The American Diary Commanded by General fames Wolfe, Reading Guide about 1,800 British troops landed "on the Content Vocabulary alliance (p. 109) speculator (p. 112) North Shore [of ] ... an Hour before Academic Vocabulary Day Break.'' To get in position to attack, the prospect (p. 110) soldiers had to climb a steep cliff Key People and Events General Edward Braddock (p. 109) Scrambling up the slope, the British soldiers Seven Years' War (p. 110) ran into "a little Firing// from French William Pitt (p. 110) guards. They continued to climb until they Jeffrey Amherst (p. 111) (p. 111) "gained the top of the [cliff].'' By the time (p. 111) the sun rose over Quebec, British and Pontiac's War (p. 112) Proclamation of 1763 (p. 112) French soldiers were prepared to battle on Reading Strategy the Plains ofAbraham outside the city. Taking Notes As you read, use a diagram like the one below to list the -from a letter by General George Townshend lands that France lost when the Treaty of Paris of 1763 was signed. The British Take Action or unions, with Native Americans allowed the French to control large areas of land, 1\'J tmj'IGt¥1 William Pitt helped turn the tide of the stretching from the St. Lawrence River in French and Indian War to the colonists' favor. Canada all the way south to New Orleans. The French and their Native American allies History and You Has a friend ever given you advice that you wished you had followed? Read to learn why seemed to be winning control of the Ameri­ one British general was defeated because of his failure can frontier. The final showdown was about to accept advice. to begin...... During the early stages of the French and Indian War, the British colonists fought the T he Battle of Quebec, fought in 1759, was a French and the Native Americans with little deciding moment in the conflict between Brit­ help from Britain. In 1754, however, the gov­ ain and France. That conflict was known as ernment in London decided to intervene in the the French and Indian War. This war raged in conflict. It was alarmed by the new forts the North America through the late 1750s and French were building and by Washington's early 1760s. The French and Indian War was defeat at Fort Necessity. In the fall of 1754, part of a larger struggle between the British Great Britain appointed General Edward and the French. That struggle involved, or Braddock commander in chief of the British included, control of world trade and power forces in America. Braddock's mission was to on the seas. drive the French forces from the Ohio Valley In 1754 the governor of Massachusetts region. made an announcement to the colonial assem­ bly. He told them that the French were on the Braddock Marches to Duquesne way to "making themselves masters of this In June 1755, Braddock started out from Continent." with about 1,400 red-coated British The French were building well-armed forts soldiers and a smaller force of blue-coated throughout the region and the colonial . served valley. Their network of alliances, as an aide to Braddock during the campaign.

Primary Source Two Heroes: Wolfe and Montcalm

. d both the British Known as outstandmg commGan er~, Montcalm lost their General Wolfe and the French enera . lives in the Battle of Quebec. O~ring_ t:eo~g:::~d:;~: the was shot in the chest and was carne rd . of "they rear of the front line:' He reportedly hea cnes e French} run:' Told that the French line~ _had bdroken, {th . fi d th t the Bnt1sh ha won. Wolfe died peacefully, satls •e a . Montcalm also was wounded in battle. As ~e la~~n bed Montcalm asked how long he had to hve., -~n ld' "about a dozen hours;' the French genera s,~~ ' to h y shall not IVe "So much the better .... I am app 1 to see the surrender of Quebec:· om Historical Journal of the CamApai~ns ..,.. Marquis - fr in North merrca de Montcalm

Making Generalizations Why are Wolfe and Montcalm considered heroes? What qualities do you think make a person a hero? On the march to Fort Duquesne, Washington Britain Declares War on France reported that Braddock: The fighting in America helped start a new war in Europe. This war was known as the PRIMARY SouRcE Seven Years' War. After arranging an alli­ "[ha lted] to level every mole hill, and to erect bridges ance with Prussia, Britain declared war on over every brook, by which means we were four days in France in 1756. Prussia fought France and its getting twelve miles:' allies in Europe. Britain fought France in the -from Life of Washington Caribbean, India, and North America. Early in the war, French troops captured Washington told Braddock that his army's several British forts, and their Native Ameri­ style of marching was not well suited to fight­ can allies began raiding frontier farms from ing on the frontier. Lined up in columns and ew York to . They killed set­ rows wearing bright-colored uniforms, the tlers, burned farmhouses and crops, and troops became easy targets. Braddock ignored drove many families back toward the coast. Washington's advice. French forces from Canada captured British Native Americans and French troops forts at Lake Ontario and at Lake George. ambushed the British on July 9. The British were confused and frightened. They could Pitt Takes Charge not even see their attackers, who were hidden Great Britain's prospects, or chances for in the forest and shooting at them from success, in America improved after William behind trees. Braddock was killed. Defeated, Pitt came to power. Pitt served as secretary of the British lost nearly 1,000 men. Washington state and then as prime minister of Great Brit­ led the survivors back to Virginia. ain and was a great military planner.

A War for North America During the ._ French troop movements French and Indian War, Great Britain and .,_ British victory France each fought for control of the *" French victory North American continent. Native • City o Fort American leaders, who had long played the European rivals against each other, were forced to choose

ATLANTIC OCEAN To avoid arguments from the colonists The Fall of New France about the cost of the war, Pitt decided that Great Britain would pay for the war sup­ IMttftiG!¥1 The fall of Quebec and ended plies-no matter the cost. Pitt ran up an enor­ the French and Indian War in North America. mous debt. After the war the British raised History and You What factors lead to success or the colonists' taxes to help pay this debt. Pitt failure in battle? Read to learn how the British defeated had only delayed the moment when the colo­ the French in the French and Indian War. nists had to pay their share of the bill...... Pitt wanted more than just a clear path to the Western territories. He also intended to T he British had so many victories in 1759 conquer French Canada. He sent British that people said the church bells of London troops to North America under commanders wore thin with joyous ringing. The greatest victory of the war, though, took place in the Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe. In 1758 a British assault recaptured the fortress at heart of New France. Louisbourg. That same year a group of New Englanders, led by British officers, captured The Battle of Quebec Fort Frontenac at Lake Ontario. Still another Quebec was the capital of New France and British force took Fort Duquesne in Pennsyl­ was located on top of a cliff overlooking the vania, which was renamed Fort Pitt. St. Lawrence River. Quebec was thought to be impossible to attack. In September 1759, Brit­ ish general James Wolfe's scouts spotted a Reading Check Describing Why was William poorly guarded path along the back of the Pitt successful at managing the war for Britain? cliff. During the night, Wolfe's soldiers over­ whelmed the French guards and scrambled up the path. The British troops then surprised and defeated the French army on a field called the Plains of Abraham. "[Swords] and hatchets playing on every quarter with much ... blood but our New Hampshire forces being The Treaty of Paris fresh & courageous and the Enemy tired and much The fall of Quebec and General Amherst's discouraged with the Defeat they met with, retreated capture of Montreal the following year and made their escape toward a Creek . ... The day brought an end to the fighting in North after ye battle three Frenchmen were taken up by the America. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 forced Guard of Fort Lymon who upon examination declared France to give Canada and most of its lands that their Army was [defeated]." east of the to Great Britain. -Colonist Robert Moses, diary entry, 1755 Great Britain also received Florida from France's ally, Spain. Spain acquired French lands west of the Mississippi River-the Louisiana Territory-as well as the port of ..,.. Mohawk chief New Orleans . was an The Treaty of Paris marked the end of important British ally. France as a power in North America. The continent was now divided between Great Britain and Spain.

Reading Check Region Which country controlled the Determining Cause and territory around the Great lakes? Effect What happened to France's territory as a result of its defeat in the war? ,.ups ~ See StudentWorks™ Plus or Growth of the Chapter 4 111 Trouble on the Frontier In the spring of 1763, Pontiac gathered forces and captured the British fort at Detroit l i'l tMtlal¥1 Continued conflict between Native and other British outposts. That summer, Americans and British settlers led to the Proclamation Native Americans killed settlers along the of 1763. Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers during History and You How would you feel if a CD you Pontiac's War. The war finally ended in ordered and paid for never arrived? Read to learn August 1765 after the British defeated why some land investors were furious about the Pontiac's allies. Pontiac signed a peace treaty, Proclamation of 1763 . and the British pardoned him...... , ......

T he French loss dealt a blow to the Native The Proclamation of 1763 Americans of the Ohio River valley. They had To prevent more fighting, Britain called a lost their French allies and trading partners. halt to the settlers' westward expansion. The The British raised the prices of their goods Proclamation of 1763 set the Appalachian and, unlike the French, refused to pay the Mountains as the temporary western bound­ Native Americans for the use of their land. ary for the colonies. The proclamation espe­ Worst of all, more British settlers began mov­ cially angered those who owned shares in ing west onto Native American lands. land companies. These speculators, or inves­ tors, had already bought land west of the Pontiac's War mountains. They were furious that Britain Pontiac, chief of an Ottawa village near ignored their land claims. More conflicts Detroit, regarded British settlers as a threat to would soon arise between Britain and the his people's way of life. Just as Benjamin colonists. Franklin tried to bring the colonies together with his Albany Plan, Pontiac wanted Native Reading Check Examining Why were some American groups to unite to fight the British. colonists angered by the Proclamation of 1763?

Vocabulary Critical Thinking 6. Creative Writing Write a con­ 1. Using complete sentences, 5. Identifying Problems and versation between two French define the following terms: Solutions Use a chart like the fur trappers that describes how one below to list the problems they might have felt about the Treaty of Paris. Main Ideas of General Braddock's army. List actions he could have taken er t 2. Identifying Before Pitt took that might have brought about 7. • charge, what advantages did the France's defeat. How did the outcome of the French have in North America? Problem French and Indian War deter­ 3. Summarizing What effect did mine who controlled North the Treaty of Paris have on America? France? "'--'-~ ..,__, 4. Discussing Why did Pontiac $ want the Native Americans to ~..,__,, join forces?

112 Chapter 4 Growth of the Thirteen Colonies Main Idea I Supporting Details Geography affects the eco­ • Regional geographic characteristics lead to: nomic development of the - subsistence farming and commerce in , American colonies. - an economy based on cash crops and industry in the Middle Colonies, and - a farming economy dependent on slavery in the South.

A distinctly American culture • Americans embrace religion, education, science and the arts, the begins to develop during family, and freedom of the press. 1..!~==----rthe colonial period.

American ideas about gov­ • The colonists are inspired by the English Bill of Rights and by the ernment have their begin­ English ideals of limited government and representative government. nings in both British law and colonial government.

Native Americans generally • The British want the support of Native Americans in fighting the have better relations with French but seize Native American land without paying them for it. French settlers than British • The French receive more Native American help because they trade settlers. with them and do not try to take their land.

Worldwide competition • Both Britain and France want control of North American resources. between Britain and France • Conflicts over fur trading in the Ohio River valley eventually lead to for wealth and land leads the French and Indian War. to conflict in North America.

The French and Indian War • The Treaty of Paris divides North America between Britain and Spain. shifts the balance of power • Conflicts build between the settlers in North America. and the Native Americans, as well as between the colonists and Britain.

the French and Indian War

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