is the principal grain and is cultivated up to an altitude of 7,000 ft. Irrigation is easy. The inhabitants, of whom three-fourths are Mahome- dans, are well-nourished and robust, and do not suggest being malaria-stricken, but the writers were often struck, when film-taking, with the timid faces of poor physique and young boys compared with the plumpness and vivacity of boatmen class seem to a young girls. The keep liberal table?fowls, ducks, geese, fish, vegetables, Dr. in etc., being ordinary fare. Neve, describing the flourishing condition of the peasantry, says " oft. they are exceedingly well As to prevalence of malaria, the same authority a matter of the lower says it is much altitude, from the the more the you go down capital malaria ? thus in Uri and I)omel malaria is not uncommonly met with ; in Punch, a good deal and so on. In lower down, there is more, May, of 101 children in the region the Chenar Bagh free from were found to be parasites. They to the class. In NOTE OF AN INQUIRY INTO MALARIA belonged almost entirely manjee and 79 more children from the AND MOSQUITOES IN THE KASHMIR August September, class were VALLEY. Sonwar Ba?li (cultivator chiefly) examined with negative result. Among 180 the Endemic Index was nil. By J. K. ADIE, Lt.-Col., ii.b. (Lond.), children therefore, of fever were examined y AND Adult cases complaining and in the Jail, Mission Hospital, State Hospital, Mrs. ADIE. In the , in August and September. first, (Abstract of a Contribution to the last Malaria Conference, was given out as in the November 1912.) prophylactic quinine with at once Punjab Jails, and treatment quinine 1IIE writers carried out a short inquiry into the started. Of 18 cases in hospital only one had and in that and and he prevalence of malaria mosquitoes parasites (very large spleen crescents) includes and so a lowlander. In portion of the which was a man from Domel, an Neve on Srinagar and Cfanderbal, area about 20 miles the Mission Hospital, Dr. remarked the malaria that Three by 10. comparative rareness of year. as for admission had They have not given figures of admissions, cases in one day applying (who were all found infected. they do not consider such statistics very helpful, not yet had quinine) to the but they quote the opinion of present-day practi- No. i, Kashmiri, had been Delhi Durbar, no first tioners thus?practically speaking, there is I had fever there for the time, and several in and there are no not The film was malaria Srinagar anophelines, ; attacks since ; spleen enlarged. are and 2 and cases of malaria which met with in the crammed with B. T. rings bizarre. No. are fever two capital about July, August and September of Drang, near Jummoo; years ; anaemic; and one crescent in imported from the lowlands. The writers' obser- spleen enormous; one ring been to vations during 1912 from April to October gener- 5 minutes. No. 3 of Srinagar; lately ally confirm this belief, although completeness of Karma (lowlands); first attack began 10 days not of M. T. These cases illus- the report is claimed. ago ; film full rings. with remarks as to of malaria. in The paper opens general trate the importation Similarly of cases climate and condition the people. The Vale the State Hospital, imported with parasites is 8-1 miles runs south-east to north-west, about were observed. and an alti- the was long and 2o miles wide, has average Thus the opinion held by profession in a a tude of 0,000 ft. It lies hollow of complex amply borne out by blood examinations?namely, to of mountains reaching from the Punjab Plains that there is no evidence of endemic malaria in of the such as in the Himalayan Giants north, Srinagar, and that cases of the disease met with and is drained the from lower altitudes. Nanga Parbat, 20.900 ft., by that city are those imported in River Jhelum. The average temperature With regard to the prevalence of anophelines, 74?. The diurnal 2Gth January is 33?, and in July from April 24th to October (1912), diligent is from 14 to 28 . The both adults and larvae in range of temperature search was made for is 27 average rainfall for the year inches, July, the neighbourhood of Srinagar and . August and September being the wettest months, Overflows from the Jlielum River and Canals, and accounting for half the total amount. Rice the , irrigation channels, wells, village 342 THfe INDIAN MEDICAL GAZETTE. [Sept., 1913.

collections, borrow pits, etc., were continuously Map I?A shows the arrangement of mountains examined?all with only a fraction of anopheline and rivers with regard to the three valleys, and result. At the Nasirn Bagh, on the Dal Lake speaks for itself. The Kashmir Valley is (which is a perfect paradise of aquatic life) two separated from the .plains by about 100 miles, and adult A. Barianensis were captured while flying is surrounded by a maze of lofty mountains, while about round the observers in the dusk. Others the other two valleys are not so isolated. The is seen from were seen, but subsequent careful search for Great Himalaya Range coming up adults and larva) was entirely negative. Jn the Nipal. It runs along to Nanga Parbat, and gives Sind Valley, 4 miles above Ganderbal, in off two big lofty branches, the Daulodhar Range August, four anopheline larva) were taken, running to the south of Kashmir, and the Pir which bred out Neo. Willmori. These were Panjal, 30 miles wide, 15,000 feet high and often snow in the same found by the side of a rice field near the road, in covered entirely, direction, a long ditch which was fed by a small irrigating separating Kashmir from the plains. Section B shows the direct climb from the to Kashmir channel, and had grassy edges. This is the plains usual kind of breeding ground of this species is from 800 feet to 15,000 feet in 100 miles, the from the to the which has a very wide distribution in the Hima- while direct distance plains layas. Kangra and Kulu Valleys is only about 28 miles. As to Culicines, probably every traveller in There.is thus seen a marked contrast in geo- Kashmir takes c?re to avoid the irritating graphical conditions which probably have a direct on of swarms in and about the Amchar marsh during bearing the prevalence anophelines, and this is illustrated further in the two divisions of the months of July and August. Stegomyia was Kulu not met with. Thus it appears to the writers the Valley. is still re- that in Srinagar is a case of no anophelines? A thorough systematic investigation no and it is that this no malaria ; or rather?almost anophelines? quired, hoped preliminary almost no malaria. Anophelines are there, and inquiry will afford a starting point for some few of the species which is known to be a natural of the 3,000 annual holiday-makers who may be carrier, but they are in very small numbers. on the look-out for an agreeable pastime. Malaria, is there, and patients even have gametes The full report of the Paper may be found in in the peripheral blood, but they are in very small the Transactions of the Malaria Committee. numbers. How is it the disease is so confined ? There must be some conditions adverse tc anophelines and to the parasites, such as cold, altitude, distance from the plains, and the robust, flourishing condition of the people ; and it seems permissible to predict that the chances of an epidemic are remote. Anyway* the state of things seems to point to two measures for combating malaria?keep down your anopheline carriers by anti-mosquito measures, and keep down your malaria by quinine. And that is the general policy now. In this connection, an interesting comparative statement is given of malarial con- ditions in the three vallejrs, Kangra. Kulu, Kashmir?

Kulu Valley. ! Kangra I Kashmir of ^ Valley. South of | North alley, Kulu. Kulu.

Average height 4,000 3,000 7,000 6,000 (app.) (app.) Chief cultiva-

tion. Rice ... Rice .. Rice Rice. Irrigation Canals .. Canals Canals... Canals. Rainfall 70 40 30 27 Temperature ... 63 65 55 54 Anophelines ... Very Abund- Not Very scarce. abundant ant. abundant. Endemic Index 4 h Nil. Nil. "Malarial season." Reported Rather Nil. Nil. bad. bad. Geographical (See map) conditions.

(app ?approximately. >xK.2 N. 282 50

\ -?^5^0.

A ToTo showshow arrangementarrangement ofof and with MountainsMountains and RiversRivers connectedconnected with KashmirKashmir Water-partingWater-parting thusthus

B

Croas S&ctiorv through/ Kashmir

cC tbwoiAxjh.ikrouxjiv Karvgra/Kcurvgrou-