2020 PSA Annual Meeting Abstract Book EDITOR-IN-CHIEF: Dr. Robert L. Taylor, Jr. Professor of Animal and ® Nutritional Sciences Poultry Science Excellence in Science Publishing West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia ASSOCIATE EDITORS: SECTION EDITORS: N. Acar S. A. Leigh Animal Well-Being and Behavior: S. A. Adedokun A. W. Levy ABBREVIATIONS R. Marin (2020) O. Adeola H. Lillehoj M. Toscano (2023) A. Akhlaghi J. Lin Revised March 2011 Genetics and Molecular Biology: C. Z. Alvarado G. G. Mateos Y. Farnell (2021) M. A. Amalaradjou The following abbreviations may be used without definition in Poultry Science. Plural abbreviations do not require “s”. D. McIntyre H. Zhou (2020) T. Applegate Chemical symbols and three-letter abbreviations for amino acids do not need definition. Units of measure, except those R. Meijerhof Immunology, Health, G. Athrey shown below, should be abbreviated as listed in the CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics (CRC Press, 2000 Cor- A. Meluzzi and Disease: G. Bedecarrats porate Blvd., Boca Raton, FL 33431) and do not need to be defined. W. Bessei S. N. Nahashon L. Bielke (2020) L. Bielke A. Narcy A adenine MHC major histocompatibility complex M. H. Kogut (2020) ADG average daily gain mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid D. Bourassa N. Nuthalapati Management and Production: K. Bregendahl ADFI average daily feed intake min minute S. Özlü AME apparent metabolizable energy mo month E. Kiarie (2021) J. A. Byrd H. K. Parmentier AMEn nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy MS mean square J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte (2021) D. J. Caldwell R. Payne ANOVA analysis of variance n number of observations Metabolism and Nutrition: H. M. Cervantes B cell bursal-derived, bursal-equivalent derived cell N normal S. A. Adeokun (2021) H. D. Chapman V. Pirgozliev bp base pairs NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide O. Adeola (2023) H. Cheng R. Poureslami BSA bovine serum albumin NADH reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide K. Bafundo (2020) E. Collisson S. Purdum BW body weight NRC National Research Council C cytosine NS not signifi cant R. Jha (2021) M. Compton G. H. Qi M. Cook cDNA complementary DNA PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis W. Zhai (2020) V. Ravindran D. Cosby cfu colony-forming units PBS phosphate-buffered saline J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte CI confi dence interval PCR polymerase chain reaction Microbiology and Food Safety: P. F. Cotter S. M. Rutherfurd CP crude protein QTL quantitative trait loci R. Gast (2020) R. A. Dalloul M. Schilling cpm counts per minute pfu plaque-forming units Physiology and Reproduction: W. A. Dozier CV coeffi cient of variation r correlation coeffi cient W. Kim (2020) R. G. Elkin R. K. Selvaraj d day r2 coeffi cient of determination, simple I. Rozenboim (2020) D. Emmerson P. Settar df degrees of freedom R2 coeffi cient of determination, multiple Processing and Products: G. Erf C. S. Sharma DM dry matter RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism B. Bowker (2020) P. R. Ferket M. Singh DNA deoxyribonucleic acid RH relative humidity EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetate RIA radioimmunoassay Contempory Issues K. E. Gibson J. Snow M. E. Hume ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent antibody assay RNA ribonucleic acid R. L. Taylor, Jr. (2020) J. Song EST expressed sequence tag rpm revolutions per minute D. J. Jackwood R. L. Taylor, Jr. g gram s second OFFICERS: R. Jha I. Upadhyaya g gravity SD standard deviation President A. K. Johny G guanine SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate D. Jozefi ak B. H. Voy D. R. McIntyre GAT glutamic acid-alanine-tyrosine SE standard error S. A. Kaczmarek P. Wakenell G:F gain-to-feed ratio SEM standard error of the mean First Vice President I. Kang R. Walzem GLM general linear model SNP single nucleotide polymorphism C. Alvarado C. L. Keeler S. K. Williams h hour SRBC sheep red blood cells Second Vice President HEPES N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N′-ethane-sulfonic acid T thymine J. M. Kembro A. Wolc K. Schwean-Lardner M. Koci HPLC high-performance (high-pressure) liquid chromatography TBA thiobarbituric acid R. Wolfenden ICU international chick units T cell thymic-derived cell Secretary-Treasurer M. H. Kogut N. Yang Ig immunoglobulin TME true metabolizable energy D. F. Britton O. K. Koo J. Zentek IL interleukin TMEn nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy Past President I. Kyriazakis IU international units Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane W. Zhai B. M. Hargis A. Lammers kb kilobase pairs TSAA total sulfur amino acids Directors S. J. Lamont H. Zhuang kDa kilodalton U uridine D. Latshaw M. J. Zuidhof L liter* USDA United States Department of Agriculture R. B. Beckstead (2020) L:D hours light:hours darkness in a photoperiod UV ultraviolet D. Karcher (2021) m meter vol/vol volume to volume A. W. Levy (2020) Poultry Science® (ISSN 0032-5791) is published 12 times per year (monthly) by Elsevier Inc. μ micro vs. versus N. Tillman (2022) Open Access M molar wt/vol weight to volume MAS marker-assisted selection wt/wt weight to weight S. L. Vieira (2022) Th is journal is open access for all submitted articles where they will be immediately and permanently ME metabolizable energy wk week M. J. Zuidhof (2021) free for everyone to read and download. Permitted reuse is defi ned by the following Creative Com- MEn nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy yr year Student Representatives mons user license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives M. Oelschlager (2020) (CC BY-NC-ND): for non-commercial purposes, lets others distribute and copy the article, and to E. Ross (2021) include in a collective work (such as an anthology), as long as they credit the author(s) and provided *Also capitalized with any combination, e.g., mL. they do not alter or modify the article. S R Y C T I E L N U © 2020 Poultry Science Association Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C O E
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PSJ_v99_i4_COVER.indd 2 PSCIEN_98_12_Cover.indd 3 7/30/202021/10/19 2:30:07 3:13 PM AM
Poultry Science Association 109th Annual Meeting Abstracts
Presented
July 20–22, 2020 PSA Virtual Annual Meeting Abstracts of the Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting
SYMPOSIA AND ORAL SESSIONS
Abstract Abstract Page Section No. No. Animal Well-Being and Behavior ...... 1-34 ...... 3 Extension and Instruction ...... 35-43 ...... 20 Genetics and Molecular Biology ...... 44-53 ...... 25 Immunology, Health and Disease ...... 54-98 ...... 30 Management and Production ...... 99-125 ...... 51 Metabolism and Nutrition: Amino Acids ...... 126-138 ...... 64 Metabolism and Nutrition: Enzymes ...... 139-157 ...... 71 Metabolism and Nutrition: Feed Additives ...... 158-193 ...... 81 Metabolism and Nutrition: General Nutrition ...... 194-233 ...... 97 Metabolism and Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals ...... 234-243 ...... 115 Microbiology and Food Safety ...... 244-274 ...... 120 Physiology and Reproduction ...... 275-290 ...... 135 Processing and Products ...... 291-304 ...... 143
Symposium Abstract Page Title No. No. WPSA Lecture: The Impact of the Current Climate Change Discussion on the Industry and How We Can Help Spread the Truth ...... 305S ...... 150 Bridging the Gap: Best Practices for Field and Research Trials ...... 306S-310S ...... 151 Informal Nutrition: Ingredient Quality Assessment for Old and New Ingredients ...... 311S-315S ...... 153 Educating the Next Generation of Poultry Scientists on Bioinformatics ...... 316S-320S ...... 155 Market, Welfare and Nutritional Dynamics of the Laying Industry: How the Layer Industry has Changed, Where it is Today, and Where it May be Going ...... 321S-325S ...... 157 Student Workshop: How to Be a Better Reviewer ...... 326S-328S ...... 159 Laying Hens and Eggs: Where is Industry and Where is Academia? ...... 329S-338S ...... 160 Strategies to Increase Recruitment and Engagement of a Future Poultry Workforce ...... 339S-342S ...... 161 Bone Health and Lameness, the Tip of the Iceberg ...... 343S-347S ...... 162
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Animal Well-Being and Behavior
1 The gut microbiota-brain axis: Modifications of 2 Omega-3 in maternal diet improves cognitive injurious behaviors and physiological homeostasis in performance of broiler chicks in a T-maze test. Rosemary chickens through early postnatal cecal microbiota WhittleGS*, Elijah Kiarie, Tina Widowski, University of transplantation. Yuechi FuGS*1, Jiaying Hu1, Heng-wei Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Cheng2, 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 2 Adding flaxseed to breeder feed primes the developing egg United States, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, USDA- with omega-3s (n-3s) necessary for healthy embryonic ARS, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States. development. Neural functions dependent on n-3s include Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used as a neurogenesis and myelination, therefore supplementing n- bacteriotherapy for major mental illness in humans. The aim 3s could increase cognitive function. We hypothesised that of this study was to determine if cecal microbiota maternal fed n-3s will increase the number of successful transplantation (CMT) modifies growth performance and trials in a T-maze test for broiler chicks. Broiler breeders injurious behaviors (i.e., severe feather pecking and were fed control (C) or “LinPro” flaxseed enriched (L) aggressive pecking) in chickens through the regulation of maternal rearing diet (MRD) or maternal laying diet (MLD), the gut microbiota-brain axis. Cecal bacterial samples were creating four rearing-laying maternal diet combinations collected from hens of 63 and 72 strains which were (MDC), control-control (C-C), control-LinPro (C-L), divergently selected for resistance to Marek’s disease, LinPro-control (L-C) and LinPro-LinPro (L-L). The resulting in the lines’ unique biological characteristics and breeders were housed in 8 pens, with 2 pens per MDC. Male behavioral expression, as 63 birds are more gentle than 72 (M) and female (F) broiler chicks were hatched across two birds. The cecal bacterial samples were diluted at 1:10 with replicates, in the same commercial incubator and hatcher at gut microbiome media before oral gavage. A total of 189 d- the University of Guelph poultry research station. The eggs old chicks of an aggressive Dekalb XL line were randomly of the second replicate were set 3.5 weeks after those from assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in 7 replicates (n=7): oral the first replicate. Broiler chicks were housed in mixed-sex gavage of 0.1 mL saline (CONT), 0.1 mL cecal bacterial groups of 20 chicks (from the same parental unit), in 2 solution of 63 strain (63-CMT), and 0.1 mL cecal bacterial rooms per replicate, each containing 12 floor pens following solution of 72 strain (72-CMT). Birds were fed once a d from a randomised complete block design. A total of 288 chicks, d 1 to 10, and then once per wk at wk 3, 4 and 5. Roosters (72 per MDC, 6 per pen), balanced for sex, were tested in a and pullets were separated at 5 wk of age and then kept in T-maze test at 8-10 days old for five trials. The results were cages with 4 birds per cage. Body weight of roosters was analysed using general linear mixed effects models, using recorded at wk 5, 10, and 16; and pullets were weighed at pen as the experimental unit. Broilers from L MLD had wk 9, 16, 20, and 30. At wk 16, the spleen, liver and left significantly more successful trials in the T-maze than C adrenal gland were collected from 1 rooster per cage, and MLD (t=-2.431, p=0.0157). There was no effect of MRD on relative organ weight was calculated. At wk 20, hens with the number of successful trials (t=-0.723, p=0.4701). similar BW were assigned to paired aggression tests Pairwise comparisons of MRD and MLD showed a between treatments. Two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, tendency for C-L MDC to have more successful trials than and non-parametric analysis were used for BW, organ C-C (t=-2.431, p=0.0737) and L-L MDC to be more weight, and paired aggression tests analysis, respectively. successful than L-C (t=-2.431, p=0.0737). Pairwise Significance was set at P < 0.05 and trends were defined as comparisons of MLD and sex showed L-F had significantly 0.1 > P > 0.05. The results showed that 72-CMT roosters had more successful trials in the T-maze test than C-M (t=2.765, a greater BW than both control and 63-CMT roosters p=0.0307), L-F tended to have more successful trials than (P<0.0001); while 72-CMT pullets had a greater BW than C-F (t=-2.431, p=0.0737) and L-M tended to have more controls (P < 0.0001) but not 63-CMT pullets (P > 0.05). successful trials than C-M (t=-2.431, p=0.0737). The results Pullets of 63-CMT had a tendency of less severe feather show maternal fed n-3s alter performance of broiler chicks pecking during the paired aggression test compared to both in T-maze tests, especially in the MLD. Increased T-maze 72-CMT and control pullets (P = 0.1). In addition, 63-CMT performance could be attributed to increased availability of pullets had lighter adrenal glands than both 72-CMT and n-3s for neural development. This supports the hypothesis control pullets (P < 0.05). There was no treatment effect on that maternal fed n-3s can increase cognitive ability of spleen and liver weight (P > 0.05). The results indicate that broiler chicks. early postnatal CMT may affect recipient chickens’ growth Key Words: behaviour, cognition, nutrition, omega-3, performance and injurious behavioral expression. maternal effects Key Words: gut microbiota-brain axis, injurious behavior, cecal microbiota transplantation, growth, chickens 3 Tryptophan metabolism, Stress and Feather GS 1 * Presenter Pecking in Pullets. Claire Mindus * , Nienke van 1 2 3 GS Graduate Student Presenter Staaveren , Paul Forsythe , Simon Geisler , Johanna M. 3 4 2 UG Gostner , Joergen B. Kjaer , Wolfgang Kunze , Anna Kate Undergraduate Student Presenter 3
Shoveller1, Dietmar Fuchs3, Alexandra Harlander1, 1Ontario Key Words: pullet, stress, feather pecking, tryptophan, Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, metabolism Ontario, Canada, 2McMaster Brain-Body Institute, St.
Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 3 4 Effect of light intensity on calcium homeostasis in Institutes of Medical Biochemistry and Biological pullets. Gula Sadvakassova*1, 2, Jo Ann Chew3, Kailyn Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 3 2, 4 3 5 Beaulac , Hossein Poorhemati , Karen Schwean- Lardner , Innsbruck, Austria, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Svetlana V. Komarova1, 2, 4, 1McGill University, Montreal, Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Quebec, Canada, 2Shriners Hospital for Children, Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Celle, Germany. Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 3University of Saskatchewan, In mammals, the metabolism of the indispensable amino Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 4McGill University, Montreal, acid tryptophan (TRP) can be influenced by stress, leading Quebec, Canada. to an increase of TRP breakdown towards the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. In laying hens, feather pecking (FP) is a The impact of varying light intensities on layer pullets is not destructive behavioural disorder occurring when one yet well understood. Behaviorally, brighter illumination individual forcefully and repetitively pecks at the plumage may improve pullet activity levels by allowing better of conspecifics. FP can be triggered by stress and is navigation in the complexity of non-cage systems. In associated with disruptions in TRP catabolism in adult addition, light intensity was previously demonstrated to laying hens. In pullets, however, the TRP catabolism along affect the levels of calcium and phosphate regulating the KYN axis may differ and respond differently to stress. hormones in mice. The objective of this study was to As a part of a larger project, we investigated the effect of examine how exposure of pullets to the light of different Unpredictable, Repeated Stressors (URS) on plasma intensity affects their calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. concentrations of TRP and KYN in female pullets housed Lohmann LSL-Lite and Lohmann Brown-Lite pullets were in enriched floor pens. White Leghorn pullets (n=354, 10 randomized into four individually controlled rooms, each weeks of age) originated from 3 different lines of birds bred containing 6 pens per room which were assigned to 10 or 50 for their high, low or unselected FP phenotype (120±2 lux light intensity supplied via white LED lighting (2821K) birds/line). The birds were incubated, hatched, individually during the photophase. Plasma samples were collected after tagged and reared together on the research farm site. 8 and 16 weeks of exposure. Calcium, phosphorus and Immediately after hatch, these birds were systematically magnesium were measured by inductively coupled plasma assigned to 6 stressed (S) or 6 non-stressed pens (NS) (10±1 optical emission spectrometry; parathyroid hormone (PTH), birds/line/pen) systematically distributed across one room. calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D) and The 6 S groups were exposed to social (i.e. mixing with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) were measured by unfamiliar birds, holding in a transport crate in a crouched ELISA. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. position for 1 hour) and non-social (i.e. introduction to a Levels of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus were similar novel environment, removal of nest boxes or perches) URS in Lohmann LSL-Lite and Lohmann Brown-Lite pullets. from 11 to 13 weeks of age, while the NS groups were left Total plasma calcium and magnesium were significantly undisturbed. Blood samples were collected one-hour post- higher (p<0.05) in 16-week old compared to 8-week old feeding before and after the 3 weeks of URS, and analyzed pullets of both breed, but were not affected by the light using high performance liquid chromatography. A intensity. Plasma phosphorus was unaffected by breed, age generalized linear mixed model was used to assess the effect or light intensity. PTH, calcitrion and FGF23 were similar of the genetic lines and URS on plasma concentrations of in 8-week old Lohmann LSL-Lite and Lohmann Brown- TRP, KYN as well as their ratio, calculated as an indication Lite pullets. PTH significantly (p<0.01) decreased with age of the activity of TRP catabolism. The birds were in both breeds, but to significantly (p<0.01) lower levels in considered as the experimental unit. Our results revealed Lohmann Brown-Lite compared to Lohmann LSL-Lite that birds from the line bred for its low FP phenotype pullets. Calcitiol and FGF23 significantly (p<0.01) showed significantly higher levels of plasma TRP (P< increased with age in Lohmann LSL-Lite, but not in 0.001) compared to birds bred for their high FP phenotype. Lohmann Brown-Lite pullets. Young, 8-week old Lohmann TRP (+6%, P< 0.001), KYN (+33%, P< 0.001) and their Brown-Lite pullets demonstrated a trend (0.05
4
5 The effects of rearing cage type and calcium 6 The effect of light wavelengths on broilers: more particle size on keel bone characteristics of laying hens. than meets the eye. Bruna Maria Remonato FrancoGS*1, Madeleine Browne*1, 2, Tanka Khanal2, Tina Widowski2, Marina Leis2, Melody Wong3, Tory Shynkaruk1, Bryan Elijah Kiarie2, 1Chicken Farmers of Ontario, Burlington, Fancher5, Nick French5, Scott Gillingham5, Karen Schwean- Ontario, Canada, 2Animal Biosciences, University of Lardner4, 1Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western Keel bone damage (KBD) is a major welfare concern in College of Veterinary Medicine, University of commercial egg production. Key aspects of hen Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, development, such as environment and nutrition, may 3Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon City Hospital, effectively reduce incidences of KBD later in production. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Larger, more complex environments allow for exercise that Canada, 4Animal and Poultry Science, University of improves muscle deposition and bone mineralization. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Similarly, dietary calcium is critical for hen bone formation 5Aviagen, Huntsville, Alabama, United States. and integrity, especially prior to the onset of lay. This study investigates the effects of rearing cage type and calcium Varying wavelength is an option for broiler production, and (limestone) particle size (PS) fed during rearing on laying differing wavelengths (color) can lead to alterations in hen keel bone characteristics at 16, 24 and 40 weeks of age bird’s behavior. However, it is unclear whether behavioral (woa). It was hypothesized that rearing pullets in enriched changes are associated with alterations to the bird’s visual cages and provided a larger PS will improve adult keel system and spatial vision. To assess the impact of raising quality, due to enhanced musculoskeletal development and broilers under 3 colour light (L) treatments (blue (BL, calcium availability during the growth period. A total of 900 455nm), green (GL, 510 nm) or white (WL)) on eye health Lohmann LSL-Lites were used in a 2x3 factorial and spatial vision, Ross 708 males were assessed in 3 experiment, with 2 rearing cage types: Conventional Cage experiments. In experiment 1, a complete ophthalmic (CC) (269 cm2/pullet); and Enriched Cage (EC) (640 examination was performed to assess eye health in 36 birds cm2/pullet) with more space and perches, and 3 diets with at 21 days of age (12 per L), which included chromatic varying limestone PS: fine, <0.595mm, (F); medium, 0.595 pupillary light reflex (PLR) testing, rebound tonometry, to <1.68mm, (M); and 1:1 mixture of F and M, (FM). At 16 anterior segment biomicroscopy, and indirect woa, all birds were placed in identical adult enriched cages ophthalmoscopy. In order to assess ocular anatomy, in (1204 cm2/hen) and fed the same layer diet. At 24 and 40 experiments 1 and 2, 60 birds (17 days of age) were woa, keel fractures and deviations were assessed by keel euthanized, both eyes were enucleated, weighed (N=108 palpation. Hens were randomly selected at 16 (5%), 24 and birds, 36 per L), and dimensions were collected (corneal 40 (10% each) woa from each treatment combination and diameter, mediolateral diameter, dorsoventral diameter and euthanized, from which samples (N=156) were collected to anteroposterior size) using a digital caliper. In experiment assess keel bone characteristics and pectoralis muscle 2, an autorefractor was used to assess the corneal curvature weights. All keel samples were ashed to determine keel and the refractive index in 18 birds at 26 days of age (6 per bone mineral content. Response variables were analyzed L). To assess spatial vision, in experiment 3, 24 birds at 29 using mixed model, generalized linear model, generalized days of age raised under BL or WL (12 per L) underwent a linear mixed model or Fisher’s exact tests on SAS Statistical grating acuity test under three different distances (50, 75 Software v9.4. Keel quality significantly diminished with and 100 cm). Data were statistically analysed using SAS age, with keel fractures present in 97% (P=0.0005) of hens Proc Mixed or Proc Par1way for data not normally assessed at 40 woa. When reared in CC, hens had distributed (SAS 9.4) as a one-way factorial analysis. Birds significantly more keel fractures by 40 woa (92%) were the experimental units. No significant differences were compared to those reared in EC (80%) (P=0.0402). Pullets observed for tonometry (P=0.74) and no abnormalities were (16 woa) reared in EC had heavier body weight (P=0.0043), revealed during chromatic PLR testing, biomicroscopy, and heavier pectoralis muscle weight (P=0.0006), heavier keel indirect ophthalmoscopy. Eye weights and dimensions did bone weight (P=0.0003), all persisting through to not differ by light treatments. For autorefraction, birds adulthood. Pullets reared in EC also had higher keel ash raised under BL had a higher sphere index (0.625) than birds contents (47%) (P=0.0345) than CC (43.7%). Pullets reared raised under WL (-0.020, P=0.01) however, no differences on a FM had higher keel ash contents (48.1%) compared to were observed for cylinder and axis indices. Light treatment M (43.2%) (P=0.0326). Hens reared on F developed keel may have affected the spatial vision of broilers, as birds fractures earlier in lay (P=0.0194) and had more severe keel raised under BL approached the stimulus faster at the deviations (100% total) (P=0.0357) than those reared on M distances of 50 cm (P=0.03) and 75 cm (P=0.0006) and had and FM (85% each). Rearing pullets in enriched cages and a higher success rate (P=0.03) at the distance of 100 cm than providing a calcium source of mixed PS improves keel birds raised under WL. The results indicate that exposure to health and may reduce KBD during lay. blue light results in minor differences in refraction and spatial vision. However, it is not clear if these differences Key Words: laying hen, keel bone, rearing, calcium, alone are sufficient to fully explain the substantial changes enriched cage in bird behavior that have been observed. 5
Key Words: vision, LED, light color, behaviour, welfare differences found may be the result of the different breeding objectives of each purebred line and allows for the further
investigation into the underlying genetics of glucocorticoid 7 Differences in feather corticosterone level levels in turkeys. between purebred turkey lines with different breeding objectives. Emily M. LeishmanGS*1, Nikole E. Freeman2, Key Words: feather corticosterone, ELISA, turkey, Amy E. Newman2, Nienke van Staaveren1, Ben J. Wood1,3,4, welfare, genetics Alexandra Harlander1, Christine F. Baes1,5, 1Animal
Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, 2 8 Maternal age and housing system of laying hens Canada, Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, 3 interact to affect measures of fear and stress in their Ontario, Canada, Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Ontario, 1 2 4 offspring. Mariana R. Peixoto* , Leanne Cooley , Tina Canada, School of Veterinary Science, University of 1 1 5 Widowski , Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia, Institute of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2L.H. Gray & Son Limited, Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. Strathroy, Ontario, Canada. Measuring corticosterone in feathers is becoming a frequent Maternal effects can shape the phenotype of offspring, but non-invasive method for assessing glucocorticoid levels in the extent to which a layer breeder’s experiences affect poultry. The objective of this study was to assess the laying hens remains unclear. This study further investigates effectiveness of detecting corticosterone in turkey feathers influences of maternal age, rearing and housing using an ELISA and to investigate the potential for environments on measures of fear and stress in their differences in genetic lines. Primary wing feather nine was offspring. One cohort of LSL-Lite Commercial white collected at a processing plant from 123 individual toms leghorns (N=678) were reared either in aviary (AV) (n=2) from three different purebred turkey lines (line A (N=46), B or conventional rearing cages (CC) (n=12) from day 1, then (N=24), and C (N=53)). Lines A and B are selected for housed in aviary (AV) (n=2), conventional layer cages (CC) reproductive traits whereas Line C is selected for growth (n=12) or large 60-bird furnished cages (FC) (n=12) from and production traits. All individuals within and between 16 weeks of age, forming five “rearing X housing” lines were housed under identical husbandry conditions. treatments: Trt1 (AV x AV), Trt2 (CC X CC), Trt3 (AV x Individual samples were analyzed using a commercially CC), Trt4 (CC X FC), and Trt5 (AV X FC). Hens from each available ELISA kit (Cayman Chemicals, Cedarlane Labs, treatment (n=96) were inseminated with pooled semen at 3 Canada). Additional validation tests for accuracy, precision, ages: Young (25 weeks), Ideal (44 weeks) and Old (68 and steroid recovery were conducted using a species pool of weeks). Eggs were incubated, hatched, and offspring pulverized feathers from different individuals (N=7). (N=240) brooded under identical conditions in furnished Accuracy was determined using an ANCOVA to assess if pens of 14 birds distributed across 2 rooms. At 9 weeks, there was a significant interaction between the standard offspring were subjected to a manual restraint test, where an curve and serial dilution of pooled turkey feathers. Steroid individual bird was taken out of its home pen and manually recovery was determined by spiking the species pool with a restrained on its side for 5 min, followed by blood sample known quantity of corticosterone. Precision was measured collection for plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration. through intra- and inter-assay variability. To test for The frequency of struggling during the test was recorded. differences in feather corticosterone concentration between Fixed effects of sex, maternal treatment (Trt), maternal age genetic lines, a one-factor ANOVA was used. A post-hoc and maternal Trt by age interaction were tested using a Tukey HSD test was then performed to further investigate generalized linear mixed model in SAS. Random effects the pairwise comparisons between lines. This study showed included pen nested within room and person applying the that feather corticosterone could be measured in the primary test. Contrast comparisons tested effects of maternal rearing wing feathers of domesticated turkeys via an ELISA. There experience (AV or CC) and maternal housing (AV, CC or was no significant interaction between the standard curve CF). Results show an interaction between Trt and maternal and serial dilution which indicates adequate specificity of age for CORT (P=0.0025) and frequency of struggling the assay (ANCOVA: P=0.267). Average recovery of (P=0.0025). Within Ideal maternal age, Trt1 (1.20 ± 0.1) corticosterone was 65% and the intra- and inter-assay CV of had the lowest CORT concentration and differed from Trt2 the ELISAs were 1.4 ± 2.48% and 12.1 ± 0.02%, (1.82 ± 0.2; P=0.048) and Trt5 (2.18 ± 0.2; P=0.001). respectively. Significant differences were observed in the Within Young maternal age, Trt1 (1.77 ± 0.5) struggled feather corticosterone concentrations between the three more than Trt4 (0.59 ± 0.2; P=0.048). Contrast comparisons lines (ANOVA: P<0.001). Line C had significantly higher showed effects of maternal housing experience, but no feather corticosterone than Line A (Tukey HSD: P<0.0001) effects of maternal rearing. Mothers housed in AV had and Line B (Tukey HSD: P=0.036). The feather offspring with lower CORT than mothers in CC (F=3.59; corticosterone levels were not significantly different P=0.060) or FC (F=5.19; P=0.024). Mothers housed in AV between Line A and Line B (Tukey HSD: P=0.366). This also had offspring that struggled more during restraint than study is the first to examine differences in feather those from CC (F=3.09; P=0.080). Results suggest that the corticosterone between different purebred turkey lines. age and housing experience of a layer leghorn breeder can Since all individuals were raised in identical conditions, the affect the physiology and behaviour of the offspring, and 6 that breeders reared and housed in aviaries may have shown during male-male encounters. Finally, females offspring that produce less CORT and behave more actively behaved more aggressively than males and were even more in response to a stressor. This data also suggests that aggressive towards the unknown males. Furthermore, maternal housing may have a stronger effect on the analyzed females were more aggressive (P<0.001) towards males that traits than maternal rearing experience. were highly aggressive during the male-male interactions than towards the males that were less aggressive. Taken Key Words: layer breeder, laying hen, maternal effects, together, the observed female social behavior suggests that housing, behaviour the time spent near a conspecific or the aggressiveness performed against them cannot be used as reliable indicators 9 Male familiarity and aggressive behavior: two of sexual preference. modulators of female Japanese quail social preferences. Key Words: Japanese quail, social preferences, bird Stefania Pellegrini1, 2, Diego A. Guzman1, 2, Raul H. familiarity, aggressive behavior, reproductive behavior Marin*1,2, 1Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Cordoba, Argentina, 10 Circadian Rhythm of Dust Bathing in 4 Strains of 2Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Laying Hen. Tessa GrebeyGS*1, Ahmed B. Ali2, Janice C. Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Swanson1, Tina Widowski3, Janice Siegford1, 1Animal Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT, CONICET-UNC), Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Cordoba, Argentina. Michigan, United States, 2Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Sexually experienced female quail that have observed an 3 Carolina, United States, Department of Animal aggressive interaction between a pair of males prefer the Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of less aggressive male, while females with no previous sexual Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. experience prefer the aggressive one. Although those studies were developed in a setup where birds can only Producers are moving towards tiered aviary systems to interact through a glass separation (no physical contact), house laying hens. These aviaries include multi-level wire social proximity was discussed in terms of reproductive enclosures and provide litter areas on the floor. Some preferences. Another factor that modulates the birds’ choice aviaries have doors that can confine the hens within the to interact with conspecifics is the familiarity with other tiered enclosure, in most cases to promote oviposition in birds. Herein we assessed whether female quail will nests to prevent eggs being laid in litter. However, there are differentially modulate their social interactions with known multiple genetic strains of laying hen used in the egg or unknown males after observing them taking a high vs. a industry, and some show different circadian patterns for key low aggressive role in a male-male encounter (4 behaviors. For example, though dust bathing by laying hens experimental group combinations). Birds were housed in typically peaks in early afternoon, there may be variation in male-female pairs during the rearing period and all females timing of dust bathing among strains. Differences in laying tested were sexually experienced. At 100 d of age, 2 males hen behavior patterns, coupled with standard aviary set-ups were tested during up to 2 hs in the presence of their 2 or typical management practices, may make it difficult to female partners that remained as audience behind a wire suitably allow birds the freedom to perform certain partition in two separated compartments (27 total important behaviors, such as dust bathing, while preventing interactions). After the male-male encounters, males were negative