Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 2240-2252

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 11 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.251

Assessment on Prevalence and Distribution of Diseases of Rice in Plateau and Satpura Zone of

T. Ramya Teja*, Prahallad Masurkar, M.S. Bhale and G.K. Koutu

Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, JNKVV, , 482004, M.P.,

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

Investigations were made to determine the status of major targeted diseases of rice in different locations grown in agro climatic conditions of Jabalpur. With a view to determine the status of diseases in rice crop, survey was made in kymore plateau and satpura zone of K e yw or ds Madhya Pradesh. Six different locations around Jabalpur (, Maharajpur, Patan

road, Damoh road, Tilwara, ) and Seed production units at COA, Jabalpur were Rice, Sheath blight, Brown spot, Disease surveyed through random plot and fixed field survey method. Percent disease incidence incidence, Survey, Grain discoloration was recorded on randomly selected 50 plants in a particular field of that location. In each village five randomly road side rice fields were selected. The incidence of diseases was Article Info observed on the basis of typical field symptoms and later the association was confirmed through microscopic examinations under lab condition. The incidence of sheath blight was Accepted: 18 October 2018 higher in Panagar and Maharajpur. Least number of infected plants were observed in

Available Online: Maharajpur, Patan road, Damoh road and Tilwara. Grain discoloration was observed in 10 November 2018 range of 5.0 –17.0% at six locations. The incidence of neck blast was observed in one field

of Damoh road and Bhedaghat in the range of 7.0- 10.0%. It was found that variety Kranti was the most susceptible to all the seven diseases at different seed production units with highest range of 4.0-5.0 %. Introduction upon water availability as lowland rainfed, lowland irrigated, deep water, coastal wet land Rice (Oryza sativa L., Family: Poaceae) is the and upland rice (http://wikipedia.org/wiki/ world’s most important crop, staple food for rice). In India rice is grown from 8° N to 34°N more than half of the world’s population and latitude including 5 rice ecosystem (icar.org). its production has direct effect on food security. In India, rice covers 43.8 m ha area Rice crop is currently challenged by different of which Madhya Pradesh occupies 14.9 m ha. biotic and abiotic factors. The biotic factors In M.P. this area include 2.37 m ha under like fungi, bacteria, virus and nematode irrigated, 2.63 m ha under upland and 9.94 m diseases have been reported on rice crop in the ha under drought prone rainfed lowland agro- world. Diseases are considered major ecosystem (Pathak et al., 2011). The crop can constraints in rice production and responsible be grown in different ecologies depending for losses in quantity and quality of harvested 2240

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 2240-2252 produce. Important diseases cause crop The incidence of diseases was recorded during damage severe enough to make control II fortnight of October to II fortnight of measures an economic necessity. Estimated November. The investigations were conducted losses can range from 1- 100% depending on in rice crop, that lies between 22021’ and the nature of the disease, stage of plant growth 80058’ East longitude at an altitude 411.78 at infection, resistance of the variety, meter above the mean sea level and average management and weather conditions. temperature prevailing was 24.11°C and relative humidity was 63.6%. A susceptible host plant, a virulent pathogen and a favorable environment are the three Random plot survey factors composing the plant disease triangle (John and Fielding, 2014). All three factors In random plot survey method implementation are necessary for development of a plant of zigzag manner of making W shaped path disease; thus, disease can be affected by has done in a particular field. The surveys altering any of these three factors. Diseases were timed to coincide with crop growth cause the alters of the normal physiological stages viz., vegetative growth, heading stage, activity of a plant; that affects some or all panicle initiation stage in all fields sampled. plant functions and may reduce the quality and/or quantity of the harvested product The incidence for fungal and bacterial disease (Mueller et al., 2010). The growth and was made on the basis of typical visual productivity of rice is dependent mainly on the symptoms. 100 randomly selected plants were influence of both biotic and abiotic factors. taken as sample size for observations of incidence of diseases. Based upon randomly A number of plant pathogens infect the crop selected plants, diseases were observed in (Singh 2004; Agrios 2009). Important fungal natural field conditions. The disease pathogens are blast (Magnaporthe grisea), symptoms on leaves, sheath and panicle were sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani), Bakanae recorded on the basis of typical visual field disease (Fusarium moniliformae), false smut symptoms. (Ustilaginoidea virens) and brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae) (Ou 1985). To Fixed field survey identify and prioritize major rice diseases in kymore plateau and stapura zone and to The fixed field survey was conducted at the determine the prevalence and distribution of Research Experiment Seed Production Unit, these diseases in the area. JNKVV, Jabalpur. Incidence of major fungal foliage diseases and bacterial foliage diseases Materials and Methods of rice at under fixed plot survey. Observation was taken in the crop, including different Description of the study area varieties, JR 201, IR 36, IR 64, Kranti, Mahamaya. Observations on incidence of rice diseases at six different locations around Jabalpur viz. Measurement of disease Panagar, Maharajpur, Patan road, Damoh road, Tilwara, Bhedaghat and also in Seed The percent disease incidence (PDI) was production unit field Jabalpur at COA, calculated by the formula advocated by Singh JNKVV Jabalpur were recorded through and Singh (2000). random plot and fixed field survey method.

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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(11): 2240-2252

Number of diseased plants developing seeds. A brown discoloration was PDI = ------×100 noticed on panicle. At later stage, minute Total number of plants observed sclerotia were formed on the infected lesions on sheath base (Figure 1). The symptoms, of target diseases were noticed under field conditions. Target diseases Brown spot (Helminthosporium oryzae) included the sheath blight, blast, brown spot, false smut and BLB. These diseases have been The symptoms on the foliage incited by brown selected on the basis of previous experience spot pathogen were conspicuous. On the the incidence of diseases was observed on the leaves, the spots varied in size and shape. basis of typical field symptoms and later the Typical eye-shape and oval lesions were association was confirmed through distinct and fairly scattered over the leaf blade. microscopic examinations under lab condition. The smaller spots were of dark brown in color. The larger spots were of dark brown at edge Results and Discussion however, towards the centre those were pale yellow and dirty white. Severely affected Investigations were made to determine the leaves turned brown and dried out. Black spots status of major targeted diseases of rice in appeared on the glumes and gradually spread different locations grown in agro climatic over. The seeds from severely infected plants conditions of Jabalpur. The incidence of we