Komatiite Hosted Nickel Tree

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Komatiite Hosted Nickel Tree KOMATIITE HOSTED NICKEL Source Active Pathway Trap - Chemical Scrubber Trap - Chemical/physical scrubber Trap - Physical throttle Modification Transporting magma through the Komatiite Formation Sulphur addition and saturation Metals sequester into sulphides Physical concentration of metal rich sulphides Modification of original ore body crust Critical Critical Process : ? Assimilation of A high degree of physical Early timing of sulphide Abrupt decrease in Tectonic High-degree mantle melting to produce ultramafic and komatiite Interaction with S Hydrothermal country rocks to interaction between sulphide concentration – relative magma flux to modification; e.g., magmas, plus felsic volcanic rocks (i.e., a bimodal volcanic rock High-flux magma pathways Lithospheric faulting rich rocks to induce Weathering alteration forming induce sulphur droplets and metals in a proportion of sulphide vs accumulate high folding, faulting association) sulphur saturation ore zones saturation komatiitic melt. silicate minerals proportion of sulphides duplication, remobilisation of massive sulphides Constituent Process Constituent What are the processes that that processes the are What process critical the control Thick, abundant, Bi-modal rock Archean/ Cumulate rich Ni content in olivine Fold hinges, Weathered Association with Morphology of Continental S rich rocks and S Changes in Changes in Veins/disseminated laterally extensive association (e.g., thick sequences of Proterozoic granite rocks, indicated by komatiite indicating lithosphere margins, komatiite Ni concentration in sulphides, Sulphide vs silicate and pyroxenes (e.g., intersecting faults, komatiites; ? concentration in morphology of zones that host Ni ultramafic rocks felsic volcanic rocks greenstone texture and eg., identifying high Ni tenors mineral ratios low Ni content in massive sulphides in identifying talc mafic rocks, high flux magma e.g., large scale/ komatiites chemistry (e.g., komatiite channels sulphides : with the potential coeval with rifting) indicating extensive, terranes, where chemistry pathways e.g., deep penetrating trace element silicates may felsic rocks alteration and to produce high-degree melting komatiites are most embayments and faults; rocks coeval chemistry which indicate high Ni in geochemical komatiite flows common (but also channelized with or indicators of indicates crustal sulphides) anomalies consider possible environments rifting. contamination) younger ages) Targeting How can we target each each target we can How process constituent Komatiite Archean and MgO >32% map Crustal Felsic volcanic rock Relative changes in Kimberlite Komatiite sulphide- Map of change in Fold hinge map Alteration mineral occurrence map Mafic rock Proterozoic rock age (m+c) Rhyolite map (m) Sulphidic rock map contaimination Komatiite with insitu occurrence map (m) komatiite thickness Structure occurrence map Ni tenor maps (m+c) silicate mineral primary morphology (m+g) map (m+WAROX+ occurrence map (m) map (m+c+WAROX) maps/plots (e.g., regolith map (m+reg) (m) map (m+g) complexity map (m) (m+c) texture map (m+c) in komatiites (m+g) WAMEX) (m+dhd+c+g+s+WA (m+chron+ENS) TiO2 vs Zr, Sm vs La, Ni/Cr map (m+c) ROX+WAMEX) Th vs Nb, Th vs YB; Dacite map (m) Intersecting faults m+c) Geochemical Komatiite rock age Alkaline rock age map (m+g) Quartz andesite Mafic rock thickness Volcanic facies Talc abundance map anomaly map map Ni/Ti Map (m+c) Magnetic structure map (m+chron) Ultramafic map (m) map (m) model (m+c) (WAROX+WAMEX+s) (m+c+hydro) occurrence map (m+chron+ENS) complexity map (g) (m+dhd) Felsic volcanic rock age map (m+chron) Mg# map (m+c) Coeval (sulphidic) Geochemical sediments Mafic classification anomaly soil map Rhyolite map (m) occurrence map map (m+c) Gravity structure (WAMEX+soil+c) Komatiite thickness complexity map (g) Alkaline rock (m+chron) ? map (m+g+dhd) Komatiite texture occurrence map map (m+c+WAROX) (m+c) BIF age and Basalt classification occurrence map Dacite map (m) map (m+c) Palaeocratonic (m+chron) boundary map (i) Carbonatite occurrence map (m+c) VMS age and occurrence map : Felsic volcanic rock (m+chron) age map (m+chron) Felsic volcanic rock occurrence map (m) Syenite occurrence map (m+c) Quartz andesite Pyroxenite m = mapping c = geochemistry s = reflectance spectroscopy hydro = hydrochemistry data g = geophysical interpretation chron = geochronology WAMEX= WAMEX database/reports reg = regolith map map (m) occurrence map i = isotopic ratios (e.g. Nd-Sm) dhd = drillhole database WAROX = WAROX database soil = soil map (m+c) Mappable Proxies Mappable Which layers are needed and how are they created they how are and needed are layers Which Blue text = geological proxy layer available in the Atlas [hyperlinked] Recommended reference = Geological Survey of Western Australia 2019, Mineral Systems Atlas: Komatiite Hosted Nickel system, Department of Mines, Industry Regulations and Safety, accessed date, <www.dmp.wa.gov.au/msa> Scale of use: Terrane vs District.
Recommended publications
  • Bedrock Geology Glossary from the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W
    Minnesota Bedrock Geology Glossary From the Roadside Geology of Minnesota, Richard W. Ojakangas Sedimentary Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that formed from the consolidation of loose sediment Conglomerate: A coarse-grained sedimentary rock composed of pebbles, cobbles, or boul- ders set in a fine-grained matrix of silt and sand. Dolostone: A sedimentary rock composed of the mineral dolomite, a calcium magnesium car- bonate. Graywacke: A sedimentary rock made primarily of mud and sand, often deposited by turbidi- ty currents. Iron-formation: A thinly bedded sedimentary rock containing more than 15 percent iron. Limestone: A sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate. Mudstone: A sedimentary rock composed of mud. Sandstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Shale: A deposit of clay, silt, or mud solidified into more or less a solid rock. Siltstone: A sedimentary rock made primarily of sand. Igneous and Volcanic Rock Types in Minnesota Rocks that solidified from cooling of molten magma Basalt: A black or dark grey volcanic rock that consists mainly of microscopic crystals of pla- gioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and perhaps olivine. Diorite: A plutonic igneous rock intermediate in composition between granite and gabbro. Gabbro: A dark igneous rock consisting mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene in crystals large enough to see with a simple magnifier. Gabbro has the same composition as basalt but contains much larger mineral grains because it cooled at depth over a longer period of time. Granite: An igneous rock composed mostly of orthoclase feldspar and quartz in grains large enough to see without using a magnifier. Most granites also contain mica and amphibole Rhyolite: A felsic (light-colored) volcanic rock, the extrusive equivalent of granite.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuro-Fuzzy Classification of Felsic Lava Geomorphology at Alarcon Rise, Mexico Christina Hefron Maschmeyer University of South Carolina
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2016 Neuro-Fuzzy Classification of Felsic Lava Geomorphology at Alarcon Rise, Mexico Christina Hefron Maschmeyer University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Maschmeyer, C. H.(2016). Neuro-Fuzzy Classification of Felsic Lava Geomorphology at Alarcon Rise, Mexico. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3566 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEURO-FUZZY CLASSIFICATION OF FELSIC LAVA GEOMORPHOLOGY AT ALARCON RISE, MEXICO by Christina Hefron Maschmeyer Bachelor of Science College of Charleston, 2014 Bachelor of Arts College of Charleston, 2014 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science in Geological Sciences College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2016 Accepted by: Scott White, Director of Thesis Michael Bizimis, Reader Brian Dreyer, Reader Lacy Ford, Senior Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies © Copyright by Christina Hefron Maschmeyer, 2016 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to Dr. Jim Carew for making me go to graduate school. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Data for this study were collected during cruises in 2012 aboard the R/V Zephyr and R/V Western Flyer and during 2015 on the R/V Rachel Carson and R/V Western Flyer from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. I want to thank the captains, crews, ROV pilots and science parties for their work during these expeditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineralogy and Chemistry of the Anorogenic Tertiary Silicic Volcanics
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 86, NO. Bll, PAGES 10242-10256, NOVEMBER 10, 1981 The Mineralogyand Chemistryof the AnorogenicTertiary SilicicVolcanics of S.E. Queenslandand N.E. New South Wales, Australia A. EWART Departmentof Geology& Mineralogy,University of Queensland,St. Lucia,Brisbane, Queensland 4067 The Late Oligocene-EarlyMiocene volcanismof this regionis chemicallystrongly bimodal; the mafic lavas(volmetrically dominant) comprise basalts, hawaiites, and tholeiiticandesites, while the silicic eruptivesare mainly comendites,potassic trachytes, and potassic,high-silica rhyolites.The comendites and rhyoliteshave distinctivetrace element abundancepatterns, notably the extreme depletionsof Sr, Ba, Mg, Mn, P, Cr, V, and Eu, and the variable em'ichraentof suchelements as Rb, Zr, Pb, Nb, Zn, U, and Th. The trachytesexhibit thesecharacteristics to lesserdegrees. The comenditesare distinguished from the rhyolitesby their overall relative enrichmentof the more highly chargedcations (e.g., LREE, Nb, Y, and especiallyZr) and Zn. The phenocrystmineralogy of the trachytesand rhyolitescomprises various combinationsof the following phases:sodic plagioclase(albite-andesine), calcic anorthoclase, sanidine, quartz, ferroaugite-ferrohedenbergite,ferrohypersthene, fayalitic olivine, ilmenite, titano- magnetite,and rarely biotite (near annite) and Fe-hastingsiticamphibole. Accessories include apatite, zircon, chevkinite (ferrohedenbergite-bearingrhyolites only), and allanite (amphibole and botite rhyo- lites only). The comenditesgenerally contain
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Alaska’S Igneous Rocks
    Chapter 2 Alaska’s Igneous Rocks Resources • Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 2010, Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Alaska Geologic Materials Center website, accessed May 27, 2010, at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/?link=gmc_overview&menu_link=gmc. • Alaska Resource Education: Alaska Resource Education website, accessed February 22, 2011, at http://www.akresource.org/. • Barton, K.E., Howell, D.G., and Vigil, J.F., 2003, The North America tapestry of time and terrain: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Investigations Series I-2781, 1 sheet. (Also available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2781/.) • Danaher, Hugh, 2006, Mineral identification project website, accessed May 27, 2010, at http://www.fremontica.com/minerals/. • Digital Library for Earth System Education, [n.d.], Find a resource—Bowens reaction series: Digital Library for Earth System Education website, accessed June 10, 2010, at http://www.dlese.org/library/query.do?q=Bowens%20reaction%20series&s=0. • Edwards, L.E., and Pojeta, J., Jr., 1997, Fossils, rocks, and time: U.S. Geological Survey website. (Available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/contents.html.) • Garden Buildings Direct, 2010, Rocks and minerals: Garden Buildings Direct website, accessed June 4, 2010, at http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/Article/rocks-and- minerals. • Illinois State Museum, 2003, Geology online–GeoGallery: Illinois State Museum Society database, accessed May 27, 2010 at http://geologyonline.museum.state.il.us/geogallery/. • Knecht, Elizebeth, designer, Pearson, R.W., and Hermans, Majorie, eds., 1998, Alaska in maps—A thematic atlas: Alaska Geographic Society, 100 p. Lillie, R.J., 2005, Parks and plates—The geology of our National parks, monuments, and seashores: New York, W.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Pyroclastic Flow Hazards
    Pyroclastic Flow Hazards Lecture Objectives -definition and characteristics -generation of pyroclastic flows -impacts and hazards What are pyroclastic flows? Pyroclastic flows are high- density mixtures of hot, dry rock fragments and hot gases that move away from the vent that erupted them at high speeds. Generation Mechanisms: -explosive eruption of molten or solid rock fragments, or both. -non-explosive eruption of lava when parts of dome or a thick lava flow collapses down a steep slope. Most pyroclastic flows consist of two parts: a basal flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground, and a turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow. Ash may fall from this cloud over a wide area downwind from the pyroclastic flow. Mt. St. Helens Effects of pyroclastic flows A pyroclastic flow will destroy nearly everything in its path. With rock fragments ranging in size from ash to boulders traveling across the ground at speeds typically greater than 80 km per hour, pyroclastic flows knock down, shatter, bury or carry away nearly all objects and structures in their way. The extreme temperatures of rocks and gas inside pyroclastic flows, generally between 200°C and 700°C, can cause combustible material to burn, especially petroleum products, wood, vegetation, and houses. Pyroclastic flows vary considerably in size and speed, but even relatively small flows that move <5 km from a volcano can destroy buildings, forests, and farmland. On the margins of pyroclastic flows, death and serious injury to people and animals may result from burns and inhalation of hot ash and gases. Pyroclastic flows generally follow valleys or other low-lying areas and, depending on the volume of rock debris carried by the flow, they can deposit layers of loose rock fragments to depths ranging from less than one meter to more than 200 m.
    [Show full text]
  • The Science Behind Volcanoes
    The Science Behind Volcanoes A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from the magma chamber below the surface. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the interiors of plates, e.g., in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as mantle plumes. These so- called "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from upwelling diapirs with magma from the core–mantle boundary, 3,000 km deep in the Earth. Erupting volcanoes can pose many hazards, not only in the immediate vicinity of the eruption. Volcanic ash can be a threat to aircraft, in particular those with jet engines where ash particles can be melted by the high operating temperature. Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological Mapping, Structural Setting and Petrographic Description of the Archean Volcanic Rocks of Mnanka Area, North Mara
    PROCEEDINGS, 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 12-14, 2018 SGP-TR-213 Geological Mapping, Structural Setting and Petrographic Description of the Archean Volcanic Rocks of Mnanka Area, North Mara Ezra Kavana Acacia Mining PLc, North Mara Gold Mine, Department of Geology, P. O. Box 75864, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Email: [email protected] Keywords: Musoma Mara Greenstone Belt, Mnanka volcanics, Archaean rocks and lithology ABSTRACT The Mnanka area is situated within the Musoma Mara Greenstone Belt, the area is near to Nyabigena, Gokona and Nyabirama gold mines. Mnanka area comprises of the sequence of predominant rhyolitic volcanic rocks, chert and metasediments. Gold mineralizations in Mnanka area is structure controlled and occur mainly as hydrothermal disseminated intrusion related deposits. Hence the predominant observed structures are joints and flow banding. Measurements from flow banding plotted on stereonets using win-TENSOR software has provided an estimate for the general strike of the area lying 070° to 100° dipping at an average range angle of 70° to 85° while data from joints plotted on stereonets suggest multiple deformation events one of which conforms to the East Africa Rift System (striking WSW-ENE, NNE-SSW and N-S). 1. INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on performing a systematic geological mapping and description of structures and rocks of the Mnanka area. The Mnanka area is located in the Mara region, Tarime district within the Musoma Mara Greenstone Belt. The gold at Mnanka is host ed by volcanic rocks that belong to the Musoma Mara Greenstone Belt (Figure 1). The Mnanka volcanics are found within the Kemambo group that comprises of the sequence of predominant rhyolitic volcanic rocks, chert and metasediments south of the Nyarwana fault.
    [Show full text]
  • 4/5/2010 1 EPS 101/271 Lecture 16: Dacite “Rhyolite” Source Region
    4/5/2010 EPS 101/271 Lecture 16: Dacite “Rhyolite” Source Region Geodetic Markers and Accuracy of the GPS units we use Chronology: 1871 Department formed by Joseph LeConte 1887 Charles Palache graduates from Berkeley High and enters Cal as a Freshman, continues on in graduate school 1892 Andrew Lawson teaches the first “systematic field geology class in the US” using Berkeley Hills 1893 Charles Palache publishes the results of the first doctoral thesis in geology at UC: “The Soda Rhyolite North of Berkeley” UC Bulletin of the Dept. of Geology, v. 1, p. 61-72 1902 Lawson and Palache publish “The Berkeley Hills- A Detail of Coast Range Geology” Bulletin of the Dept. of Geology,v. 2, p. 349-450 1 4/5/2010 The start of our Berkeley Field Tradition Lawson ’s first fie ld c lass 1892 Strawberry Creek Stadium Missing the Rhyolite Tuffs Hayward Fault Claremont Canyon Lawson and Palache’s map of the Berkeley Hills Global vs Local control on lithology Recall the explanation of the Miocene stratigraphic sequence Global climatic change Sudden global cooling FtiflFormation of polar ice caps Marine Regression causing the litho-sequence 2 4/5/2010 Rhyolites and Basalts Dacites SiO2 (Silica) 3 4/5/2010 Brimhall 2004 4 4/5/2010 Constraints on the Origin of Rhyolite Tuffs in the Berkeley/Oakland Hills Tecuya Formation in S CA Basalts Mixing lines as the result of ridge/trench collision Rhyolites Franciscan Initial Cole and Basu (1992) 5 4/5/2010 Source region for rhyolite magmas involves continental crust: Franciscan or its derivatives eg Orinda Rhyolite
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical and Isotopic Studies of Monogenetic Volcanic Fields: Implications for Petrogenesis and Mantle Source Heterogeneity
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Christine Rasoazanamparany Candidate for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ______________________________________ Elisabeth Widom, Director ______________________________________ William K. Hart, Reader ______________________________________ Mike R. Brudzinski, Reader ______________________________________ Marie-Noelle Guilbaud, Reader ______________________________________ Hong Wang, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF MONOGENETIC VOLCANIC FIELDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PETROGENESIS AND MANTLE SOURCE HETEROGENEITY by Christine Rasoazanamparany The primary goal of this dissertation was to investigate the petrogenetic processes operating in young, monogenetic volcanic systems in diverse tectonic settings, through detailed field studies, elemental analysis, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-Os-O isotopic compositions. The targeted study areas include the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nevada, an area of relatively recent volcanism within the Basin and Range province; and the Michoacán and Sierra Chichinautzin Volcanic Fields in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which are linked to modern subduction. In these studies, key questions include (1) the role of crustal assimilation vs. mantle source enrichment in producing chemical and isotopic heterogeneity in the eruptive products, (2) the origin of the mantle heterogeneity, and (3) the cause of spatial-temporal variability in the sources of magmatism. In all three studies it was shown that there is significant compositional variability within individual volcanoes and/or across the volcanic field that cannot be attributed to assimilation of crust during magmatic differentiation, but instead is attributed to mantle source heterogeneity. In the first study, which focused on the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, it was further shown that the mantle heterogeneity is formed by ancient crustal recycling plus contribution from hydrous fluid related to subsequent subduction.
    [Show full text]
  • Explosive Eruptions
    Explosive Eruptions -What are considered explosive eruptions? Fire Fountains, Splatter, Eruption Columns, Pyroclastic Flows. Tephra – Any fragment of volcanic rock emitted during an eruption. Ash/Dust (Small) – Small particles of volcanic glass. Lapilli/Cinders (Medium) – Medium sized rocks formed from solidified lava. – Basaltic Cinders (Reticulite(rare) + Scoria) – Volcanic Glass that solidified around gas bubbles. – Accretionary Lapilli – Balls of ash – Intermediate/Felsic Cinders (Pumice) – Low density solidified ‘froth’, floats on water. Blocks (large) – Pre-existing rock blown apart by eruption. Bombs (large) – Solidified in air, before hitting ground Fire Fountaining – Gas-rich lava splatters, and then flows down slope. – Produces Cinder Cones + Splatter Cones – Cinder Cone – Often composed of scoria, and horseshoe shaped. – Splatter Cone – Lava less gassy, shape reflects that formed by splatter. Hydrovolcanic – Erupting underwater (Ocean or Ground) near the surface, causes violent eruption. Marr – Depression caused by steam eruption with little magma material. Tuff Ring – Type of Marr with tephra around depression. Intermediate Magmas/Lavas Stratovolcanoes/Composite Cone – 1-3 eruption types (A single eruption may include any or all 3) 1. Eruption Column – Ash cloud rises into the atmosphere. 2. Pyroclastic Flows Direct Blast + Landsides Ash Cloud – Once it reaches neutral buoyancy level, characteristic ‘umbrella cap’ forms, & debris fall. Larger ash is deposited closer to the volcano, fine particles are carried further. Pyroclastic Flow – Mixture of hot gas and ash to dense to rise (moves very quickly). – Dense flows restricted to valley bottoms, less dense flows may rise over ridges. Steam Eruptions – Small (relative) steam eruptions may occur up to a year before major eruption event. .
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2016 Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses Jordan Lubbers Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2016 Jordan Lubbers Recommended Citation Lubbers, Jordan, "Rhyolite and Trachyte Formation at Lake City Caldera: Insight from Quantitative Textural and Geochemical Analyses", Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 2016. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/99 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Geochemistry Commons, and the Geology Commons RHYOLITE AND TRACHYTE FORMATION AT LAKE CITY CALDERA: INSIGHT FROM QUANTITATIVE TEXTURAL AND GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSES By Jordan E. Lubbers A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Geology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2016 © 2016 Jordan E. Lubbers This thesis has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Geology. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences ThesisDepartment Advisor: ofChad Deering Committee Member: Olivier Bachmann Committee Member: William Rose Department Chair: John Gierke Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. 6 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]