Krakow - Zakopane Former and Winter Capitals of Poland

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Krakow - Zakopane Former and Winter Capitals of Poland Krakow, is Poland’s former royal capital, and the most recognized of Polish cities. It is a city of inspiring contrasts: rich tradition and history, a treasury of national heritage, historical architecture and art. But it is also a modern metropolis offering vibrant life. Discover its “magic” Zakopane is the Polish capital of winter sports and mountain tourism. Long-lasting local traditions are visible in the folk costumes, the unique wooden architecture, the stained-glass art. It is a place of the unique atmosphere and natural beauty. Day 1, Krakow Arrival in Krakow Balice Airport and transfer to your hotel for check-in Half a day walking tour of Krakow, including Wawel Hill and the Cathedral, the Old Town area with the Main Market Square, the Cloth Hall, St. Mary’s Church and Florianska Gate Overnight in Krakow Day 2, Krakow – Zakopane Morning: departure for Wieliczka to visit the most unique salt mine in the world. The underground route leads through mysterious labyrinth of galleries and caverns with unique sculptures, all carved in rock salt; afterwards continue to Zakopane Afternoon: up to 3-hour tour that includes Krupowki - the main commercial street and pedestrian area in center of Zakopane, Sanctuary at Krzeptowki and Jaszczurowka Chapel. Overnight in Zakopane Supertour DMC Poland 26 Niemcewicza Street, 02-306 Warsaw, phone (+48 22) 55 66 320, fax (+48 22) 55 66 310, e-mail: [email protected] Zakopane Visit our website: www.supertour-dmc-poland.pl - Krakow Day 3, Zakopane – Tatra Mountains - Zakopane Full-day tour of the Tatra Mountains area. The day starts with Dunajec River raft in Sromowce. It is an easy and safe white-water raft to admire stunning views of the Dunajec River Gorge. The tour continues to Niedzica Castle where the legends and incredible stories will be told. On the way back to Zakopane we visit beautiful wooden church. Return to Zakopane for overnight Day 4, Zakopane - Krakow Day at leisure Options include: SPA day, cable car ride to Kasprowy Wierch or hike in the mountains Transfer to Krakow for overnight Day 5, Krakow Departure to Krakow Balice Airport for your flight Supertour DMC Poland 26 Niemcewicza Street, 02-306 Warsaw, phone (+48 22) 55 66 320, fax (+48 22) 55 66 310, e-mail: [email protected] Zakopane Visit our website: www.supertour-dmc-poland.pl - Krakow.

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VI International Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics School First (and Last) Bulletin of VI International Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics School (February 2015) The VI Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics School is organized by Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia), Comenius University (Bratislava, Slovakia), Czech Technical University (Prague, Czech Republic), and Charles University (Prague, Czech Republic). Organizing Committee: Chairman: V.A. Matveev (JINR), Scientific program: S.M. Bilenky (JINR), Vice-chairmen: I. Štekl (CTU Prague), F. Šimkovic (Comenius U.), A.G. Olshevskiy (JINR), Members: V.A. Bednyakov (JINR), R. Leitner (Charles U. Prague), V.B. Brudanin (JINR), E. Kolganova (JINR), Secretaries: O. Matyuukhina (JINR), D. Štefánik (Comenius U.) Logo of the school was prepared by Mikhail Bilenky (Vancouver). Welcome The VI Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics School will be held in Grand Hotel Bellevue, on foot of the beautiful High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia within a period August 27 – September 4, 2015. The program of the School will cover modern topics of neutrino physics including neutrino experiments, phenomenology and theory: Theory of neutrino mixing and masses Solar, atmospheric, reactor and geo neutrino experiments Direct neutrino mass measurements Neutrinoless double-beeta decay (theory and experiment) Sterile neutrinos Dark matter Leptogenesis and Baryoogenesis Neutrino cosmology and astronomy Statistics for nuclear and particle physics General information The VI International Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics School to be held in Grand Hotel Bellevue, High Taatra Mountains, Slovakia, August 27 - September 4, 2015, continues the tradition of Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics Schools, which were held in Dubna and Alushta in 1998, 2003, 2007, 2010 and 2012. The information about previous editions of the Pontecorvo Neutrino Physics Schools is available at webpage http://pontecorvosch.jinr.ru.
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Energy Clusters As a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City
sustainability Article Energy Clusters as a New Urban Symbiosis Concept for Increasing Renewable Energy Production—A Case Study of Zakopane City Agnieszka Czaplicka-Kotas 1,*, Joanna Kulczycka 2,* and Natalia Iwaszczuk 1 1 Faculty of Management, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-067 Cracow, Poland; [email protected] 2 Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-261 Cracow, Poland * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.C.-K.); [email protected] (J.K.) Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 13 July 2020 Abstract: One of the priority lines of action in Poland is to increase energy production from renewable energy sources (RESs). Based on the “Poland’s national energy and climate plan for the years 2021–2030”, Poland aims to achieve 21%–23% of RES share in gross final energy consumption by 2030. While coal is still the most important source of energy, new technological and organisational solutions for increasing RESs are being tested and implemented. Therefore, the creation of energy clusters based on the idea of urban and industrial symbiosis was first proposed by the Ministry of Energy in 2016. To date, there are 66 clusters in different regions in Poland, but only a few of them are active and innovative. One of them is located in the city of Zakopane, a mountain resort, which attracts about 3 million tourists annually and has developed the wide-ranging use of geothermal sources for energy supply and recreation. The paper aims to analyse the impact of the creation of energy clusters on the city’s development, including economic, social, and environmental aspects.
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XVIII INTERNATIONAL MYELOMA WORKSHOP KRAKÓW 2021, POLAND (Proposed Term 14 – 19.09.2021)
APPLICATION FOR ORGANIZATION OF: XVIII INTERNATIONAL MYELOMA WORKSHOP KRAKÓW 2021, POLAND (proposed term 14 – 19.09.2021) Local Congress Organizers MD PhD, Prof. Aleksander B. Skotnicki Head of the Chair and Departament of Hematology Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum MD PhD, Assoc. Prof . Artur Jurczyszyn Ms. Agnieszka Grzesiak President of the Myeloma Treatment Fundation Centre JORDAN Congress Bureau Chairman of the Krakow Branch Polish Society of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Address: 22/2 Sobieskiego St, 31-136 Krakow Jagiellonian University Medical College Department of Hematology (PCO Professional Congress Organiser) Address: 17, Kopernika St, 31-501 Krakow Address: 22/2 Sobieskiego St, 31-136 Krakow T: + 48 601 53 90 77 T: + 48 341 46 40 , e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected], http://szpiczak.org/en/ http://kongres.jordan.pl/en International Myeloma Workshop 2021 1 Table of Contents: Kraków 2021 ? Yes, of course ! …………………………..pages 3-4 Traveling to Cracow…………………………..………………..page 5 Scientific Committee and Partners………………………pages 6-7 Congress Venue ICE …………………………………………….page 8 Hotels in Krakow …………………………………………………pages 9-10 Opening and Closing Ceremony…………………………..page 11 Exhibition Space ………………………………………………… pages 12-13 Welcome Reception…………………………………………… page 14 Gala Dinner……………………………………………………….. .pages 15-17 Social Programme……………………………………………….pages 18-22 General Information about Poland…………………….pages 23-25 International Myeloma Workshop 2021 2 Kraków 2021 ? Yes, of course ! KRAKÓW is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland situated on the Vistula river in the south of Poland. For many years Krakow was the royal capital of Poland until 17 th c. Krakow - an architectural pearl amongst Polish cities on the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage list with its architectural complex of the Old City which has survived unchanged since the Middle Age It is still the city where, like ages ago, one can walk along the Royal Route , starting from the city gates and arriving at the Royal Castle Hill .
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E X C U R S I O N I a (19. IX. 1963) the Excursion Was Devoted to The
GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS OF THE XXXVI ANNUAL MEETING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF POLAND, PIEN17NY MOUNTAINS, 1963 by Krzysztof Birkenmajer, Kazimierz Bogacz, Stefan Kozłowski and Stanisław Węcławik Excursion I A (19. IX. 1963) The excursion was devoted to the hydrogeological, geochemical and balneotechnical (as well as balneotherapeutical) problems of mineral waters of Szczawnica. Excursion IB (19. IX. 1963) During the excursion were shown outcrops of andesite dykes of Mt. Bryjarka at Szczawnica, as well as Quaternary terraces of the Grajcarek stream valley. Excursion IC (19. IX. 1963) The members of the excursion visited a clay pit at Krościenko, which exposes Pliocene clays and’ gravels with abundant and well preserved plant remains (references: Szafer 1946-7, 1950, 1954; K l i m a s ze w- s k i 1948; Birkenma j e r 1954a, 1958a). Excursions II A (20. IX) and III A (21. IX. 1963) The programme of the excursions included outcrops of the Podhale — 413 — Palaeogene (flysch) near the southern contact of the Pieniny Klippen Belt at Szaflary, stratigraphy and tectonics of the Pieniny-, Branisko-, and Czorsztyn Series, as well as the problem of the relation of the Upper Senonian Mantle (Jarmuta Beds) to the Klippen Series between the villa ge Szaflary and the Szaflary quarry. Later on, at Krempachy, has been demonstrated a section of the Pieniny Klippen Belt including strongly disturbed tectonically klippes of the Czorsztyn Series, as well as Dogger-, Middle and Upper Cretaceous members of the northern zone of the Klippen Belt, referred now to the Magura Series. Similar problems were also discussed at Dursztyn, where -the excursion had finished.
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The Tatra Mts – Rocks, Landforms, Weathering and Soils Tatry – Skały, Rzeźba, Wietrzenie I Gleby
Geoturystyka 2 (13) 2008: 51-74 The Tatra Mts – rocks, landforms, weathering and soils Tatry – skały, rzeźba, wietrzenie i gleby Marek Drewnik1, Ireneusz Felisiak2, Irena Jerzykowska3 & Janusz Magiera2 1Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences; ul. Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland. (Institute of Geography and Spatial Management) 2AGH University of Science and Technology; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection; Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland. 3Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences; ul. Gołębia 24, 31-007 Kraków, Poland. (Institute of Geological Sciences) e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Chabówka Introduction Nowy Targ The Tatra Mountains are the most prominent, the highest Szczawnica (2,655 m a.s.l.) and presently non-glaciated mountains in the Warszawa Czarny Dunajec Niedzica Central Europe, located approximately halfway between the Baltic Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and between the Atlantic Zakopane Ocean and the Ural Mts. Thus, they occupy a transitional Kraków position between the maritime Western Europe and the con- tinental Eastern European lowland. Field trip leads through the core of the central part of the Tatry Mts: Bystra valley, Kasprowy Wierch Mt, and Sucha Woda valley (Fig. 1). It gives good insight into geological Abstract: The trip gives insight into geology and landforms as well structure, landscape as well as weathering and soil forming as into past and present dynamic geological, geomorphologic and processes. Essential differences between the both main parts soil-forming processes in the central part of Polish Tatra Mts.
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Neotectonics of the Polish Carpathians in the Light of Geomorphic Studies: a State of the Art
Acta Geodyn. Geomater., Vol. 6, No. 3 (155), 291-308, 2009 NEOTECTONICS OF THE POLISH CARPATHIANS IN THE LIGHT OF GEOMORPHIC STUDIES: A STATE OF THE ART Witold ZUCHIEWICZ Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland *Corresponding author‘s e-mail: [email protected] (Received January 2009, accepted March 2009) ABSTRACT Neotectonics of the Carpathians used to be studied extensively, particular attention being paid to the effects of large-scale domal uplifts and open folding above marginal zones of thrusts and imbricated map-scale folds, and rarely to the characteristics of young faulting. Neotectonic faults tend to be associated with the margins of the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin, superposed on the boundary between the Inner and Outer Western Carpathians, as well as with some regions within the Outer Carpathians. The size of Quaternary tilting of the Tatra Mts. on the sub-Tatric fault were estimated at 100 to 300 m, and recent vertical crustal movements of this area detected by repeated precise levelling are in the range of 0.4-1.0 mm/yr in rate. Minor vertical block movements of oscillatory character (0.5-1 mm/yr) were detected along faults cutting the Pieniny Klippen Belt owing to repeated geodetic measurements performed on the Pieniny geodynamic test area. In the western part of the Western Outer Carpathians, middle and late Pleistocene reactivation of early Neogene thrust surfaces was suggested. Differentiated mobility of reactivated as normal Miocene faults (oriented (N-S to NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW) in the medial portion of the Dunajec River drainage basin appears to be indicated by the results of long-profile analyses of deformed straths, usually of early and middle Pleistocene age.
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BEST of CENTRAL EUROPE Budapest • Vienna • Prague • Warsaw • Zakopane • Krakow 14 Days/13 Nights 2021 TOUR DATES Prices Valid If Booked by Dec.17, 2020
BEST OF CENTRAL EUROPE Budapest • Vienna • Prague • Warsaw • Zakopane • Krakow 14 days/13 nights 2021 TOUR DATES Prices valid if booked by Dec.17, 2020 Starts in Budapest on Saturdays: May 01/Sat - May 14/Fri $2,830 May 22/Sat - Jun. 04/Fri $2,830 Sep. 11/Sat - Sep. 24/Fri $2,830 Sep. 25/Sat - Oct. 08/Fri $2,830 Single room supplement - on request 8 DAY TOUR TO BUDAPEST, VIENNA, PRAGUE TOUR PROGRAM Starts in Budapest on Saturdays: On Friday depart for Budapest, Hungary. saw where you'll be met and transferred to your May 01/Sat - May 08/Sat $1,599 1st Day/Sat - BUDAPEST. Upon arrival in Bu- hotel in city center. At 6:00 pm, meet your tour dapest an optional transfer to your hotel. In the guide and other tour members in the hotel lobby May 15/Sat - May 22/Sat $1,599 evening, meet your Tour Director and other tour and depart for a welcome dinner. (B, D) participants for a Welcome Dinner. (D) (With land only services flight is not included.) May 22/Sat - May 29/Sat $1,599 2nd DAY/Sun - BUDAPEST. Situated on the 9th Day/Sun - WARSAW. This morning, we intro- Jun. 12/Sat - Jun. 19/Sat $1,599 opposite banks of the Danube River, the former duce you to the highlights of Warsaw. A half-day cities of Buda and Pest are linked by a series of sightseeing tour includes Old Town, beautifully Jul. 17/Sat - Jul. 24/Sat $1,499 graceful bridges. Our morning sightseeing tour rebuilt after World War II with impressive Royal Castle, seat of last Polish kings.
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The Tatra Mountains and Zakopane Through the Eyes of Two Artists: Witkacy and Tetmajer
Prairie Perspectives 181 The Tatra Mountains and Zakopane through the eyes of two artists: Witkacy and Tetmajer Ania Holub and Paul Simpson-Housley York University Abstract: An author’s and an artist’s treatment of landscape reflects the categories of perception of the culture and what Thomas Hardy called the “idiosyncratic mode of regard.” Thus, there are both culturally conditioned and personal (or idiosyncratic) aspects of an artist’s mode of perception. We consider how two Polish artists/writers evaluate the Tatra-Podhale region through their perceptual filters. Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer and Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz (Witkacy) provide colourful insights into their regional domain, an area which contrasts dramatically with the lowlands that cover most of the rest of Poland. A writer’s treatment of landscape reflects the categories of perception of the culture and what Thomas Hardy called ‘the idiosyncratic mode of regard’ (Hardy 1928). Thus, there are both culturally conditioned and personal (or idiosyncratic) aspects of an author’s/artist’s mode of perception. Geography has traditionally emphasized the former in its assessment of human/environment relationships. However, the artist’s personal perception conditions his/her geographic evaluation. In the case of D. H. Lawrence, the general values and categories of English Romanticism are reflected in, for example, his rather conventional contrasts between agrarian and industrial landscapes. His most successful descriptions, however, reflect primarily his intensely personal mode of perception. Lawrence was a writer of extraordinarily diverse works, yet a coherent and very quirky personal view colours everything. 182 Prairie Perspectives In other words, his pseudo philosophy provided a filter through which all is seen, and his sheer descriptive power derives to a great extent from the metaphorical energy provided by his personal view.
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Wykaz Identyfikatorów I Nazw Jednostek Podziału Terytorialnego Kraju” Zawiera Jednostki Tego Podziału Określone W: − Ustawie Z Dnia 24 Lipca 1998 R
ZAK£AD WYDAWNICTW STATYSTYCZNYCH, 00-925 WARSZAWA, AL. NIEPODLEG£0ŒCI 208 Informacje w sprawach sprzeda¿y publikacji – tel.: (0 22) 608 32 10, 608 38 10 PRZEDMOWA Niniejsza publikacja „Wykaz identyfikatorów i nazw jednostek podziału terytorialnego kraju” zawiera jednostki tego podziału określone w: − ustawie z dnia 24 lipca 1998 r. o wprowadzeniu zasadniczego trójstopniowego podziału terytorialnego państwa (Dz. U. Nr 96, poz. 603 i Nr 104, poz. 656), − rozporządzeniu Rady Ministrów z dnia 7 sierpnia 1998 r. w sprawie utworzenia powiatów (Dz. U. Nr 103, poz. 652) zaktualizowane na dzień 1 stycznia 2010 r. Aktualizacja ta uwzględnia zmiany w podziale teryto- rialnym kraju dokonane na podstawie rozporządzeń Rady Ministrów w okresie od 02.01.1999 r. do 01.01.2010 r. W „Wykazie...”, jako odrębne pozycje wchodzące w skład jednostek zasadniczego podziału terytorialnego kraju ujęto dzielnice m. st. Warszawy oraz delegatury (dawne dzielnice) miast: Kraków, Łódź, Poznań i Wrocław a także miasta i obszary wiejskie wchodzące w skład gmin miejsko-wiejskich. Zamieszczone w wykazie identyfikatory jednostek podziału terytorialnego zostały okre- ślone w: − załączniku nr 1 do rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 15 grudnia 1998 r. w sprawie szczegółowych zasad prowadzenia, stosowania i udostępniania krajowego rejestru urzędo- wego podziału terytorialnego kraju oraz związanych z tym obowiązków organów admini- stracji rządowej i jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, obowiązującego od dnia 1 stycz- nia 1999 r. (Dz. U. z 1998 r. Nr 157, poz. 1031), − kolejnych rozporządzeniach Rady Ministrów zmieniających powyższe rozporządzenie w zakresie załącznika nr 1 (Dz. U. z 2000 Nr 13, poz. 161, z 2001 r. Nr 12, poz. 100 i Nr 157, poz.
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The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W
Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR.
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Geological Framework of the Tatra Mountains- Podhale Geothermal System (Carpathians)
Bulletin d’Hydrogiologie No 17 (1999) Centre d’Hydrogiologie, Universiti de Neuchdtel ED~IONSPET ERLwc Geological framework of the Tatra Mountains- Podhale geothermal system (Carpathians) by J6zef Wieczorek GEOCONSULTMG, Smoluchowskiego4/1,30-083 Krak6w, Poland, in cooperation with PEC Geotermia Podhalanska S. A. Zakopane ABSTRACT The Podhale (Western Carpathians) region lying between the Tatra Mts. and the Pieniny Klippen Belt is known as an area rich in thermal water exploited for heating purposes as well as recreation (swimming pools). The thermal springs at the foot of the Tatra Mts. (Jaszczurowka, Oravice) are the surhce manifestations of an active geothermal system. Numerous drilling data have cohedthe existence of low-enthalpy geothermal reservoir under the entire Podhale basin. The thermal waters are associated with carbonates of highly fractured Nummulite Eocene and with Mesozoic rocks (carbonates of Middle Triassic, sandstones of Lower Jurassic).Two geothermal doublets were completed for themal water exploitation in the northern part of Podhale basin where thermal waters of 80-90°C occur at the depth -2000-3000m. KEVWORDS Thermal waters, geothermal system, geology, Carpathians 1. Entroduction The Podhale (Western Carpathians) region lying between the Tatra Mts. and the Pieniny Klippen Belt is known as an area rich in low-enthalpy thermal water (SOKOLOWSKI, 1992, CHOWANJEC & POPRAWA 1998). The Tatra Mts. massif elevated in Miocene and mainly in post-Miocene period form a recharge area of 350 km2however, the Pieniny Klippen Belt is considered an impermeable barrier for fluid flow. The Tatra Mts.-Podhale segment of the Inner Carpathians form an alpine-type artesian geothermal system, which is only a part of a much larger Inner Carpathian geothemml region, situated on both sides of Poland-Slovakian border around the Tatra Mts.
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Interwar Central Europe and the Search for the Lost Mountains
Contemporary European History (2020), 29, 16–29 doi:10.1017/S0960777319000171 ARTICLE From Neo-Slavism to Internationalism: Interwar Central Europe and the Search for the Lost Mountains Carolin F. Roeder Max Planck Institute of the History of Science, Boltzmannstraße 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany [email protected] Abstract This article highlights the contribution of East Central Europe to interwar internationalism by showing how solutions to regional challenges gave birth to the Union internationale des associations d’alpinisme (UIAA), a permanent international organisation for mountaineering. The territorial fragmentation caused by the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire required alpine clubs to lobby for the softening of new political borders while simultaneously contributing to state building efforts. Successful experiences with bilateral agreements in the Tatras and re-emerging Neo-Slavist ideas led to the founding of the Association of Slavic Tourist Organization in 1924, which in turn motivated the establishment of the UIAA. The leading figures in this process were alpinists with a distinct internationalist profile who navigated seamlessly between their role as agents of the state and private citizens. In August 1932 representatives from almost fifty alpine, tourist and ski clubs hailing from twenty countries convened at the Third International Alpine Congress in the French town of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc. At a moment when international institutions proliferated, the time had come to finalise an idea that had been formulated already in the previous century: the founding of an international organisation of mountaineering.1 Large societies active in the Alps had sent their delegates to meet with organisations from overseas, including the American Alpine Club and its Canadian counterpart.
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