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Wildlife Ecology and Management Handbook

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Wildlife Ecology and Management Handbook Wildlife Ecology and Management in Zambia Wildlife ecology and management Practical aspects for Zambian game ranches Ulrike Zieger & Andrew Cauldwell Wildlife Ecology and Management in Zambia Dr Ulrike Zieger Piusallee 37 48147 Münster Germany Andrew Cauldwell P. O. Box 65 Magaliesburg, 2805 South Africa ISBN: 0 - 620 - 22924 - 1 Text and photographs © Ulrike Zieger & Andrew Cauldwell 1998 Distribution maps adapted from Ansell 1978 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission from the authors Design and typesetting by the authors Photographs by the authors; unless otherwise mentioned, photographs were taken on Mtendere Game Ranch, Chibombo, Zambia Front cover: Sable Antelope, Mtendere Game Ranch, Chibombo, Zambia Back: Greater Kudu, Umfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa ii CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 PART 1: OPTIONS FOR GAME RANCHING ....................................................................... 2 1.1 TOURISM ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 TROPHY HUNTING ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3 LIVE SALES ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 VENISON PRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 9 1.5 UNGUIDED HUNTING ...................................................................................................... 10 1.6 COMPATIBILITY OF OPTIONS ........................................................................................ 11 1.7 CATTLE RANCHING VERSUS GAME ............................................................................. 12 PART 2: GAME ANIMALS ................................................................................................. 15 2.1 CARNIVORES .................................................................................................................. 17 Spotted Hyaena Crocuta crocuta .................................................................... 17 Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus .................................................................. 20 Leopard Panthera pardus ................................................................... 22 Lion Panthera leo ......................................................................... 24 Serval Felis serval ........................................................................... 29 2.2 ELEPHANTS ..................................................................................................................... 30 African Elephant Loxodonta africana ............................................................... 30 2.3 ODD-TOED UNGULATES ................................................................................................ 34 Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis .................................................................... 34 Burchell‟s Zebra Equus burchelli ..................................................................... 37 2.4 EVEN-TOED UNGULATES .............................................................................................. 40 Bushpig Potamochoerus porcus ......................................................... 40 Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus .................................................... 42 Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius ..................................................... 44 Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis .......................................................... 46 Blue Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus ......................................................... 49 Lichtenstein‟s Hartebeest Sigmoceros lichtensteinii ...................................................... 51 Tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus lunatus .................................................. 53 Blue Duiker Philantomba monticola ......................................................... 55 Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia ............................................................... 56 Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus.......................................................... 57 Oribi Ourebia ourebi ...................................................................... 59 Sharpe‟s Grysbok Raphicerus sharpei ............................................................... 61 Impala Aepyceros melampus ........................................................... 62 Roan Antelope Hippotragus equinus ............................................................. 64 Sable Antelope Hippotragus niger ................................................................. 66 African Buffalo Syncerus caffer .................................................................... 68 Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros ..................................................... 72 Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei .............................................................. 74 iii Wildlife Ecology and Management in Zambia Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus ............................................................. 76 Eland Taurotragus oryx ................................................................... 78 Reedbuck Redunca arundinum.............................................................. 80 Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus ............................................................ 82 Lechwe Kobus leche .......................................................................... 84 Puku Kobus vardonii ...................................................................... 86 2.5 GAMEBIRDS ..................................................................................................................... 88 PART 3: ECOLOGICAL PLANNING .................................................................................. 94 3.1 ECOLOGICAL CAPACITY ................................................................................................ 94 3.2 DESIGNING A STOCKING PROGRAMME ....................................................................... 99 3.3 EXPECTED HARVEST AND GROSS INCOME .............................................................. 104 3.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF GAME POPULATIONS .............................................................. 105 PART 4: GAME MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................... 109 4.1 ANNUAL CENSUS .......................................................................................................... 109 4.2 GENERAL GAME MONITORING .................................................................................... 113 4.3 RECORD KEEPING ........................................................................................................ 114 4.4 HARVESTING OF GAME ................................................................................................ 115 4.5 POPULATION PARAMETERS ....................................................................................... 117 4.6 GENETIC MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 121 4.7 PROVISION OF WATER ................................................................................................. 124 4.8 SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING ........................................................................................ 128 4.9 PARASITE AND DISEASE CONTROL ........................................................................... 129 PART 5: VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ......................................................................... 139 5.1 MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES ....................................................................................... 139 5.2 MANAGEMENT OF FIRE ................................................................................................ 142 5.3 VEGETATION MONITORING ......................................................................................... 149 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 154 Game Counts & Observations ................................................................................................. 154 Species Account ...................................................................................................................... 155 Species Account - (Worked Example) .................................................................................... 156 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 157 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writing of this book greatly benefited from discussions held with many members of the Wildlife Producers Association and the Zambian delegation of the European Union, whose inputs are gratefully acknowledged. In particular we thank: Mr and Mrs M. O„Donnell, who gave us the opportunity to combine a consultancy with our own research projects, accommodated us on Mtendere Game Ranch during our stay in Zambia, and for their consent to publish photographs taken on their ranch in this book; Messrs E.A. Vos and J. Boshe, who were crucial in stimulating the production of this book; Mr and Mrs L. Patterson, who co-ordinated the review
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