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Solar Outreach Activities Handbook EDITORS Silvana Ayala Peláez Quantum Energy and sustainable solar Michelle Jordan technologies (QESST), is an NSF/DOE En- gineering Research Center that focuses on advancing photovoltaic science, technology FACULTY ADVISOR and education. This publication collects les- son plans from QESST researchers, teach- Michelle Jordan ers, and students, as well as lessons from guest educators. Acknowledgement: This material is based COVER AND LAYOUT DESIGN upon work primarily supported by the En- Silvana Ayala Peláez gineering Research Center Program of the National Science Foundation and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Ener- COVER PHOTO gy of the Department of Energy under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EEC‐1041895. Outreach by QESST Scholar Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materi- Swirl created by Freepik al are those of the author(s) and do not nec- essarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation or Department of Energy. COPY EDITORS Rebecca Glaudel, Yongjie Zou, QESST Administrative Offices Jennifer Lumbres, Liliana Ruiz ASU Tempe Campus Diaz, Emily Finan, Luca Febbraro, Engineering Research Center building Melisa Jane Bohlman, Nereyda Carlos, 551 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287 Poorva Milind Rajguru, Xuesen Tan, qesst.asu.edu Isela D. Howlett, Benjamin Chrysler In the event of a reprint, QESST requests SPECIAL THANKS TO that it be given mention. Online versions of some of the lessons are available at qesst.asu. Adam Doolitle, Raymond K. Kostuk, edu. For information about these lessons or Melissa Jurist, Ganesh Balakrishnan, to request the participation of QESST on Fernando Ponce, Christiana Honsberg events or outreach, please e-mail qesst.slc@ gmail.com, or visit our webpage. Printed by Bookmobile Craft Digital in Minneapolis, MN. ISBN: 978-0-692-98656-1 Copyright © 2018 Education is.. “a constellation of encounters, both planned and unplanned, that promote growth through the acquisi- tion of knowledge, skills, understanding and appreciation.” –Nel Noddings, 2002 Table of Contents 6 Table of Contents 9 Introduction to QESST 12 Sustainable value creation with photovoltaics Outreach Activities 19 Outreach Activities Introduction 25 Creating Resources for Solar Outreach 31 Electron Chairs 35 Cycle for Science 43 Designing a Solar Amusement Park 51 Solar Oven 58 Kill-a-Watt 62 $1 Solar Light Hack 65 IV Measurement 68 Construction Paper Solar Cells 6 75 Designing a Solar Cell to Optimize Efficiency 82 Reducing Water Contamination 87 Sunlight has ENERGY! 89 Solar Cell Discovery 92 Solar Panels on Ice Classroom Lessons 107 Classroom Lessons Introduction 109 E.T. Phone Home: Fact or Fiction 114 Houston, We Have a Problem! 122 Ella the Electron 133 Community College Solar Engineering Unit 146 Enacting a P-N Junction Challenges & Competitions 155 Challenges & Competitions Introduction 158 1000 Word Challenge 164 Solar Cars 101 169 Solar Car Challenge 177 Solar Obstacle Course Car Challenge 193 Stem Profiles 203 Contributors Solar Outreach Handbook 7 Introduction to QESST uantum Energy and Sustainable Solar Technologies (QESST) is an Engineering Research Center sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Department of QEnergy that is focused on advancing photovoltaic science (PV), technology, and education in order to address one of society’s greatest challenges: transforming electricity generation to meet the needs of growing generations. QESST is developing new technologies that will transform the existing electricity gener- ation system, making it sustainable, cost-effective, and avail- able to everyone. Based at Arizona State University, the QESST center brings together an interdisciplinary team from multiple universities, world-renowned energy companies, leaders in photovoltaics (PV) and entrepreneurs to generate innovative solutions to sustainable electricity generation. QESST is more than the sum of its parts; its impact extends beyond individual labs, schools, and communities of its mem- bers because it is comprised of researchers with diverse back- grounds united around the Terawatt Challenge. QESST is de- veloping the knowledge, technology, and engineered systems to provide continued improvement in the efficiency, economic viability, and sustainability of photovoltaic (PV) systems. To this end, QESST is committed to research that spans the three leading commercial PV technologies: silicon, thin films, and tandem devices. More importantly, QESST is blurring the tradi- tional lines between technologies by recognizing and exploiting their commonalities. This research is organized into three com- plementary thrusts—Terawatt-Scale Silicon Photovoltaics, Tan- dem Integration with Silicon Technologies, and Fundamentals Solar Outreach Handbook 9 for High Efficiency Photovoltaics—and three demonstrative testbeds—Student-Led Pilot Line, Advanced Modules and Integration and Sustainability of Terawatt Photovoltaics. In addition, two themes—Sustainability and Education Research—permeate all areas of QESST research. QESST Education and Outreach The mission of the K-12 element of the Education arm of QESST is driven by the conflu- ence of four current engineering and social problems that also represent opportunities to advance engineering in the United States, particularly in the area of photovoltaics. • Foremost, there is the overall need for more engineers in all of the engineering sub-disciplines, and particularly for broader participation from historically un- derrepresented groups. 10 • The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) include engineering education at the K-12 level, but schools and curriculum developers are not yet ready to provide this content in the breadth and depth that they would, say, in biology or physics. • There has been an up-swell in the public’s interest in “greener” technology and envi- ronmental and economic sustainability, all concerns that photovoltaics can address. • There is growing interest in solar. The public has only a superficial understanding of photovoltaics, and this could be a problem in coming years. We need to contin- ue to deploy the current generation of solar technology while preparing for a tran- sition to the next generation of solar; furthermore, we believe that maintaining a combination of current and next generation solar will bring the greatest benefits, but understanding why this is so and what each provides requires deeper public knowledge than currently exists. Given the need for greater student interest in engineering and more engineering content for the K-12 classroom, the opportunity to meet public concerns about renewable energy and the need to have a more informed public to address those concerns effectively, QESST education strives to create a pool of students interested in photovoltaic engineering to help students become part of a diverse STEM workforce and an informed public that can shape policy at national, state, and community levels and further raise the call for renewable energy. Through a wide range of programs—university education, public engagement and out- reach, pre-college curriculum development, teacher training, participation with policy- makers and external stakeholders—QESST aims to use sustainable energy as a vehicle to revitalize the popular perception of science and engineering. QESST broadens participa- tion in science and engineering through its support of community-based projects that are well connected to our students’ social contexts. QESST leverages education at all levels to engage students and develop a trained workforce capable of advancing the fast-paced solar industry. QESST conducts educational research to determine the best practices for training this workforce, and develops programs and curriculum which utilize those best practices. QESST scholars, in-service teachers, and youth have the opportunity to make meaningful connections with national and international experts in PV. This outreach book is one small part of our ongoing efforts to meet the mission of the QESST education program: • to recruit young people to solar energy and photovoltaics, • to increase the photovoltaics workforce, and • to provide learning experiences to ensure QESST students at all levels are building the necessary skill sets to participate in a sustainable energy future. For more about QESST • To learn more about how QESST is leading the solar energy future of the United States, visit http://quest.asu.edu • To find out more about solar energy and photovoltaics http://pveducation.org • To view a video about why we do solar engineering research at QESST http:// pv.asu.edu/ Solar Outreach Handbook 11 Sustainable value creation with photovoltaics Parikhit Sinha, First Solar olar energy has the greatest technical potential for elec- tricity generation among renewable energy technologies [1], and with the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of solar Sphotovoltaic (PV) systems reaching below $50 USD/MWh [2], solar energy is also cost-competitive. Scalable and cost-effective renewable energy technologies are key to accelerating the global transition to a low carbon economy. Over 228 GW of solar PV has been installed worldwide through 2015 [3], and although still small in comparison to the global demand for energy, so- lar energy accounts for a significant fraction of newly installed generation (e.g., 39% in the U.S. in 2016 [4]). During operation, PV systems generate electricity with minimal emissions and resource use, and over the product life cycle, replacing exist- ing grid
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