostly homeschooling children as a complement. deliberating to give advantages in paying SPP "At 4 pm, it's Akbar's playing time. for the good of all parties, but that does not Around the complex of my house there are mean that paying more will get treated many children of Akbar & Tata's age. There differently but will be treated equally. are also many children whose older than they The assessment conducted at HSG are. Akbar likes to play with his friends. Khoiru Ummah is not only cognitive aspects Sometimes playing ball, sometimes jumping but also affective and psychomotor aspects of around, running, sometimes playing children. In the report of learning outcomes PlayStation in one of his friends, and at there are assessments related to homeschooler another time Akbar friends play to the house. attitudes such as discipline, responsibility, Yesterday Akbar played at home with Audy, neatness, and so forth. The activity of children and today Jesse is playing at Akbar’s home. in participating in extracurricular activities Jesse is a few years older than Akbar, but also supports assessment. Not only the activity Akbar likes playing with Jesse. " of the child but the activeness of the parents The data presented above highlights involved in the child's learning becomes how social interaction of homeschooling another aspect of the assessment. This is very children with their friends, and with others different from formal schools which tend to around them. The difference is the opportunity judge children only in terms of cognitive and to get along with many children in a relatively ignore the role of parents in the learning long time, and in different situations. If you process. The assessment is outlined in a child look at Akbar's daily activities, playing with development report created by a homeroom his friends, in the neighborhood around the based on a qualified tutor. Monitoring and house every day starting at 4 pm, then evaluation is also complemented by various practically Akbar only play with his friend in instruments such as student kits, parent kits, 1-1,5 hour time (before night come), with the portfolios and parenting based on observations same setting as of playing together. This of of homeschoolers' daily activities. course brings Akbar his own experience of Khoiru Ummah Homeschooling getting to know his friends, working with his graduates are formed to possess an Islamic friends in a game, competing in certain games, personality, faqih fiddin, leading in science and with that activity the child feels emotional and technology, have leadership spirit. After closeness with his other friends. However, the students graduated from Khoiru Ummah what needs to be observed is a very little Homeschooling Group they will get the diversity of settings that Akbar interact with equivalent certificate of primary school by his friends. In the same setting, the game, taking the equivalency test, and moreover the which takes place every day, tends to process learning model is flexible as the child is the child's learning about the world of friends considered able to follow the equivalency test only related to the same thing, such as package A which is equal to Elementary cooperation and competition only. Children

155 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 do not recognize the diversity of social numbers demand more children to learn and environment learning, because the context it understand different people in a setting or deals only with the game with peers only. different people in their various interaction The same thing about the narrowness of settings. In certain children, who are more diversity of interaction settings also occurs comfortable with one or two people to interract when homeschooling children tend to spend with, will have difficulty getting along and only their spare time in the course meet the demands of a very diverse continuously. Especially if the child only takes environment. This is further causes the child to one course. It will recognize only one set of feel uncomfortable and ask for his home-based settings, and do not feel the diversity of settings education again. with people of different characteristics that will The things that need to be considered provide a different social experience. Children related to the social emotional development of also do not feel the experience with the same homeschooling children observed by the lay friends since the place and the atmosphere is environment is the approach that we use to completely different. Where in that different explain whether these children are declared settings, every child will respond differently, successful in fulfilling their developmental and these different responses will enrich the tasks, or indeed in fact for friendship with peers child about himself, and his friends, and their they are not as good as friends her friends who interactions. This is in line with the results of attend public schools. To explain this, as the study (Mirela Claudia, 2012) This means individuals who do not pursue that the social-emotional skills development homeschooling, we all must carefully observe (vital for a balanced functioning of the the interaction of homeschooling children with individual and for optimal social integration) their peers and with other people to get best be addressed in the school curriculum accurate data about their social emotional under the guidance of competent teachers and development stages. with adequate teaching resources. Accurate records of the interaction of Observing the frequency and intensity of homeschooling children, individually, will homeschooling is just one of the actions we provide an accurate account of both the poor can take to formulate particular social social development of the child. Accurate development of homeschooling children. recording can be obtained by participant Another thing that can be done is to compare observation techniques, namely observing the the social development of homeschooling daily activities of homeschooling children by children with the concept of developmental focusing on social development that needs to psychology. These studies show that social- be mastered. By comparing the data of some emotional skills can be effectively increased homeschooling children is expected to obtain through school and after-school programs. A a picture of social development of relevant fact is that the increasing of children’s homeschooling children in general, with socio-emotional skills and resilience produced various peculiarities of the problem. regardless of the level where they were at the In the data of homeschooling children beginning of the program. (Mirela Claudia, above, it appears that children are greatly 2012) assisted by parents and adults around him to In homeschooling children, the face various situations. This will produce a relationships they interact with others tend to positive thing because the child quickly and be relatively small, but with more intimate easily learn things he wants to know or what is relations they made, and with much closeness needed to know because the parents who when performing the same activities. A directing the child. This is in line with common interest helps them to maintain good Rudjanee's (2017) opinion that relationships. Different demands occur in Homeschooling parents aimed to arrange schools, where a wide variety of children and activities with flexibility in time, place, and

156 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 content following student's interest, aptitude, that they want to learn, this will provide lifestyle, and the family's jobs. This adjustable amazing results for parents. educational period positively influenced The diversity of school environments learning design and outcome for the student's will also enrich children about how to relate to potential development. Families preferred to different people. From time to time his emphasize experience-oriented learning where relationship with many people will help him to students absorbed varied knowledge have adequate social skills. Research has simultaneously. Families placed less shown that as children continue to develop importance on academic tests as a type of social and emotional skills, they gain the learning method, with no set timetables for confidence and competence needed to build beginning and ending semesters, nor following relationships across settings, problem solve, school schedules. and cope with challenges (Parlakian, 2003). However, what is needed to note is the Incomparable situations may flexibility and independence of children in presuppose some social competencies such as observing, and then draw their own working in teams, mutually motivating, conclusions about the situations they faces, in willingness to receive feedback, willingness to the absence of adults. At school, children face listen to the needs of others become less a variety of friends, with a variety of behaviors, sharpened in homeschooling children. This is without being constantly supervised by adults. in line with the results of the study (Merrell, There are concerns about the safety of the 2011) Social and emotional assets and child's psychological, however, with this resiliencies represent a set of adaptatively approach the child learns independently to characteristics that are important for success at face the social environment of his friends, and school, with peers and in the outside world as then develops strategies for himself to develop follows: friendship skills, empathy, behaviors that enable him to easily be accepted interpersonal skills, social support, problem and interacted with his friends. solving, emotional competence, social According to Montessori (2013), maturity, self-concept, self-management, appropriate education for school-aged children social independence, cognitive strategies. is as follows: (1) the child learns all the time, Adult’s guidance, which in this case is a from the surrounding environment and from very important for parents to do. This is in the adults around him. It is very good if we are accordance with the results of the study able to enrich the environment and become a (Parker & Benson, 2004; Trumpeter, Watson, good role model for children rather than just O'Leary, & Weathington, 2008). Some studies teaching them (2) children must learn have argued that when parents provide more according to their interests. He learned about care, attention, empathy, and support to their many things he liked. Forcing something to child/children, then the child/children will make it easy to forget. (3) The child must know have more positive self-esteem. Parents have a and understand why he or she should study a very vital role in the process of social subject requested by another person/ parent emotional development. Supporting and (4) Set the standard to be achieved within 1 assisting children to interact with their friends year of education and divide it into short-term in various settings, such as play, work groups, goals. This will generate a sense of competing, sports, and so on. This is in line responsibility for the child in each meeting, the with several studies that explain that: the child is scheduled (disciplined and importance of parents' role in providing independent) learning and usually the learning support for their child's/ children's learning process is only 2-3 hours a day. (5) Follow the process during homeschooling (Collom, 2005; child. Putting aside what children need to Green & Hoover-Dempsey, 2007). learn, if they are very interested in something Thus, this study highlights the diversity of relationships that homeschooling children

157 Rezka Arina Rahma, Gunarti Dwi Lestari, Rivo Nugroho / Journal of Nonformal Education 4 (2) (2018): 151-160 have. The lack of diversity of homeschooling In Montessori's view of home-based children can lead to only certain aspects of education and socialization, it is asserted that sharpened social development. As a result they socialization does not mean a continuous are less wealthy in recognizing the relation with others of the same age. The thing characteristics of the various people we can to remember is that in the real environment the meet, and sharpened social competence is also child will interact with the variety of people limited, compared to children who know and and various range of age. In life, we are not engage with more people in a variety of social competing but trying to satisfy our needs and settings. For that reason, the effort that can be understanding the needs of others can help us developed in these children is to introduce understand others and help others in their them to more various environments, and lives. So, in Montessori's home education plan introduce them to different people. is the need to teach the way to interact with Introduction to friends with various people of all ages, how our efforts will environments should be accompanied by familiarize the children to become a helper for encouraging them to perform different others, and to learn from anyone he meets in activities than their regular activities. From life (Montesori, 2013). here, the child recognizes the reactions of his friends in different situations. CONCLUSION The developing capacity of the child from birth through five years of age to form Considering from the social close and secure adult and peer relationships; development of homeschooling children in experience, regulate, and express emotions in Khoiru Ummah HSG, which seems that few socially and culturally appropriate ways; and things like communication, play, empathy are explore the environment and learn—all in the quite developed. The thing to worry about is context of family, community, and culture” the opportunity to recognize different people in (Yates et al., 2008: 2). The emergence of social different situations, or to identify people in and emotional skills begins at birth and early different situations. This recognition is experiences influence how children begin to necessary as a process of understanding others, understand their world and themselves. For the process of studying people's values, finding instance, when infants' needs are consistently solutions from differences of opinion, and met by adults, they are better able to regulate creating close relationships with friends so that their emotions, pay more attention to their they can be a source of social support for surroundings, and develop secure relationships children. (Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Eggum, 2010; National The following are various environments Research Council and Institute of Medicine, that can enrich the social interaction of 2009). homeschooling children: (a) homeschooling Theoretically, the characteristics of community; homeschooling children can meet socio-emotional development in the late and interact with their fellow homeschooling childhood are as follows: (a) the period in through homeschooling community media. (b) which the children's primary concern is Spiritual organization; one of the socialization directed towards the desires of the group; (b) tools that is most easily utilized by The process of adjustment to the standards homeschooling children is the environment of approved by the group; (c) Creative age, adolescent mosques, churches, meditation showing that when children are not blocked by groups, and other spiritual groups. (c) Social environmental barriers, criticism, scorn from organization; homeschooling children can also adults then children will exert their energy in develop friendships through social creative activities; (d) Playing age due to the organizations such as youth organization, breadth of interest of the child. (Hurlock, Youth Red Cross, Orphanages or other social 2008). institutions.

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