Coral Reef Fish Management Plan for Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Ken Longenecker, Gana Ben, Lucy Edi, Endingo Gaip, Tom Jiana, Gabong Kawa, Tana Keputong, Gwae Muiya, Kissi Nadup, Takwa Nadup, Tusi Nandang, Ben Naru, Simon Naru, June Nero, Gabu Rueben, Yaeng Tana, David Tom, Masila Tusi
Cover: A satellite image of the coral-reef-containing portion of Kamiali Wildlife Management Area. The reference point is located at 7.30905° S, 147.13516° E. The scale bar represents one kilometer. Image courtesy of the GeoEye Foundation.
ii Coral Reef Fish Management Plan for Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
Ken Longenecker Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawaiʻi 96817 USA
and
Gana Ben Lucy Edi Endingo Gaip Tom Jiana Gabong Kawa Tana Keputong Gwae Muiya Kissi Nadup Takwa Nadup Tusi Nandang Ben Naru Simon Naru June Nero Gabu Rueben Yaeng Tana David Tom Masila Tusi Kamiali Wildlife Management Area Morobe Province PNG
Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawaiʻi
November 2014
iii
Bishop Museum 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawaiʻi
Copyright © 2014 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America
Contribution No. 2014-004 to the Pacific Biological Survey
iv Preface
One of Bishop Museum’s major goals is to guide nature conservation through collaboration with traditional societies and organizations. In Papua New Guinea (PNG), Bishop Museum’s strategy is to build upon the culturally based resource management practices of local people, develop on-the-ground knowledge and expertise, and demonstrate to resource owners the tangible benefits of environmental conservation. Fish is the primary source dietary protein at the village of Kamiali (Morobe Province). This makes Kamiali residents intensely interested in the long-term condition of their marine environment. Conservation strategies that incorporate reasonable levels of exploitation will be readily accepted, advancing both conservation and the sustainable use of the rich marine resources at Kamiali. This marine management plan was developed in conjunction with the Kamiali Wildlife Management Committee (KWMC) and community members representing Kamiali’s clans. Following are the self-described community role and clan of my co-authors.
Name Role Clan Gana Ben Woman Tabale Lucy Edi Woman Gala Endingo Gaip Woman Tabale Tom Jiana KWMC Member Gala Gabong Kawa Fisher Gala Tana Keputong Magistrate Tabale Gwae Muiya Fisher Gala Kissi Nadup KWMC Secretary Gala Takwa Nadup Teacher Tabale Tusi Nandang KWMC Chairman Gala Ben Naru Community Chairman Tabale Simon Naru KWMC Deputy Chairman Tabale June Nero Fisher Gala Gabu Rueben KWMC Treasurer Tabale Yaeng Tana KWMC Member Tabale David Tom Fisher Gala Masila Tusi Woman Gala
This management plan is geared toward Kamiali residents. Toward that end, the plan features translations into Kala (Kamiali’s vernacular language) and Tok Pisin (PNG’s lingua franca). Translations were done in a two-step process with my co-author, Gabu Rueben. First, because Gabu has an easier time thinking in Tok Pisin (relative to English), and because he was not familiar with many of the English words in the plan, he and I collaborated on the Tok Pisin translation. In some places, the Tok Pisin translation is what we considered to be a reasonable approximation of the English text. Gabu then worked independently to translate the Tok Pisin version into Kala. I then sat with Gabu and reviewed both translations to be sure I could read his handwritten manuscripts. I typed the translations after leaving Kamiali (when I had access to electricity). Gabu has not reviewed the typed translations herein. It is likely that I made some errors, and that the translations may need revision. All mistakes in this publication rest solely with me, and should not reflect on my co-authors.
Ken Longenecker Honolulu, Hawaii 6 November 2014 v Acknowledgments
Satellite imagery was provided courtesy of the GeoEye Foundation. All fish images are by John E. Randall, who generously shares his collection of fish photographs. Financial support for this plan came from a private foundation wishing to remain anonymous. The same foundation, plus Hawaiian Airlines, provided support for the marine research on which the plan is based. Holly Bolick reviewed the English version of this plan.
vi INTRODUCTION
English Tok Pisin Kala
About 600 people live in Klostu 600 manmeri stap Lau gindi tõ gabo nua and control the natural re- na lukautim olgeta samting dene lekene esẽ ko (600) da sources of the Kamiali Wild- antap long graun, bus, na yomosu Kamiali gi life Management Area solwara. Ples bilong bosim (KWMA). Da soso saĩ putu (KWMA) on the Huon Coast na lukautim olgeta samting bilalo magĩ ta. Talu masa of Morobe Province, Papua olsem pis, diwai, bus, graun, yogo gele godotome ŋge New Guinea (PNG). The na abus em istap long Huon duda ila, e, bilalo ma ta magĩ KWMA was created in 1996 Kost long Morobe Provins, wede da taluta gẽsu Morobe and includes about 320 Papua Niugini (PNG). Long gi, Papua Niugini (PNG). square kilometers of land dispela ples (KWMA) ol ibin Gẽsu KWMA da yeiti talu- and 150 square kilometers of kamapim long 1996 na emi tosa ndi yala 1996. Ma aŋa ocean. Of the 150 square gat 320 skwea kilomita puŋa gabo da gindi kopia kilometers of ocean, about graun na 150 skwea kilomita iŋgu ko (320 skwea 2.5 square kilometers are em long solwara. Long 150 kilomita) ma aŋata da ŋa shallow coral reefs (<24 me- skwea kilomita bilong sol- gabo gindi (150 skwea ters)1, and deeper reefs are wara samting olsem tupela kilomita) kopia iŋgu kobo found throughout KWMA. poin faiv (2.5) skwea ŋgu itapi lekene dene 2.5 da The people living at kilomita em arere bilong rip kulĩ ŋaisã. Lekene oto ŋgu KWMA get most of their (twenty-foa mitas) na long (24 mita) ma kana mbu needs from its natural re- dip rip em ol i painim insait yakla da yeitapi gẽ Kamiali. sources. However, they long KWMA. Lau godotome dene so- must have cash for modest Olgeta manmeri istap mosu Kamiali gida sesi tapi necessities such as medicine long KWMA ikisim olgeta seĩ somoŋa anda da gẽsu seĩ and school fees. In PNG, nids bilong ol long dispela talugi. Ŋgesu mali nua da logging and mining are hap bilong ol. Igat taim, ol wele sesitapi goŋayẽ (mani) tempting short-term sources imas igat mani bilong ŋgunŋgi salasa ŋgu suli mal- of money for small villages halivim ol long baim malasin asĩ magi goŋyẽ lumi kopia such as Kamiali, but often na skul fi. Insait long PNG, ŋa. Ŋgẽ PNG da bombia iĩ have disastrous long-term timba kampani na maining kuluku eŋa magĩ kuluku atu environmental and social isave kamap sotpela taim goŋayẽ ŋada gẽ teŋgi wele consequences. long painim mani long liklik ŋe balitã, da iki ŋapuŋa ndi The KWMA residents ples olsem Kamiali, tasol ambolã kokole duda Kami- took a different approach in olgeta taim bagarap isave ali. Teŋgi no yakla da the interest of conserving kamap long graun na givim ŋapuŋa puŋa gomosi da iki their natural resources, and hevi long manmeri. ŋapuŋa ndi Kala. thus preserving their tradi- KWMA manmeri lukluk KWMA sala lauta da se- tional lifestyle. In 2006, vil- long narapela rot bilong lu- silĩ andalawa gwauŋ ŋgu lage leaders signed a Memo- kautim gut graun, bus, na soso saĩ pu magĩ bilalo mata randum of Understanding solwara wantaim pasin tum- mbulia saĩ abulaĩ andalawa. with Bishop Museum outlin- buna bilong ol. Insait long Ndi yala 2006 da Laubabo ing the development of a yia 2006, ol hetman i sainim ambolã ŋada sosoto kopia world-class, remote, scien- wanpela wanbel pepa wan- nuagĩ Bishop Museum ŋgu
1 tific-research station at taim Bishop Museum long sala wele sesinu kuluku pi- KWMA. This research sta- wok bung wantaim long tumeme ŋgu siti da ŋgu koto tion has provided the foun- kamapim gutpela risas stesin kana pu, bilalo magĩ ta ŋesu dation for a self-sustaining long olgeta graun. Dispela pu gabo dene. environmental conservation risas stesin i save givim Data dini wele ŋgi kalasa and economic development sapot long gutpela wei o rot ŋa andalawa yakla ŋgu koto program. long kamapim na lukautim kana pu, bilalo magĩ ta ŋgu The program concept is graun, bus, na solwara long wele kata tapi goŋayẽ piŋa. simple. Field biologists will kisim mani. Andalawa ta da anda ŋgu be attracted to a well- Dispela tingting emi gut- wele bombiala sigu ŋabi ma managed environment. Vis- pela. Ol saveman bai harim saĩ tẽ anda ŋgu somo sikano iting researchers pay the na hamamas long ikam long kana ambolã ma wele sesiki community for research per- kain ples olsem. Olgeta goŋa yẽ ukana taluŋa. Ma mits, field support, lodging, saveman i baim kominiti ri- sesi kalasa ŋgu siki goŋayẽ u and meals. This link be- sas fi, sapotim ol wokman- talu yoŋgwe ŋa ma u talu tween economic growth and meri, ples slip wantaim kai- bodiŋa. Andalawa ta wele environmental conservation kai. Dispela rot kamap ŋgi tambuli ma yali lasa ŋgu provides a strong long-term namel long ol manmeri long sitapi goŋayẽ ma iki ŋayaŋga incentive for villagers to pro- painim mani na gutpela sin- (kuŋgawã) ndi sala ŋgu soso tect their land and water. daun na strongim ol long saĩ talu (pu, alẽ, ta). lukautim graun, bus, na sola- wara bilong ol.
Conceptual model of the environmental conserva- tion and economic development program at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area: A well-managed environ- ment attracts biological research, providing a means of economic development to pay for school and medicine, thus providing incentive for continued environmental conservation.
2 The biggest threat to the Bikpela bagarap i kamap Ŋapuŋa gabo gomosi ŋgu conservation-research- long wanem ol manmeri i tambulila ma yalila siga i income cycle may be fishing save kisim pis long rip isap ŋgesu kulĩ dene kobo ludũ on coral reefs. Coral-reef arere long dip. Rip pis emi magĩ mbu. I kulĩ ŋada wede fish are the primary source nambawan abus tru bilong anda solome ŋgẽsu KWMA. of protein in the diet of KWMA manmeri (igat wan- Ndi no nuã da sesimia gi silĩ KWMA residents (there is wan taim ol isave igo painim wede ŋgẽ bilalo. Kulĩ dene very little hunting2), yet abus long bus), igat rip i ipi gẽta daŋa lekene otosa coral reefs represents only kamap long kain namba ol- ŋgu 0.5% ŋgẽsu talu about 0.5% of the total area sem 0.5% insait long olgeta godotome dene ŋgẽ KWMA. of KWMA. In other words, hap bilong KWMA. Long Ŋgẽ ambolã Kamiali dasaĩ the village’s main source of arapela, hap bilong ples pi wede da ii sesiga ita mosu protein (fish) is collected semi abus tru na ol i kisim saĩ talu walã nua ŋgẽsu from a very small portion of long liklik hap eria bilong KWMA. KWMA. KWMA. Andalawa ŋgu kataga i For the conservation- Long pasin bilong wok mosu KWMA ii kulĩŋa wele research-income cycle to long KWMA rip ol imas kataga i gindi ŋgu katiŋa ma work on KWMA’s coral kisim abus inap long kaikai koto kana kulĩ magĩ ta u reefs, the village must bal- na tu imas lukautim rip na muliaŋa. ance marine conservation solwara long bihain taim. with the need for and cul- tural value of fishing
To succeed in KWMA’s subsistence economy, a marine management plan must balance marine conservation with the need for and cultural value of exploiting the marine habitat.
Some aspects of life at Sampela wei bilong laip Andalawa yakla ŋgu ŋgi KWMA may already help long KWMA emi stap pinis KWMA sada agẽ muye ŋgu conserve reef fishes. The long halivim lukautim rip koto ii kuliŋa. Taluta da agẽ area is far from commercial pis. Dispela eria emi long balĩ ŋgu kataga i miapi (64 fish markets (64 kilometers), wei tru long ples bilong kilomita) ŋgu taki (maket) and there are no roads link- salim pis (64 kilomita), na ŋgu tatapi goŋayẽ andalawa ing KWMA to those mar- ino gat rot igo long KWMA dene da iki ŋapuŋa ndi kets. In PNG, this distance long maket. Insait long KWMA. Ŋgẽ PNG an- is enough to reduce the PNG, dispela kilomita emi dalawa gitapi KWMA yetã 3 lihood of overfishing3. Fur- inap long daunim strong sudenegi da iki ŋapuŋa ma ther, lack of refrigeration bilong wok pis tumas. Na kuni yeĩ ŋayaŋga mba gu reduces the motivation to tu, ino gat masin o ples kol kuluku iŋa. Magĩ masin o da catch more fish than can be bilong putim pis. Dispela i talu ŋagabõ nua itã tã ngu used within a few days1. givim hevi olsem na ol i yeiki isu. Gudene ŋada Additionally, a short list kisim liklik inap long kaikai yeiga i gindi ŋgu yeiŋa of rules, made under the tupela o tripela dei. ŋgesu mali lua o mali tlawa. Fauna (Protection and Con- Igat govman pepa ol i Sala lau babo da kopia ŋa trol) Act Chapter No. 154 of wokim aninit long Pauna (gavman) da sesi Masã Papua New Guinea revised (Protekson na Kontrol) Kopia Nua ŋgesu talu ŋgu ŋo laws, governs the use of namba 154 long Papua gele godotome (Pauna Pro- natural resources within Niugini lo insait long teksin Kantrol) #154 ŋgesu KWMA4. Two of these KWMA. Dispela tupela lo Papua Niugini. Ŋgesu rules offer some protection givim strong lukautim rip KWMA da bilua dene da iki to reef fishes. First, any per- pis. Namba wan, wanem kuŋgawã ŋgu koto kana i son without customary and man, meri, o pikinini husait i kulĩ ŋa. Bi ŋamataŋa iŋgu traditional claim of right to laikim kilim wanpela abus dudene ŋgu sai tambu nua o the natural resources within long dispela eria imas tok iya nua o kole nua aŋa teŋgi KWMA must have approval yesa long KWMA komiti ŋgu ailĩ o aiga wede ŋesu from the Kamiali Wildlife pastaim. Dispela lo i kamap talu dini da wele aigu bimu Management Committee emi inapim tru dispela liklik ŋe sala lau babo KWMA ŋa. (KWMC) to injure, kill, or lain manmeri husait bai usim Bita dene agi saĩ tambuli ma harvest those resources. dispela eria. Namba tu, dis- yalila saŋgu soso saĩ talu. This rule results, intention- pela lo emi tambuim pasin Bigu lua bita da aso ally or not, in a limited-entry bilong tromoi bom, ol nets, yoŋgwe andalawa wasebã fishery (whereby fishing na ol arapela malasin nogut. bombia (bom) walambo pressure is controlled by re- Dispela lo nau yet long magi malasĩ yayama. Bita stricting the number of peo- KWMA emi gutpela tru long deneŋgi da agi KWMA sa ple that are permitted to lukautim wanem ol samting anda solome gu soso saĩ gele fish). Second, the rules pro- insait long dispela eria. Igat naŋa masa ŋgesu saĩ talugi. hibit the harvest of natural planti strongpela tingting Bita dudene ŋgu kataga iŋe resources with dynamite, gill long lukautim long kisim pis kulĩ ŋgu ŋgi tambulila ma nets, and dangerous chemi- long rip dispela bai halivim yalila saŋgu sitapi bodi ma cals (bleach, cyanide). ol ples manmeri kisim kaikai sitapi goŋayẽ. The existing conditions na painim mani wantaim. and rules at KWMC are good ways to protect the area’s natural resources. However, a more-active ap- proach to managing fishing on coral reefs may help achieve a better balance be- tween the ability to catch food and the potential for increased income at KWMC.
4 OBJECTIVES
The end goal of this ma- Bikpela tingting bilong Lau KWMA ĩ tambuli ma rine management plan is to lukautim solwara em long yalila silĩ andalawa ŋgu ŋo promote sustainable fishing* strongim gutpela pasin sala ma sesiga i iyuto mia. on KWMA’s coral reefs. bilong kisim pis long nau na The KWMA community will bihain taim long KWMA rip. 1) ŋgi kalasa ŋgu taga bodi benefit from sustainable Manmeri bilong KWMA bai ndi wele dene, fishing practices because kisim gutpela halivim long well-managed reef-fish wei bilong kisim pis long 2) kata tapi goŋayẽ ma lautu populations will: longpela taim. Olsem na: lablã kotõ ŋgu sinu kuluku,
1) provide current needs 1) halivim ol manmeri long 3) ŋgi kalasa ubodi ŋa tatapi (food), kisim kaikai long nau, goŋayẽ ma umbuliã dudene.
2) attract current income 2) halivim ol manmeri (marine research), and painim mani long nau long saveman bilong wok bilong 3) provide future generations solwara, na with food and income. 3) long halivim ol manmeri waintaim kaikai na painim mani long taim bihain.
APPROACH
This part of the plan is Dispela hap bilong plen Andalawa deneda lau guided by the results of sci- em ol saveman i bosim long lablã kotõ (saveman) entific research (at KWMA KWMA na arapela hap tu. KWMA ŋada soso geleta and elsewhere). Local Pasin bilong kisim save long magĩ lau amblã yakla. An- knowledge of fish and fish- pis na kisim pis long pasin dalawa ŋgu taga iŋa magĩ ing is necessary to put the tumbuna ba yumi kamapim abulaĩ andalawa wele plan into action. gen. ŋamopi waũ. Bita dene wele u andalawa si ŋgu ŋgi Kala tambuli ma sala yalisa ŋe KWMA. Tambu nua o iŋa nua magĩ gulua tatu ŋapuŋa geleyo tã maĩ ŋapuŋa yakla ŋgu koto andalawa dene.
* harvesting fish in a manner that does not result in their long-term decline, thereby maintaining the potential for fish populations to meet the needs of future generations
5 This reef-fish management Dispela rip pis plen bai Andalawa dene da kialĩ kau plan is a set of guidelines kamap olsem lo na bai iken nua ŋgesu kuluku iŋa magĩ and suggestions for resi- halivim manmeri bilong ta. Kataga masa babo gindi dents of KWMA, who obtain KWMA, husat kisim planti ma yakla masa omo ŋgu iga most of the protein in their abus long pis. Dispela plen wauŋ. Andalawa dene go- diet from fish. This plan i luksave olsem igat inap mosi ŋgu katalowe ila ŋgu recognizes that adequate nambawan gutpela kaikai siga wauŋ ndi wele dene ma nutrition must be a priority long ol manmeri bilong su mbuliã. I gongo likĩ da for KWMA residents. No KWMA. Ino gat man o lau taŋga sikano duda gua- person should go hungry or meri inap igo hangre o tume gu deneŋa da katalĩ risk malnutrition in the in- painim sik sapos yumi ino talu wauŋ ŋgu taga imõ. terest of adhering to the bihanim dispela plen. plan. Lau taŋa masa sinu kuluku Dispela plen i sut long mosu KWMA da saĩ teŋgi The plan focuses on one wanpela gutpela isipela ting- ŋgu kataga i ma taki mali of the most-easily under- ting insait wok pis wantaim yakla ŋe mbolame ŋguma stood concepts in fishery solwara: kisim pis inap long kana ila u golikĩ si. Kopia management and conserva- bikpela sais we ol i ken tuŋa lekene negẽ lubula da tion: harvest fish only after karim gen. Dispela tingting i kialĩ gele masa lautu labla they have grown large larim ol pis i karim planti kotõ sotosa ŋgu tambulia enough to reproduce. This nau na bihain tu. kopiata wele gele yakla wele approach allows living fish Planti tumas rip pis ol indale. Ŋgu kataga i babo to “seed” the next genera- saveman ino save long luk- ndi ya dene ma lau tõ nua tion5. save long wanem samting siga i sawa nua. Kala Worldwide, the informa- bai kamap sapos yumi sen- godotome wele iyata ŋgu tion needed to predict the isim wei bilong kisim pis. katĩ ŋa. outcome of changing fishing Olsem na saveman iwok Kataga i gindi ŋgu katiŋa practices is very rare for reef KWMA iting olsem sapos wele kana i goŋgo liki wele fishes. However, research at yumi mekim liklik senis omosu taŋa. I dene omota KWMA suggests that a good long wei bilong kisim pis bai wele siki gulua ma i tatu balance between fishing and yumi gat planti pis istap yet. wele golikĩ ndi wele dene conservation can be Igat ol namba istap tambolo i masu mbuliã. Wele kata achieved by small changes in soim wanem samting ol kano ŋgu ila wele siki fishing practices. The table saveman i ting bai i kamap ŋakutulu ma kana i wele u below shows the predicted sapos yumi mekim senis. goŋgo likĩ. I kulĩ ŋada effects of these changes. By Sapos yumi kisim bikpela igaata ndi no nua ŋgesu yala taking larger fish (than are pis long nau na ol manmeri nuagi. Ma ŋgesu yala nua currently caught), village iken kisim liklik namba wele kata kano ŋgu igu residents can catch 30 – 40 bilong pis yumi olgeta i goŋgo liki. % fewer fish but obtain the kisim wankain kaikai. Yumi same amount of food (by kisim liklik namba bilong weight). Catching fewer fish pis bai yumi bai igat planti leaves more alive on the pis moa istap yet long sol- reef. The living fish then wara. Ol pis istap long sol- have the chance to repro- wara iken kamapim na karim duce, and “seed” the next planti liklik pis bihain taim.
6 generation. For instance, a 3 Bai liklik pis iken karim – 37% increase in the num- planti gen nau bai yumi save ber of eggs is expected each olsem olgeta taim wankain time a species reproduces. pis bai igat planti kiau inap Because many tropical fishes long karim planti pis. Long reproduce several times each wanem planti rip pis isave year6, the yearly increase in karim sampela taim long egg production would be wanwan yia long olgeta yia even higher. In other words, bai yumi save olsem kiau small changes in fishing bilong pis i kamap planti na practices should allow the bai yumi igat planti pis moa. village to meet its current Insait long dispela rot bai needs (obtain the same igat liklik senis i kamap long amount of food), increase pasin bilong kisim pis, dis- the current economic value pela bai halivim ol ples man- of its reefs (attract marine meri long igat inap kaikai na research by leaving more rot bilong painim mani nau live fish on the reef), and na long bihain taim tu. meet the needs and eco- nomic aspirations of future generations (more adult fish produce more offspring, helping to insure plentiful fish in the future).
The predicted effects of changing fishing practices at KWMA. For each species (column 1), the average length of an individual in recent catches at KWMA is shown in column 2. If KWMA resi- dents harvest slightly larger fish (column 3), they can obtain the same weight from at least 30% fewer fish (column 4). This change would leave more fish on the reef to reproduce and pro- mote a larger fish population in the next generation (column 5). TL = total length; FL = fork length.
Decrease in # Increase in # Average Recom- to maintain of eggs pro- Species Size of Cur- mended current catch duced each rent Catch Harvest Size weight (%) spawning (%) Cephalopholis cyanostigma 19.7 23-25 43 5 (ikula sa)7 cm TL cm TL
16.5 26-32 Parupeneus barberinus 41 37 cm FL cm FL (iwaŋgale)7
16.7 17-21 Caesio cuning 30 3 cm FL cm FL (luduŋ mai)1
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Catching adult-sized fish Kisi mol bikpela pis i Kataga i babo wele ŋgi should promote sustainable halivim yumi long Lukautim kalasa ŋgu koto i ndi wele fishing. The following pis long nau na bihain taim dene ma mbuliaŋa. Kopia pages list the adult size of 56 tu. Dispela hap pepa i soim dene kialĩ i masa babo gindi common, exploited reef bikpela sais pis inap long ŋgu iga ŋa ŋgesu KWMA. fishes at KWMA. Each ac- karim long KWMA. Dispela Kopia dene iŋgu ndi Kala count provides the scientific ripot i soim yumi saveman i ŋgu Lau-Taŋa sikiŋasẽ name of the fish, a picture of givim nem bilong ol pis, (saveman) pi ilagi ma soto the fish, its adult length, and wantaim piksa bilong pis, na ŋakatu magĩ ilaĩ gabo gindi its common names in Eng- sais bilong karim, waintaim ŋgu kiki gulua wauŋ. Magi lish and Kala. Lengths are nem bilong Inglis na bilong ŋasẽ pi bombiaŋa ma Kala measured from the front of yumi Kala tok ples. Long kana walo. the head (with mouth closed) makim poret bilong het wan- to the middle of the tail taim passim maus bilong en edge . igo long namel bilong arere bilong tel.
Blue arrows show how fish are measured. First, make sure its mouth is closed. Then, measure from the front of the head to the middle of the tail edge.
Fishes on the following pages are grouped by their scientific family name, which appear in alphabetical order. Within each family, species are arranged alphabetically by scientific name. English names are from FishBase8. Kala names are by consensus of the plan authors that live at KWMA.
8 Acanthurus lineatus Acanthurus triostegus Caesio cuning (Linnaeus, 1758) (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bloch, 1791)
18 cm9 8 cm10 15 cm11 lined surgeonfish, convict surgeonfish, redbelly yellowtail fusilier, iwiliya imoŋgolẽ luduŋ mai
Carangoides bajad Caranx melampygus Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Forsskål, 1775) Cuvier, 1833 (Bleeker, 1856)
25 cm12 36 cm13 118 cm14 orangespotted trevally, bluefin trevally, blacktail reef shark, imaŋalẽ babaura imaŋalẽ talã kapa ii
Carcharhinus melanopterus Triaenodon obesus Diagramma pictum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Rüppell, 1837) (Thunberg, 1792)
80 cm15 177 cm14 36 cm16 blacktip reef shark, whitetip reef shark, painted sweetlips, kapa mayumbui kapa bage bula godobo manibarã, godobo taro
Plectorhinchus vittatus Myripristis adusta Myripristis berndti (Linnaeus, 1758) Bleeker, 1853 Jordan & Evermann, 1903
23 cm17 17 cm1 20 cm18 Indian Ocean oriental sweetlips, shadowfin soldierfish, blotcheye soldierfish, iyabua kurĩ naba imbilĩ tombo yeyẽ imbilĩ yakẽ susuwi
9 Neoniphon sammara Kyphosus cinerascens Cheilinus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) (Forsskål, 1775) (Bloch, 1791)
8 cm17 25 cm19 12 cm20 Sammara squirrelfish, blue sea chub, redbreasted wrasse, imbilĩ sa italawe talulumuã tatalõ
Cheilio inermis Choerodon anchorago Lethrinus erythropterus (Forsskål, 1775) (Bloch, 1791) Valenciennes, 1830
14 cm17 15 cm21 20 cm11 cigar wrasse, orange-dotted tuskfish, longfin emperor, tumunduwa i bubui kada maba
Lethrinus harak Lethrinus lentjan Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775) (Lacepède, 1802) (Forsskål, 1775)
21 cm22 28 cm23 53 cm24 thumbprint emperor, pink ear emperor, mangrove red snapper, imogõ i luwi ilĩ
Lutjanus biguttatus Lutjanus bohar Lutjanus carponotatus (Valenciennes, 1830) (Forsskål, 1775) (Richardson, 1842)
17 cm25 43 cm26 19 cm27 two-spot banded snapper, two-spot red snapper, Spanish flag snapper, itale yame tuaŋ yasai, yame tuaŋ, ilĩ babaura
10 Lutjanus ehrenbergii Lutjanus fulvus Lutjanus gibbus (Peters, 1869) (Forster, 1801) (Forsskål, 1775)
20 cm23 19 cm28 18 cm17 blackspot snapper, blacktail snapper, humpback red snapper, kawasi toŋgwe iyayaŋ kurĩ naba ina suwi
Lutjanus kasmira Lutjanus monostigma Lutjanus russellii (Forsskål, 1775) (Cuvier, 1828) (Bleeker, 1849)
12 cm29 32 cm30 22 cm31 common bluestripe snapper, one-spot snapper, Russell’s snapper, babaura yumi yayã baniŋga kawasi ŋasiŋa
Lutjanus semicinctus Lutjanus timorensis Lutjanus vitta Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
21 cm7 30 cm7 15 cm32 black-banded snapper, Timor snapper, brownstripe red snapper, imawe iko yaŋgawe, iko isale
Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Parupeneus barberinus Parupeneus multifasciatus (Valenciennes, 1831) (Lacepède, 1801) (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
17 cm33 12 cm7 15 cm34 yellowfin goatfish, dash-and-dot goatfish, manybar goatfish, imake iwaŋgale iwaŋgale bote
11 Parupeneus trifasciatus Amblyglyphidodon curacao Priacanthus hamrur (Lacepède, 1801) (Bloch, 1787) (Forsskål, 1775)
11 cm17 7 cm35 20 cm36 doublebar goatfish, staghorn damselfish, moontail bullseye, walia ikĩ iko indu
Leptoscarus vaigiensis Scarus niger Gymnosarda unicolor (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Forsskål, 1775 (Rüppell, 1836)
7 cm37 17 cm38 70 cm39 marbled parrotfish, dusky parrotfish, dogtooth tuna, iŋgi iŋga tumi itaŋgi talalo
Rastrelliger kanagurta Scomberomorus commerson Cephalopholis boenak (Cuvier, 1816) (Cuvier, 1816) (Bloch, 1790)
19 cm40 65 cm41 15 cm42 Indian mackerel, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, chocolate hind, indala itaŋgi ikula bobo
Cephalopholis cyanostigma Cephalopholis sexmaculata Epinephelus fasciatus (Valenciennes, 1828) (Rüppell, 1830) (Forsskål, 1775)
23 cm7 24 cm43 14 cm44 bluespotted hind, sixblotch hind, blacktip grouper, ikula sa ikula talulumua ikula laga
12 Epinephelus merra Epinephelus tauvina Plectropomus areolatus Bloch, 1793 (Forsskål, 1775) (Rüppell, 1830)
11 cm10 28 cm45 40 cm46 honeycomb grouper, greasy grouper, squaretail grouper, ikula talõ ikula yula ikula su
Plectropomus leopardus Plectropomus oligacanthus Variola louti (Lacepède, 1802) (Bleeker, 1855) (Forsskål, 1775)
32 cm47 27 cm1 41 cm48 leopard grouper, highfin grouper, yellow-edged lyretail, ikula su ikula su tatalõ ikula talulumua
Siganus doliatus Siganus lineatus Guérin-Méneville, 1829-38 (Valenciennes, 1835)
18 cm49 24 cm7 barred spinefoot, golden-lined spinefoot, indaŋa yulawe
13 Other Species
The 56 species listed Namba istap antap i Uki madĩ pi iŋa labolã ma above represent only a small makim o soim ol sampela kawi iŋa walobo ma mia agẽ portion of the fish species at liklik pis grup long KWMA. ŋawala, sududa iŋayumi ŋae KWMA. Papua New Papua Niugini emi ples ŋaisã. Lekene dini yotosa gẽ Guinea is located in the East bilong planti tumas pis baba (56 species) da kialĩ Indian region (or Coral Tri- bilong solwara. Ol saveman ŋgu kana i dene yeitapi ŋgẽ angle), which is home to iting igat 1184 solwara pis KWMA. Ŋgesu Papua about one-third of the long KWMA. Niugini da talu masa i goŋgo world’s marine fish speci- Ol saveman ino save sais likĩ omosu tagi. Lautaŋa es50. At least 1184 coastal ol pis i karim. Yumi mas (saveman) da sesinŋgu i saltwater fishes are expected painim rot bilong luksave gindi lekene dene (1184) to occur at KWMA51. long i klostu olgeta pis dene omosu tagi ŋge A way to estimate repro- bilong KWMA. Yumi bai KWMA. ductive size is needed for the save long bikpela sais istap Lautaŋa (saveman) sesi- approximately 95% of na KWMA manmeri tu iken tapi i masa iga ŋakole yetaŋ. KWMA fish species for luksave na skulim ol yet Ma teŋgu sesiŋgu i which adult size is unknown. long wanem sais bilong pis godotome dene omosu Adult size can be estimated bai iken karim. KWMA. Wele katagu i from a fish’s maximum Saveman long KWMA i babo dene omosu KWMA size52, and KWMA residents soim olsem dispela luksave ma tambuli latu yalila sodõ know how large most spe- sais emi bikpela long emi ata ŋgu sigu i masa gindi ŋgu cies grow. luksave bilong saveman. iga ŋakole. Research at KWMA Olsem na igat wok yet long Sala lau taŋa siŋgu saĩ shows that the estimated painim dispela sais karim kuluku ŋgu sitapi i masa adult size tends to be larger nau mipela igat luksave sais kobo ŋgu iga ŋakole. De- than a fish’s actual adult tasol istap. negi dene da i masa sesi size1. However, until de- kano da i masa babo agẽta da tailed reproductive analysis ita dene omo. is done, the information pre- sented in the table below is the best available fishing guideline for a given species.
14 Estimated Adult Largest Fish This table shows the esti- Size (centimeters) mated adult size of a fish. To (centimeters) use the table, look down the 5 4 left column until you find how 10 7 large the species can grow (distance from the front of 15 11 the head, with mouth closed, 20 14 to the middle of the tail 25 17 edge). Then look to the right 30 20 to find the estimated adult size. 35 23
40 26 Example: Imagine that you 45 29 catch a 20 centimeter fish. If 50 32 that kind of fish can grow to about 35 centimeters, look 55 35 for 35 in the left column. Now 60 38 look right to find its estimated 65 41 adult size of 23 centimeters. 70 44 The fish that you caught has 75 47 probably not yet had the chance to reproduce. It 80 50 would be best to return it to 85 53 the ocean. For the kind of 90 56 fish you caught, it is proba- 95 59 bly best to keep only those 100 62 longer than 23 centimeters.
15 CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS
Fishing in Deep Water
The length-based fishing Dispela plen o lo istap Bi o andalawa dene gẽ guidelines above can only antap bai ino ken kamap baba wele ŋamosi tã ŋgu work if very few small fish sapos yumi kisim planti tu- kataga i tatu goŋgo likĩ. Bi are killed. Length guidelines mas ol liklik pis. Dispela lo dene sa iŋgu ŋgu katayu o often assume that short fish is skulim yumi sapos yumi kataga i tatu da kataki ita can be released, alive, back kisim liklik pis bai yumi mas imia mbuli suta. I tatu to the water. However, at putim bek long solwara. KWMA ŋa da nomasa KWMA reef fish are often KWMA rip pis planti taim ol katayu ŋgẽ ta bumayaŋ go- hooked in deep water and i pulim long dip solwara eme mopi baba da ita imbalu. Da die, or are severely injured, save dai taim emi kamap. andalawa nua getã ŋgu ka- from the change in pressure Ino gat narapela wei o rot taki imia yambuli su taŋalolo as they are pulled to the sur- long larim liklik pis igo long ta su denegi da wele kataga face. There would be little solwara olsem yumi kisim ŋgu katĩ. use in returning dead or bilong kaikai. KWMA tambuli latu nearly dead fish to the ocean. KWMA manmeri iken yalila Kala wele tatapi talu KWMA residents can senisim ples o wei bilong waũ ŋgu kataga iŋe. Ma change fishing methods or kisim pis long nau ol ino ken kata lowe ila somo ŋgu siki location to decrease the tru long kisim ol pis we ino ŋakutulu ma siki ŋagulua chance that short fish will be inap karim kiau: waũ. caught: 1) Bikpela huk iken kisim 1) Awe gabo da gindi ŋgu 1) Larger hooks tend to bikpela pis. Sapos you katayu i gabo. Ŋgu kaki awe catch larger fish. If short pulim o kisim liklik pis yum kokole ma kakuyu i kokole fish are being caught, a as senisim huk nay u putim da kate awe gabosu aĩya su change to a larger hook size bikpela huk. ŋgu kayu i. should reduce the number of small fish in the catch. 2) Insait long planti pis grup 2) Ŋgẽsu ila godotome da i igat bikpela na liklik pis is- babo ma i tatu da sosoma 2) In many fish species, tap kainkain eria. Sapos yu pilata mosu talu nua. Ŋgu large and small fish live in pulim o kisim liklik pis, katayu i kokole tutu mali da different areas. If short fish KWMA manmeri igat save Kala KWMA ŋa tambuli latu are being caught, KWMA long senisim ples we ol bik- yalila wele kata lowe talu residents can use their pela pis isap. dinie ma tamia du talu waũ knowledge of fish habits to ŋgu taga i babo. choose a new spot where larger fish are more likely to be caught.
16 Fish Poisoning
Since pre-history, poison- Long taim bilong ol tum- Ndi abulaĩ no da tambu- ing fish with crushed or buna ol manmeri i save lila da sesili wasebã ŋgu siga ground plant parts has been a yusim poisin rop long kisim i. Katali wasebã da kataga traditional fishing method pis. Kisim pis bilong poisin goŋgo liki, igu katalisa ŋgu used by native people rop emi planti tumas inap tanu bodi ata ma gu katĩ. throughout most of the trop- long halivim ol manmeri ics53-62. Fish poisoning will wokim pati na tu i ken usually result in a large halivim long taim bilong catch, and is useful when hangre. preparing for feasts or during periods of starvation.
Catching fish by poisoning with plants is a traditional fishing technique throughout most of the tropics (shaded area).
The drawback of fish poi- Wanpela hevi emi olsem, Ŋapuŋa gabo nua da soning is that it is non- poisin rop i save kilim ol dudene ŋgu wasebã gili i selective. That is, the poison bikpela pis, liklik pis long baba ma i tatu ŋgẽ talu masa will kill all fish, large or hap eria we ol yusim. Sapos kataki wasebã gẽ. small, in the area where it is yumi yusim poisin rop ol- applied. If done too often, geta taim, bai yumi kilim KWMA residents risk killing idai olgeta liklik pis. too many small fish.
17 Fish poisoning at KWMA KWMA manmeri i yusim Ŋgu katali wasebã tutu- is limited by tidal cycles. poisin rop long taim bilong mali wele katali i ŋakolela The best condition for apply- drai wara i kamap. Taim dudu. KWMA tambulila ma ing poison and gathering fish wara i drai na raun wara is- yalila sesili wasebã ndi no is when shallow, isolated, tap long rip. Wanpela hevi mandabe ŋa, nota dini da pools of water are present on emi olsem dispela raun wara tagegiye ta isamẽmẽ. the reef. These pools are istap long rip wantaim ol Ŋapuŋa gabo dudene, ta present only in certain areas liklik pis. Dispela kilim ol- masa isame kulĩ tu wasebã and only during the lowest geta pis ino gat kiau. me da gili itatu magi i of low tides. Unfortunately, Long daunim dispela ŋakutulu. these pools are located on poisin rop ino ken bagarapim Kata lowe wasebã ŋgu the reef flats that are com- ol rip pis, olsem na KWMA gili i kuli dudu da KWMA monly used by immature kamapim narapela nupela ilĩ andalawa nua ŋgu ŋgi lau fish. tingting bai ol manmeri iken godotome sa me sesi mbulia: To reduce the chance that bihainim: traditional fish-poisoning 1) Taso yoŋgwe talu nua ma will cause major declines in 1) Kamapim na tambuim kataga i mosu dini tã. Kala their reef-fish populations eria bilong kisim pis. Olgeta wele kataga i ŋesu taluta tã KWMA residents chose to work pis bai ino inap kamap ma ila wele somo ugoŋgo do the following: long dispela eria. Dispela likisi. Bombia, lautu lablã eria bai kamapim planti pis kotõ (saveman) wele yeimia 1) Establish a buffer zone (or na ol saveman bai hamamas moŋgu ikano kana talu ma no-take zone). All fishing tru long ikam lukim na bai KWMA magĩ lau godotome methods are prohibited KWMA wantaim ol man- wele sitapi goŋeye pi kana within the buffer zone. This meri bai igat mani long dis- taluŋa. Talu masa kataso buffer zone may compensate pela wok. Ples we ol i tam- yoŋgwe da Alẽ Maua for the fish harvested else- buim em long Alẽmaua igo miagisi Puko. where in KWMA. Also, fish pinis long Puko. populations within the buffer 2) Kataki wasebã su talu zone are likely to be of inter- 2) Tambu long putim poisin masa ŋgẽ kobotã. Yoso est to researchers and may rop long rip klostu long ples yoŋgwe talu masa ŋge kobo, increase the income derived we ol i putim tambu. Dis- ŋalabolã da ŋgu taisu wele from research projects at pela rot i kamap long tam- iga wasebã mia ili i dudu. KWMA. The location of the buim ples klostu nogut sol- Kataga i ŋa bilĩ, aiŋ awe buffer zone at KWMA is wara i tait na kisim poisin some ma gele yakla iĩ wa- from Aramaua to Puko rop ikam bagarapim na kilim sebã da mba. Ŋgu katali wa- (7.29861°S, 147.13168°E to ol pis insait long ples ol tam- sebã ŋge taluta tã wele kana 7.29810°S, 147.13942°E)*. buim. Yu ken kisim pis long kulĩ wele ipi gabo ŋge spia na string, na noken KWMA. Ŋgu wasebã mba 2) Ban fish poisoning on the yusim poisin rop. Bikos yu da wele ilaĩ ŋakole tatu wele reef seaward (east) of the noken yusim poisin rop long goŋgo likĩ. Katali wasebã su buffer zone. The no-poison tambu eria bai yumi igat bik- Puko ma imia agẽ si Diŋa tã. zone was established to re- pela rip istap long KWMA. duce the chance that water Dispela poisin rop i tambu currents will sweep poison bai i halivim ol yangpela pis into the buffer zone. Other * Geodetic datum: WGS84 18 fishing methods may be used i kamap na karim planti. I 3) Kataki waseba ndi masa in the no-poison zone. Be- noken yusim poisin rop long kata kano i tõ nua ma kataga cause poisoning is also pro- Puko igo inap long Poin ŋgu katĩ. Katali waseba no hibited within the buffer Dinga. tumeme me ma kata lowe zone, the total area where ŋguma kana i ugoŋgo likisi traditional fish-poisoning is 3) Yu ken putim poison rop ma kataga u kuluku baboŋa prohibited covers about 25% taim yu lukim bikpela lain ma ŋgu katĩ. of the reef flat at KWMA. pis long kisim na kaikai. This protection should help Bikos yu yusim poison rop insure that young fish will wanpela taim na yu kisim have the chance to grow and planti pis, orait yum as larim reproduce. The no-poison dispela wok istap inap pis i zone at KWMA extends kamap planti bai yu ken from Puko to Dinga kisim long wokim pati o (7.29810°S, 147.13942°E to givim long ol manmeri kai- 7.30476°S, 147.15408°E). kai.
3) Poison only when a large number of fish are needed. Because a single fish- poisoning harvest usually yields a large number of fish, this technique is best re- served for events when a large number of people need to be fed. These events in- clude feasts or when food is scarce.
No fishing is allowed in the buffer zone (red). No poisoning is allowed in the area (yellow) next to the buffer zone 19 EVALUATION
If sustainable fishing oc- Sapos yumi lukautim gut Ŋgu koto andalawa dene curs at KWMA, average fish dispela pasin long KWMA, ŋesu KWMA wele kana i size should remain the same sais bilong ol pis bai istap babo ma wele goŋgo likĩ. or increase through time. wankain o bai igo antap gen. Ŋgu iŋa madĩ miapi da ge- Stable or increasing average Wankain sais o sais igo an- leta iŋalĩ ŋgu Kala wele taga fish length suggests that, be- tap iken tokim yumi, bikos i babo. Sa i babo wele cause larger fish are gener- yumi laikim kisim bikpela omosu KWMA. Anda ŋgu i ally preferred, fishing activi- pis, pasin bilong kisim pis i masa gi kobo i babo da ita ties are not greatly reducing tokim yumi olsem namba gindi ŋgu iga gulua. Gudene the number of large fish at biolong ol bikpela pis istap ŋada i wele iga ŋakole goŋgo KWMA. Average size gut long KWMA. Emi gut- likĩ ndi wele dene ma sum- should also be near adult pela sapos sais bilong pis i buliã. Deneŋgi da kuluku size. This would suggest klostu long ol bikpela pis i ŋgu takano i masa ŋgu iga that there are enough repro- redi long karim. Dispela ŋagulua. I gindi lita ductive individuals to “seed” luksave emi inap long (faivpela) ŋadõ tumeme dene the next generation. halivim pis long karim planti omosu KWMA: luduŋ mai, There is now enough pikinini long nau na bihain ilula sa, itale, iwaŋgale, baseline information to tu. iwaŋgale bote. monitor average fish size Nau igat inap ripot i luk- Kopia dene kialĩ iŋa gabo relative to adult size for five luk long sais bilong pis long dene omosu tagi ndi yala nua of the most-abundant, ex- painimaut long pis klostu ma miagẽ gi itapi yala lita da ploited species at KWMA1 long karim igat faivpela ita gindi ŋgu iga ŋakole. (Caesio cuning, Cepha- wankain pis long KWMA Kopia iŋgu ko ŋgu i lita ta da lopholis cyanostigma, Lut- (luduŋ mai, ikula sa, itale, giŋgi atame, duda yala masa janus biguttatus, Parupeneus iwaŋgale, iwaŋgale bote). mialegi. I lita ta dagi itapi barberinus, and Parupeneus Dispela ripot i soim sais madi masa ŋgu iga ata. An- multifasciatus). This infor- bilong pis istap long solwara dalawa dene da kialĩ ŋgu mation consists of estimates long wanwan yia insait long koto andalawa i kuliŋa anda of the average length of free- faivpela yia. gẽ KWMA. swimming fish during each Dispela ripot i tokim Wele kata kano ŋgu an- of the past five years1, and yumi olsem sais bilong ol- dalawa dene kunu kuluku o published information on geta faivpela pis emi klostu mba gẽsu yala lita denegi. adult size7, 11, 25, 34. wankain sais olsem yia igo Iŋa babo kiali ndi Kala ŋgu Three-year rolling (or pinis. Sais bilong faivpela andalawa ta kunu kuluku. moving) averages suggest pis klostu bungim mak Kala wele kata kano ŋgesu that the average length of all bilong karim. Dispela tok- yala lita deneŋa iŋa masalo five species has been rela- save i soim olsem KWMA walã. Ŋgu iŋa masalo walã tively stable in recent years. manmeri i lukautim gut babo da wele anda ndi Further, average lengths for pasin bilong kisim rip pis. KWMA. all species are within a few Yumi mas painimaut ol- Ŋgu iŋa masalo walã centimeters of female repro- sem plen emi wok gut o ŋgiata da Kala KWMA koto ductive size. These results nogat insait long faivpela kana i kulĩ ŋa ma gele nua suggest that KWMA resi- yia. Gutpela mak i soim giama tãŋgesu i kuli ŋa.
20 dents are practicing sustain- plen emi orait long mak Maŋgu iŋa gabo kiambulisu able fishing. bilong sais bilong pis. Yumi da geleta kialĩ ŋgu koto kana The success (or failure) of mas sekim long olgeta yia, i kulĩ ŋa gindi tã. Ma katalĩ this management plan should sais bilong dispela faivpela andalawa nua waũ ŋgu koto be critically evaluated after rip pis. Sais emi kamap long kana i ŋgesu KWMA. five years. An objective tokim yumi plen emi wok measurement of success is gutpela long rip pis long average fish length. Estab- KWMA. Sapos sais emi lished methods1 should be wankain i soim yumi used to monitor, annually, KWMA i lukautim gut rip the lengths of each of the pis, tasol dispela plen ino above five reef fishes. In- senisim wanpela samting creasing average lengths (as long rip pis. Sais emi go indicated by 3-year rolling daun bai iken tokim yumi averages) would suggest that olsem yumi no lukautim gut this management plan had a rip pis olsem na bai yumi positive effect on coral-reef- painim narapela rot long lu- fish populations at KWMA. kautim rip pis long KWMA. No change in average lengths would suggest that fishing at KWMA is sustain- able, but would also suggest that this plan had no real im- pact on reef-fish populations. Decreasing average lengths would suggest that fishing is not sustainable and that an- other approach to managing coral reef fishes is needed at KWMA.
21 Average length of some reef-fish species at KWMA. Red lines = 3-year moving average; dashed lines = female adult size, solid circles = yearly average; vertical bars = standard de- viation; asterisks = smallest and largest size. Number of specimens in parentheses. A) Caesio cuning (luduŋ mai), B) Cephalopholis cyanostigma (ikula sa), C) Lutjanus biguttatus (itale), D) Parupeneus barberinus (iwaŋgale), E) Parupeneus multifasciatus (iwaŋgale bote).
22 References
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Observations on the biology of Carcharhinus cautus (Whitley), C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard) and C. fitzroyensis (Whitley) from Northern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38:701-710. 16 Grandcourt E.M., T.Z. Al Abdessalaam, F. Francis, and A.T. Al Shamsi. 2011. Reproductive biology and implications for management of the painted sweetlips Diagramma pictum in the southern Arabian Gulf. Journal of Fish Biology 79:615-632. 17 Anand, P.E.V., and N.G.K. Pillai. 2002. Reproductive biology of some common coral reef fishes of the Indian EEZ. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 44(1&2):122-135. 18 Craig, M.T., and E.C. Franklin. 2008. Life history of Hawaiian “redfish”: a survey of age and growth in ʻāweoweo (Priacanthus meeki) and uʻu (Myripristis berndti). Final report to the Hawaii Coral Reef Fisheries Local Action Strategy Program. Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe. 19 Longenecker, K., R Langston., H. Bolick, and U. Kondio. 2012. Size structure and reproductive status of exploited reef- fish populations at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. Bishop Museum Technical Report 59. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 20 Hubble, M. 2003. The ecological significance of body size in tropical wrasses (Pisces : Labridae). B.Sc. (Hons) Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. 21 Ngan, L.P. 2005. The reproductive development of the large wrasses. B.S. (Hons.) Thesis. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. 22 Taylor, B.M., and J.L. McIlwain. 2010. Beyond abundance and biomass: effects of marine protected areas on the demography of a highly exploited reef fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series 411:243-258. 23 Grandcourt, E., Z. Al Abdessalaam, F. Francis, and A. Al Shamsi. 2011. Demographic parameters and status assessments of Lutjanus ehrenbergii, Lethrinus lentjan, Plectorhinchus sordidus and Rhabdosargus sarba in the southern Arabian Gulf. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 27:1203-1211. 24 Russell, D.J., and A.J. 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26 Marriott, R.J, B.D. Mapstone and G.A. Begg. 2007. Age-specific demographic parameters, and their implications for management of the red bass, Lutjanus bohar (Forsskal 1775): A large, long-lived reef fish. Fisheries Research 83:204-215. 27 Kritzer, J.P. 2004. Sex-specific growth and mortality, spawning season, and female maturation of the stripey bass (Lutjanus carponotatus) on the Great Barrier Reef. Fishery Bulletin 102:94-107. 28 Longenecker, K, R Langston, H Bolick & U Kondio. 2013. Rapid reproductive analysis and length-weight relation for blacktail snapper, Lutjanus fulvus (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Lutjanidae), from a remote village in Papua New Guinea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 43(1):51-55. 29 Friedlander, A.M., J.D. Parrish and R.C. DeFelice. 2002. Ecology of the introduced snapper Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal) in the reef fish assemblage of a Hawaiian Bay. Journal of Fish Biology 60:28-48. 30 Munro, J.L. and D. McB. Williams. 1985. Assessment and management of coral reef fisheries: biological, environmental and socio-economic aspects. Pp 543-578 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti, 27 May-1 June 1985. 4. Antenne Museum-EPHE, Moorea. 31 Kritzer, J.P. 2002. Biology and management of small snappers on the Great Barrier Reef. Pp 66-84 in A.J. Williams, D.J. Welch, G. Muldoon, R. Marriott, J.P. Kritzer and S.A. Adams (eds). Bridging the gap: A Workshop Linking Student Research with Fisheries Stakeholders. CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report 48. CRC Reef Research Centre, Townsville. 32 Davis, T.L.O., and G.J. West. 1993. Maturation, reproductive seasonality, fecundity, and spawning frequency in Lutjanus vittus (Quoy and Gaimard) from the North West Shelf of Australia. Fishery Bulletin 91:224-236. 33 Cole, K.S. 2008. Assessment of reproductive status and reproductive output of three Hawaiian goatfish species, Mulloidichthys flavolineatus (yellowstripe goatfish), M. vanicolensis (yellowfin goatfish), and Parupeneus porphyreus (whitesaddle goatfish) (family Mullidae). DAR Dingel Johnson Grant Report for 2007-2008 Award. University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
52 Froese, R., and C. Binohlan. 2000. Empirical relationships to estimate asymptotic length, length at first maturity and length at maximum yield per recruit in fishes, with a simple method to evaluate length frequency data. Journal of Fish Biology 56:758–773. 53 Meadows, B.S. 1973. Toxicity of rotenone to some species of coarse fish and invertebrates. Journal of Fish Biology 5:155- 163. 54 Allen, J. 1986. Fishing without fishhooks. Pages 65-72 in A. Anderson (ed.). Traditional Fishing in the Pacific: Ethnographical and Archaeological Papers from the 15th Pacific Science Conference. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 55 Masse, W.B. 1986. A millennium of fishing in the Palau Islands, Micronesia. Pages 85-117 in A. Anderson (ed.). Traditional Fishing in the Pacific: Ethnographical and Archaeological Papers from the 15th Pacific Science Conference. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. 56 Krumholz, L.A. 1948. The use of rotenone in fisheries research. Journal of Wildlife Management 12:305-317. 57 Eldredge, L.G. 1987. Poisons for fishing on coral reefs. Pages 61-66 in B. Salvat (ed). Human Impacts on Coral Reefs: Facts and Recommendations. Antenne Museum E.P.H.E., French Polynesia. 58 Galzin, R. 1979. La faune ichtyologique d’un récif coralline de Moorea, Polynésie française: échantillonnage et premiers résultats. Terre et Vie 33:623-643. 59 Bishop, K.A., L.M. Baker, and B.N. Noller. 1982. Naturally-occurring ichthyocides and a report on Owenia vernicosa F. Muell. (Family Meliaceae), from the Magela Creek System, Northern Territory. Search 13:150-153. 60 Stokes, J.F.G. 1922. Fish-poisoning in the Hawaiian Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 7:219-233. 61 Williams, J. 1838. A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Island: With Remarks Upon the Natual History of the Islands, Origin Languages, Traditions, and Usages of the Inhabitants. John Snow, London. 62 Gatty, H.G. 1947. The use of fish poison plants in the Pacific. Transactions and Proceedings of the Fiji Society of Science and Industry. 3:152-159. 63 Longenecker, K., R. Langston, H. Bolick, U. Kondio, and M. Mulrooney. In Preparation. Six-Year Baseline Information: Size Structure and Reproduction of Exploited Reef Fishes Before Establishing a Management Plan at Kamiali Wildlife Management Area, Papua New Guinea. Bishop Museum Technical Report. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
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