100% Sheet Protest Methods Suffragettes Anti Apartheid Protesters Key Words Key People Key Words Key People Suffrage: The right to vote Millicent Fawcett: leader of Suffragists. Apartheid- separating the races Anti apartheid Pro-Apartheid ​ ​ ​ Suffragist: Aim to influence Emmeline Pankhurst: leader of ANC - African National Congress protestors: leaders of South ​ ​ ​ politicians to enact change for Suffragettes. PAC - Pan African Congress Nelson Mandela Africa: ​ women’s rights. Sylvia Pankhurst: the more radical MK/Spear of the Nation- militant Walter Sisulu Dr Daniel Malan ​ ​ Suffragette: Aim to protest (violent daughter of Emmeline. wing of the ANC Winnie Mandela Dr Hendrik ​ and peaceful) to bring faster change Henry Asquith: Prime Minister from 1908 Banning order-limits your movements Steve Biko Verwoerd ​ ​ to women’s rights. David Lloyd George: PM from 1916 Freedom Charter - List of demands Helen Joseph Pieter Botha ​ ​ Militant: aggressively active in Emily Wilding Davison: killed by the made by anti-apartheid protesters Lillian Ngoyi Frederik de Klerk ​ ​ supporting a cause. King’s horse on Derby Day. Defiance campaign - series of ​ protests Key Events Treason Trial - trial of protesters 1850s: Suffragist movement emerged. ​ ​ 1880s: more women educated and becoming teachers/secretaries, but had to Key Events ​ resign when married. Women were paid much less than men. 1948: Apartheid established. 1903: Emmeline Pankhurst set up Women’s Social and Political Union. 1949-1955: Apartheid Laws introduced. ​ 1907: ‘Votes for Women’ campaign launched. Posters, leaflets etc. 1952: Defiance Campaign protest by ANC to break apartheid laws. ​ 1910: PM promised to change the law so women could vote, but abandoned 1955: Freedom Charter created. ​ this. This was a turning point in the campaign. 1956: Treason trials. ​ ​ 1911: Mass window-smashing campaign. 1960: Sharpeville massacre. ​ 1912: Mass hunger strikes start. 1963: Nelson Mandela trial and imprisonment. 1913: Emily Wilding Davis dies from injuries received on Derby Day under the 1964: UN banned arms sales to South Africa. ​ hoofs of the King’s horse. 1976: Soweto Uprising. 1914: War starts. Protests cease and focus on war work. ​ Impact of Sharpeville Why did women get the vote? The government banned the ANC and PAC. - Women joined war effort: nurses, factory workers, many doing ‘men’s jobs’. Africans burnt their pass books in protests all over South Africa. The vote was seen as a reward for their hard work. The ANC and PAC set up headquarters abroad. Oliver Tambo was given the job - The new PM, Lloyd George, was a supporter of women voting but not violence. of winning international support for the ANC. - The Labour Party, who had always supported women voting, gained MPs in the The ANC and the PAC abandoned non-violence and founded militant resistance wartime government, and so had more say. groups, (Mk and Poqo). - Men who had been anti-suffrage were away at war and could not influence the Young Africans left South Africa to train as guerillas (resistance fighters) in China, decisions at home. the USSR and independent African nations. - The Times newspaper changed their mind to support suffrage due to WW1. The government arrested 18,000 people. ​ ​ 1918: Representation of the People Act includes a clause giving the vote to The UN called for sanctions (restrictions) against South Africa. ​ women over thirty. Investors took their money out of South Africa. Anti-apartheid groups were set up in many different countries, including Britain.

Impact: ​ Final Assessment focus: Soweto: 1) Response of ANC and black people - Thousands of young people joined the ANC. Causes: - Thousands of young black men went to neighbouring African countries ​ where they trained as MK guerrilla fighters (MK was the armed wing of A) Living conditions B) Work the ANC set up after Sharpeville. It carried out a campaign of sabotage Soweto was the biggest township in Over 200,000 people travelled by train to against government targets). South Africa, with 1.3 million people. work in Johannesburg, a 4 hour round trip - The ANC became the leading anti-apartheid organisation in South Many families shared houses that did not each day. Wages were low and Africa and the world. have electricity, indoor toilets or water unemployment was high. supply. There were few facilities except 2) Response of government/police government owned shebeens (beer halls). - More people were detained (put in prison) by the police without a trial. Alcoholism and violence was common. - The government increased its powers to ban individuals and C) Black Consciousness D) High proportion of young people organisations. Ideas of Steve Biko and SASO (South Over half the people living in Soweto - The government blamed ‘trouble makers’ for the riots and refused to African Students Organisation), which he were under 20 years old in 1976. Young take any blame. An independent report published said that it was a set up in 1968, made many students more people were generally more militant direct result of apartheid. radical. They were encouraged in their (angry and violent) about apartheid than - Thousands of young people were arrested in the months that followed desire for change when black nationalist their parents. the uprising. movements gained independence from - The police never really controlled Soweto again - they could not enter white rule in Mozambique and Angola in without a risk to their safety. This showed how weak they had become.

1975. 3) Response of the international community E) Poor education facilities F) Decision to teach in Afrikaans - The riots were widely reported around the world because it was such a Large class sizes of 60—100; little money In 1976 the government decided that some shock to see school children targeted. spent on their education; they were lessons would be taught in Afrikaans in black - International opposition to apartheid increased due to the deaths of trained to be unskilled workers. schools. Afrikaans was the white South the schoolchildren. African’s language. - The UN condemned (spoke out against) the South African government and their actions. - Countries started refusing to trade with South Africa, as a form of Key Events: pressure to end apartheid. 1976 School children and young people in Soweto rioted: 100s killed. How important was Soweto in helping end apartheid? 1980s Violent protest increased in South Africa. - Raised awareness abroad - Put pressure on government 1990 Mandela released from prison and started talks to end apartheid. ANC were no longer banned. - Encouraged more protesters, especially young, to use more violent actions 1994 Due to pressure from abroad, the role of Mandela and continuing violence in SA, - Mandela was also important - his role as a figurehead apartheid ended.