Development of Internet Technology And Norwegian Par cipa on
Yngvar Lundh Re red from Norwegian Defence Research Establishment Computers
• Began to be a fact of life towards end 1950s • Became indispensable tools early six es in industry and science • Computer networks became useful 1960s • IBM and other leading computer makers offered company specific networking None of those companies par cipated in Internet development Success has many fathers
Numerous people par cipated in Internet development ”Everyone” tells his story
Many aspects of this important development are relevant Crea vity
• Douglas Engelbart Demonstra on 1968 at Stanford Research Ins tute
Worksta ons in nets CRT screen Mouse Hypertext Etc etc
Summarized aspects of much crea ve thinking in the 1960s Beginning
1958 ARPA founded by president Eisenhower, reac ng to Sputnik 1962 Larry Roberts proposed a computer network 1962 Leonard Kleinrock proposed packet switching in PhD thesis 1969 First four sites of ARPANET installed by BBN engineered by Bob Kahn 1972 Demonstra on 40 resource sharing computers 1973 Interna onal connec ons – to Norway and England Pioners Celebra ng 30 years 1999
IMP Cerf Kahn Kleinrock Roberts ARPANET grew fast 1969 Efficient laboratory Network Control Center at BBN, Massachuse s Network Informa on Center, SRI, California Universi es and research centers joined Natural and programmable traffic 1974 Host computers and simple terminals
Every node could be reprogrammed and controlled and observed remotely
Measurements sent back to researchers Interna onal
The rapid growth of interest inspired Kahn and Roberts to address possibili es for interna onal networking
Visited Norway 1972
We had collaborated with ARPA since early six es A leased line existed
October 1972: Resource sharing demo i Washington Resource sharing
Demo in Washington, promising projects 1972 Many academic goups collaborated
•Weather forecast •Speech recogni on •Mathema cal analysis •Etc, etc...
I decided to collaborate Started project Paradis at Kjeller PAcket switched RAdio and Distributed Informa on Systems Line to America
Collabora ng seismic observatories had a line between them US observatory Kjeller observatory Seismic Seismic data data Modem Modem 2,4kb/s 2,4kb/s Transatlan c line MUX MUX 2,4kb/s 9.6kb/s
7.2kb/s 7.2kb/s
MUX University College London No interest I tried many ways to create interest Especially: University of Oslo: We installed special Arpanet Terminal at their computer center NO! Norwegian Telecom Administra on: I had many mee ngs with their leading engineers NO! The ARPA‐collabora on project was civilian NDRE’s usual partners not interested
For the first two years we were only two persons graduate student Asle Hesla and I tried to understand the concepts of communica on protocols Working groups on computer networking
PSPWG ‐ Packet Switching Project Working Group (ARPA) INWG ‐ Interna onal Network Working Group (IFIP)
These groups had a two day mee ng on board the Stockholm – Åbo ferry 10.11. August 1974 Between an IFIP‐exhibi on and a CCConference
General possibili es and goals for networking discussed during those two days • Arpa Washington,DC • BBN Cambridge, Massachuse s PSPWG Packet Switching Project Working Group • SRI Menlo Park, California • UCLA, Los Angeles, California 20 to 40 persons • ISI Marina del Rey, California from 10 groups • Linkabit San Diego, California
• Comsat Gaithersburg, Maryland met quarterly • MIT Cambridge, Massachuse s for about 8 years
• UCL London, England In 1981 results were stable • NDRE Kjeller, Norway (FFI) and well documented
Dates and venues for presenta ons proposi ons and discussions Development Goals: All transmission channels op mized All traffic types accomodated No central control
Methods: Ideas analysed, dicussed, simulated Experiments Arpanet was ”Natural” and ar ficially generated traffic The laboratory
Members of the ten groups collaborated closely Most implementa ons and experimenta ons were handled by BBN Bolt Beranek and Newman
Extremely careful analysis and verifica on established Internet’s success No interest
To try and create interest I invited Douglas Engelbart to hold a three day seminar at Kjeller for about 15 Norwegian engineers and scien sts May 1976 on his project Computer Augmenta on of the Human Intellect
He brought his worksta on. Result: No further interest Demonstrated hypertext Their comment: ”Baroque!” and other new features, then never seen (now commonplace) Norwegian par cipa on Experiments. Speech, packet satellite and others First three years we were two persons Most ac ve period 1976‐79 we were five: Pål Spilling (from 1975. Fellowship at SRI 1979‐80 ) Øyvind Hvinden (Fellowship at MIT 1979‐80) Finn Arve Aagesen Aage Stensby (from 1975)
Spilling, Hvinden and Aagesen have later made dis nguished carreers in computers and communica ons
From 1975 Norwegian Telecom agreed to let us use their satellite facili es for experiments Ole Pe er Håkonsen was instrumental Packet satellite experiments in ”Satnet” USA– England ‐ Norway 1980s and 90s
1980 the next node outside America was connected to Arpanet Later academia all over the world slowly got connected 1983 Internet protocols replaced the old network 1986 Arpanet discon nued as such 1991 Commercial ac vity permi ed 1993 World Wide Web by the ”Mosaic” program by Tim Berners Lee of CERN An enormeous growth began 1994 Internet men oned in media 1995 Some telecom administra ons began to accept Internet as a fact
Pål Spilling joined Norwegian Telecom in 1982. He helped Norwegian establishments connect and began teaching and informing about the network Basic Technical Research leading to the Internet
1940‐50s Visions 1960s Ideas 1970s Development 1980s Applica ons 1990s Commercializa on