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Nitrogen Fixation, Photosynthesis and Early Growth of Alnus Glutinosa Jeffrey Owen Dawson Iowa State University

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Nitrogen Fixation, Photosynthesis and Early Growth of Alnus Glutinosa Jeffrey Owen Dawson Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1978 Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and early growth of Alnus glutinosa Jeffrey Owen Dawson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Dawson, Jeffrey Owen, "Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and early growth of Alnus glutinosa " (1978). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 6451. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/6451 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along wnth adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. !f necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms international 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road. Tyler's Green High Wycombe. Bucks. England HPIO 8HR 7813224 DAWSON, JEFFREY 0.s'£M WITROGE'n FIXATION, PhUTOSY"T*E?iS EA«LY GROWTH OF ALNuS GLUTlnCSA. IOWA STATt. UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 Universitv Micrdfilnris International 300ZTTE «OAD. ABBOH, MI-JSIOS Nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and early growth of Alnus glutinosa by Jeffrey Owen Dawson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Forestry Major: Forestry (Biology) Signature was redacted for privacy. !ri Charge of M^jor work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. F( uate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1978 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW The Host Plant The Endophyte OBJECTIVES PROCEDURES Plant Material Nutrient Culture System Acetylene-Reduction Assay Photosynthesis Tissue Analysis RESULTS DISCUSSION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX iii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Growth of selected Alnus glutinosa cuttings under uniform conditions 29 Table 2. Nitrogen-free Van der Crone's solution (half-strength) 32 Table 3. Analysis of variance from regression on dependent variable leaf area 43 Table 4. Analysis of variance from regression on dependent variable nitrogenase activity 43 Table 5. Total plant nitrogen (mg) at harvest 46 Table 6. Percentage nitrogen in alder tissues (mean values and 95 percent confidence intervals) at harvest 49 Table 7. Shoot/ratios at harvest 50 Table 8. Mean squares from analysis of variance for results of experiments with fertilized alder clones 51 Table 9. Mean squares from analysis of variance for results of experiments with nodulated alder clones 52 Table 10. Mean squares from analysis of variance for results of experiments with uninoculated alder clones 52 Table 11. Linear correlation coefficients and probability levels for relationships between mean clonal values of variables determined at time of harvest 55 Table A--1. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 77 Table A--2. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 78 Table A-•3. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 79 Table A-•4. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 80 Table A--5. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 81 Table A-•6. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 82 iv Page Table A-7. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 83 Table A-8. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 84 Table A-9. Data on inoculated alders in hydroponics 85 Table A-10. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 86 Table A-11. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 87 Table A-12. Data on u^.noculated alders in hydroponics 88 Table A-13. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 89 Table A-14. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 90 Table A-15. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 91 Table A-16. Data on uninoculated alders in hydroponics 92 Table A-17. Data on fertilized alders in potting mix 93 Table A-18. Data on fertilized alders in potting mix 94 Table A-19. Data on fertilized alders in potting mix 95 Table A-20. Data for regression equations to estimate initial dry weight and nitrogen content of alders 96 Table A-21. Data for regression equations to estimate alder leaf area 97 V LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Diurnal fluctuation in acetylene reduction by whole, nodulated root systems of Alnus glutinosa 39 Figure 2. Regression of late-afternoon acetylene reduction rate on leaf area of nodulated Alnus glutinosa 47 Figure 3. Regression of photosynthesis rate on total- plant nitrogen of nodulated Alnus glutinosa at time of harvest 48 Figure 4. Clonal means for dry mass and percentage nitrogen of fertilized Alnus glutinosa plants at time of harvest 53 1 INTRODUCTION Most plants and animals in the world suffer from nitrogen deficiency at some time during their existence. Terrestrial plants and animals suffer nitrogen deficiency while they are bathed in an atmosphere that is approximately 80 percent nitrogen. The ability to convert gaseous nitrogen into a form which plants and animals can use is restricted to a few bacteria, algae and actinomycetes. The most efficient of these prokaryotic nitrogen fixers have a ready supply of metabolites for carrying on nitrogen fixation. For instance, blue-green algae have an endogenous supply of.photosynthate, while some bacteria and actinomycetes in root nodules are supplied with photosynthetic products by a host plant. Delwiche (1970) points out the increasingly important role that industrial manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer, using the Haber process, plays in the world's nitrogen cycle. Industrially fixed nitrogen is used extensively to increase yields of food and fiber from cultivated plants. The energy costs of industrial nitrogen fixation are considerable. The manufacture and application of 100 pounds of nitrogen as urea are estimated to have a total energy cost of 50 gallons of #4 fuel oil (Smith and Johnson, 1977), making nitrogen fertilization, aside from harvesting, the largest potential consumer of energy in silviculture. Second in potential energy consumption is mechanical site preparation for planting. 2 Biological nitrogen fixation is a process that derives its energy directly from the sun. The energy costs of biological nitrogen fixation are also considerable. To convert one molecule of dinitrogen into two ammonia molecules requires 15 ATP (Conn and Stumpf, 1972). However, from a consideration of the thermodynamics of nitrogen fixation, Bergersen (1971b) concluded that the energy requirements for biological nitrogen fixation and the assimilation of combined nitrogen may be similar. If this is true, then a terrestrial plant might expend about the same amount of energy in fixing atmospheric nitrogen symbiotically as it expends taking up combined nitrogen from the soil in the usual manner, making the energy cost of biological nitrogen fixation negligible. One general goal of this study was to enhance N-fixation in the symbiotic system of European alder, Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., and an actinomycete-like endophyte. The simplest way to improve nitrogen-fixing efficiency is by genetic screening of both hosts and endophytes to determine the combinations best suited for a particular environment (Brill, 1977). But in the case of alder, genetic screening is limited to the host plant because the nitrogen- fixing endophyte of alder has not yet been reproducibly isolated in virulent form. However, vegetative propagation of alder by stem cuttings
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