Regional Organizations and Social Policy in and Development, Justice and Citizenship Series

Series Editor: Jean Grugel, Professor of Politics, University of Sheffield, UK

This series responds to the urgent need to explore the multiple challenges of research on international development from the perspective of justice and citizenship. Complex issues such as the global inter-connectedness of places, economies, communities and ideas, the movement of people, the costs of increasingly intensive and extensive models of capitalist growth, the global economy of energy, finance and production, global scarcity, abundance and consumption, security, health and environmental degradation all bring with them human dilemmas that directly affect people in or from the Global South and are at the heart of current agenda for development studies. The series is inspired by the research approach of the new University of Sheffield flagship research centre, the Sheffield Institute for International Development (SIID) and the col- leagues and partners SIID is working with. SIID aims, above all, to set out an agenda for international development that reflects the importance of justice, rights and citizenship for global politics, policy and practices. It seeks to stimulate research for the highest calibre around international development as a question of social, political, economic and cultural justice and global social responsibility. It will showcase theoretical and empirical studies of the multi-level struggles for justice by ordinary people and the politics and policies that seek to give rise to a fairer and more just global society. The series seeks contributions, therefore, that reveal the multiple ways people operate and engage in forms of struggle for a better world, and that explore the ways states and international actors engage with demands for change. We welcome submissions from scholars across the globe in the form of research monographs, edited collections and shorter, polemic books (Pivots) that address this agenda in a direct, scholarly and thought-provoking fashion.

Titles include:

Andrea C. Bianculli and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann (editors) REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIAL POLICY IN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA A Space for Social Citizenship? Sara Kalm and Anders Uhlin CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE GOVERNANCE OF DEVELOPMENT Opposing Global Institutions

Development, Justice and Citizenship Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–137–39429–3 (outside only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above.

Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Regional Organizations and Social Policy in Europe and Latin America A Space for Social Citizenship?

Edited by

Andrea C. Bianculli Research Fellow, Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI), Spain Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann Professor, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Selection and editorial matter © Andrea C. Bianculli and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann 2016 Individual chapters © Respective authors 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-49034-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the , the , Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-57095-9 ISBN 978-1-137-49035-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137490353 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regional organizations and social policy in Europe and Latin America : a space for social citizenship? / [edited by] Andrea C. Bianculli, Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann. pages cm. — (Development, justice and citizenship) Includes bibliographical references.

1. Europe—Social policy. 2. Latin America—Social policy. 3. Regionalism—Europe. 4. Regionalism—Latin America. I. Bianculli, Andrea C. II. Ribeiro Hoffmann, Andrea. HN373.5.R44 2015 306.094—dc23 2015023499 Contents

List of Figures and Tables vii

Notes on Contributors ix

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xv

1 Regional Organizations and Social Policy: The Missing Link 1 Andrea C. Bianculli and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann

Part I Contextualizing Social Policy in Regional Governance: Trade and Agreements, Structural Funds and Development

2 How Parallel Lines Intersect: Investor–State Dispute Settlement and Regional Social Policies 25 Stephen Clarkson and Steffen Hindelang

3 Funding Social Policy at the Regional Level: The Development of Latin America (CAF) and Social Policy in Bolivia 46 Marcelo de Almeida Medeiros, Elia Elisa Cia Alves, Ivan Filipe Fernandes and Marcelo Eduardo Alves da Silva

Part II Regional Norms and Policies in the Area of Social Protection

4 Mercosur and the Struggle against Poverty 75 Tullo Vigevani and Juliano A. S. Aragusuku

5 Regulating Social Policy in the EU and Mercosur: Patterns and Developments in Social Security and Related Areas 92 Miriam Hartlapp

6 Regional and Domestic Responses to the Unemployment Problem in Europe: Reconfiguring the Architectures of Welfare States 117 Mariely López-Santana

v vi Contents

7 Work and Employment in Mercosur from a Gender Perspective: Challenges and Public Policies 139 Alma Espino

Part III Regional Norms and Policies in the Area of Education

8 Policy Diffusion and Higher Education Reforms: Between Market and State Regulation – Where Does Mercosur Stand? 165 Mercedes Botto

9 Mercosur’s Regional Policies in Higher Education: The Diffusion of Accreditation and Quality Assurance Policies 185 Daniela Perrotta

10 The EU as a Norm Entrepreneur in Education Policy: An Analysis of the Diffusion of European Ideas and Policies 206 Tonia Bieber

Part IV Regional Norms and Policies in the Area of Health

11 Conditions for Effective Regional Social (Health) Policies: The EU and Unasur Compared 231 Luk Van Langenhove and Stephen Kingah

12 Regional Integration and Health Policies: Regulatory Governance Challenges in Mercosur 251 Andrea C. Bianculli and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann

13 Regionalism and Health Policy in South America: Tackling Germs, Brokering Norms and Contesting Power 271 Pía Riggirozzi

14 Regional Organizations and Social Policy in Comparative Perspective 291 Andrea C. Bianculli and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann

Index 308 Figures and Tables

Figures

3.1 Cross-plot of GDP per capita and social public expenditure in Latin America 65 3.2 Cross-plot of GDP per capita and social public expenditure in Bolivia 67 5.1 Binding EU social policy acts over time (aggregate numbers) 100 5.2 EU regulations by adopting institution over time 101 5.3 EU directives by adopting institution over time 102 5.4 EU directives and regulations per policy subfield (1958–2014) 104 5.5 Binding Mercosur social policy acts over time (aggregate numbers) 109 5.6 Binding social policy regulations per policy subfield (1991–2014) 110 5.7 Development of Mercosur social regulations (in numbers per year) and the party-political composition of member-states (as a percentage) (1994–2014) 112 6.1 Supranational and domestic dynamics 125

Tables

1.1 Axes of regional social policies 5 1.2 Drivers of institutional, norm and policy change at the regional level 7 3.1 List of Latin American financial cooperation mechanisms 48 3.2 Selected variables for Bolivia (in current millions of US$) 59 3.3 Description of the variables 61 3.4 Descriptive statistics 61 3.5 Static panel models for GDP growth 63 3.6 Dynamic panel models for GDP growth 66 4.1 HDI of Mercosur full and associate members (2012) 78 4.2 Population below the poverty line 78 4.3 GDP/population relationship 80

vii viii List of Figures and Tables

5.1 Overview of movement of people by subfield 105 5.2 Overview of worker rights by subfield 107 5.3 Overview of distributive policies and their subfields 107 5.4 Overview of policy management and its subfields 108 7.1 Labour indicators for Mercosur member-states 143 8.1 Comparison of diffusion processes in the EU, NAFTA and Mercosur 178 9.1 Higher education systems and AQA regulation in Mercosur member-states 196 11.1 Comparing effectiveness in regional health policy in the EU and Unasur 247 12.1 Health in the domestic legal order 255 12.2 The governance of domestic health systems 255 12.3 Health resources, coverage and services 256 14.1 Social policy axes and activities by the EU, Mercosur and Unasur covered in this volume 293 14.2 Driving forces of regional social policy change 300 Contributors

Marcelo Eduardo Alves da Silva holds a PhD in economics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is an assistant profes- sor at the Department of Economics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.

Juliano A. S. Aragusuku is a PhD candidate at the Political Science Department, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and a researcher at the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CEDEC) and at the National Institute for Studies on the United States (INCT-INEU). He was a visiting researcher at Sophia University, Tokyo, supported by the Japan Foun- dation during 2014. His research focuses on international relations of Latin America and East Asia.

Andrea C. Bianculli is a Research Fellow at the Institut Barcelona d’Estudis Internacionals (IBEI). Her research crosses international and comparative political economy, and lies in the areas of global and regional governance, regulation, trade and development, with a focus on the . Her most recent publications include ‘Regionalism in Latin America: Old, new, post or overlapping?’, in The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (edited by Tanja Börzel and Thomas Risse); Accountability and Regulatory Governance (edited with X. Fernández-i- Marín and J. Jordana, Palgrave, 2015); ‘The Brazilian Association of Regulatory Agencies: Integrating Levels, Consolidating Identities in the Regulatory State in the South’ (Regulation & Governance, 7(4), 2013) and ‘The Effect of Trade Agendas on Regulatory Governance. When the EU Meets the Global South’ (KFG Working Paper, 57, November 2013).

Tonia Bieber is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Kolleg-Forschergruppe (KFG) ‘The Transformative Power of Europe’ at the Freie Universität Berlin. Previously, she was a senior researcher in the research project ‘Internationalization of Education Policy’ within the Collaborative Research Center 597 ‘Transformations of the State’ at the University of Bremen. Specializing in international relations and comparative public policy, her areas of expertise comprise policy diffusion and convergence, education governance, European integration, international organiza- tions and qualitative research methods. She holds a PhD in political

ix x Notes on Contributors sciences from the University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen. Her most recent publications include Welfare State Transformations in the 21st Century: Effects on Social, Economic and Political Inequality in OECD Countries (2016, co-authored with Stephan Leibfried and Melike Wulf- gramm, Palgrave) and International Organizations, Soft Governance, and Education Policy Convergence: A Comparative Analysis on the PISA Study, the Bologna Process, and the Copenhagen Process (2016, Palgrave).

Mercedes Botto is a sociologist and holds a PhD in social and polit- ical sciences (European University Institute, 1999). She is currently a member of the National Scientific and Technical Research System (CONICET) and Director of the Program of Regional Cooperation and Integration Studies (CEPIR) at the Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO-Argentina). Her research and teaching activities focus on regional governance and the impact of global organizations on pub- lic policies in Latin America. Some of her publications include Teoría y práctica de la integración latinoamericana. El Mercosur bajo la lupa (2015); El Mercosur, ¿para qué sirve? Claves para el debate sobre los alcances de la integración (2012); Research and International Trade Policy Negotiation (2008) and El ALCA y las Cumbres de las Américas. ¿Una nueva relación público-privada? (2004).

Elia Elisa Cia Alves holds a master’s degree in economics from the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). She is a PhD candidate in Political Science at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil.

Stephen Clarkson is Professor of Political Economy at the University of Toronto. His recent research has addressed the impact of globalization and trade liberalization on the political economy of North America on which his trilogy was published by the Woodrow Wilson and Univer- sity of Toronto Presses from 2002 to 2011. He has been a senior fellow at Columbia University (New York, 1967–1968), the European Univer- sity Institute (Florence, 1995–1996), the Woodrow Wilson Center (DC, 2000–2001) and the Centre for International Governance Innovation (Waterloo, 2002–2011). As a visiting fellow at the Free University of Berlin’s Kolleg-Forschergruppe on the ‘Transformative Power of Europe’ and recipient of a von Humboldt Foundation research award, he is studying interregionalism in the –North America–South America triangle. His work focuses on the diffusion of, and resistance to, new economic norms on foreign investment protection and pri- vate international investor–state arbitration. He is a fellow of the Royal Notes on Contributors xi

Society of and has been invested with the Order of Canada for his contributions to Canadian public and academic life.

Marcelo de Almeida Medeiros holds a PhD in political science from the Institut d’Études Politiques de Grenoble and his Habilitation Thesis from the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). He is Associate Professor of Political Science at the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Brazil; PQ-1D Research Fellow of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil; and the Rio Branco International Relations Chair at St Antony’s College, University of Oxford (2015).

Alma Espino is an economist. She was a Researcher at the Institute of Economics, Faculty of Economics Sciences and Administration, Univer- sity of the Republic, Uruguay (1985–2013). She has been the department coordinator of the ‘Development and Gender Area’ at the Interdis- ciplinary Centre for Development Studies, Uruguay (CIEDUR) since 1997 and her main research fields are the labour market, trade and gender. Since 2003, she has been Lecturer in the Regional Training Program on Gender and Public Policies (PRIGEPP-FLACSO), and since 2006, she has been part of the Latin American Working Group on Gender, Macroeconomics and International Economics. She is a mem- ber of the National System of Researchers in Uruguay. She has worked as a consultant to government agencies and ministries in the country and the region as well as for international organizations (World Bank, UNRISD, UNWomen, IDB and ECLAC, among others). She is the author or co-author of several journal articles in refereed and non-refereed pub- lications and working papers, and has contributed several book chapters.

Ivan Filipe Fernandes is a political scientist and holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of São Paulo (USP). He was a visiting scholar at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He is Assis- tant Professor of Public Policy at the Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center of the Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil. He is currently a researcher of the Group of Studies on Alcohol and other Drugs (GEAD) at the University of São Paulo. His work focuses on the connections among public policy, democracy and inequality.

Miriam Hartlapp is Professor of Multilevel Governance at Leipzig Uni- versity. Previously, she worked at the Max Planck Institute for the Study xii Notes on Contributors of Societies in Cologne, the ILO, the WZB Berlin Social Science Cen- ter and the Centre for Social Policy Research (ZeS) at the University of Bremen. Her research focuses on the EU political system, questions of implementation, (non-)compliance and enforcement, and regula- tion and governance in multi-level systems, as well as on international, European and comparative economic, employment and social policies. She recently published Which Policy for Europe? Power and Conflict inside the European Commission (co-authored with Julia Metz and Christian Rauh, 2014).

Steffen Hindelang is an associate professor at the Department of Law of the Freie Universität Berlin, where he teaches and researches in the areas of international economic law, especially international invest- ment law, European Union law and German public law. Previously, he was a senior research associate and lecturer at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany, School of Law (2010–2011). Since 2011, he has been adjunct faculty there, teaching international investment law. He is also a senior fellow of the Walter Hallstein Institute of European Constitu- tional Law at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and an academic advisor to the International Investment Law Centre Cologne. He was a guest professor at Bocconi University Milan, Italy; the University of Lausanne, Switzerland; and the Charles University Prague, Czech Republic. He advised, inter alia, European governments in international investment disputes and on matters of reform of the current international invest- ment law regime. Recently, he was invited by the European Parliament’s INTA Committee to prepare a study on investor–state dispute-settlement provisions in future EU agreements.

Stephen Kingah is a research fellow at the United Nations University (Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies, UNU-CRIS) in Bruges. He holds a PhD in law from the Free University of Brussels (VUB). Following his PhD studies, he worked as ad hoc administra- tor in the European Commission in charge of the European Union’s relations with international financial institutions, including the World Bank and the African Development Bank. He lectures in the governance program at the University of Maastricht. His articles have appeared in many periodicals including the International and Comparative Law Quar- terly, International Organizations Law Review, the European Foreign Affairs Review, Proceedings of the American Society of International Law, European Law Journal and the South African Journal of International Affairs, among others. Notes on Contributors xiii

Mariely López-Santana is Associate Professor of Politics and Govern- ment at George Mason University (GMU). She has written on the topics of soft law, Europeanization, social policy and governance changes in the welfare state. Her work has appeared in the Journal of European Pub- lic Policy, European Integration Online Papers, the Journal of Social Policy and elsewhere. In addition, she recently published a book entitled The New Governance of Welfare States in the United States and Europe: Between Decentralization and Centralization in the Activation Era. Prior to joining GMU, she was Max Weber Post-Doctoral Fellow at the European Univer- sity Institute. In addition, she was an Erasmus Mundus MAPP Visiting Scholar in Barcelona.

Daniela Perrotta is a political scientist (School of Social Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, UBA) and holds a master’s in social sci- ences with a mention in education (Latin American School of Social Sciences, FLACSO Argentina). She holds a PhD in social sciences (FLACSO Argentina) and is currently Associated Researcher of the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET). She teaches in the Political Science Department at the UBA and is pro- gram coordinator at the Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) and Identidad Mercosur.

Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann is a professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro and was a visiting professor at the Free University Berlin. She holds a PhD from the University of Tübingen, and she has worked in the London School of Economics (2008–2010) and the University of Erfurt (2010–2012). Among her latest publications are ‘Post-Hegemonic Regionalism, Unasur and the Reconfiguration of Cooperation in South America’ (with Jose Ruiz Briceño, Canadian Jour- nal of Latin American and Studies, 40:1, 2015); ‘Human rights in Mercosur: At last’, in Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations (edited by T. Börzel and V. van Hüllen, Palgrave, 2015) and ‘EU democ- racy promotion in Latin America: Much ado about nothing?’, in The Substance of European Union Democracy Promotion (edited by A. Wetzel and J. Orbie, Palgrave, 2015).

Pía Riggirozzi is an associate professor at the University of Southampton. Her research focuses on the political economy of devel- opment and regionalism, with an interest in the Americas. Her most recent publications include ‘Region, Regionness and Regionalism in Latin America: Towards a New Synthesis’ (New Political Economy, 17(4), xiv Notes on Contributors

2012); The Rise of Post-Hegemonic Regionalism: The Case of Latin America (edited with D. Tussie, 2012); ‘Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America: Rebuilding and Reclaiming the State after Crisis’ (with J. Grugel, Devel- opment and Change, 43(1), 2012); ‘Regionalism through Social Policy: Collective Action and Health Diplomacy in South America’ (Economy and Society, 43(2), 2014, 432–454) and ‘Regionalism, Activism, and Rights: New Opportunities for Health Diplomacy in South America’ (Review of International Studies, 41(2), 2015, 407–428). She is currently engaged in a collaborative ESRC–DFID-funded project that explores regional integration processes and poverty reduction in the South.

Luk Van Langenhove is Director at the United Nations University (Institute on Comparative Regional Integration Studies, UNU-CRIS), Bruges. He is also teaching at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). He has published extensively on regions, regional integration and com- parative regionalism. His recent works have appeared in the Review of International Studies, International Spectator, Comparative Politics,theSouth African Journal of International Affairs and the Georgetown Journal of World Affairs. He is also the author of Building Regions (2011).

Tullo Vigevani is Professor of Political Science and International Rela- tions at the State University of São Paulo, and a researcher at the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CEDEC) and at the National Insti- tute for Studies on the United States (INCT-INEU). His research focuses on international politics and the history of international relations. His most recent book is The Quest for Autonomy from Sarney to Lula (with Gabriel Cepaluni, 2012). Abbreviations and Acronyms

AB Arellano–Bond ABIA Brazilian Interdisciplinary AIDS Association ADB Asian Development Bank AEGEE Association des Etats Généraux des Etudiants de l’Europe AfDB African Development Bank ALBA Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas ALBA-TCP Bolivarian Alliance for the People of Our America – People’s Trade Agreement ALMP Active Labour Market Policy ANEAES Agency for Evaluation and Accreditation of Higher Education APACET Agency for the Promotion and Quality Assurance of Tertiary Education APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation AQA Accreditation and Quality Assurance ARCU-SUR University Degree Accreditation System ARGM General/High Representative of Mercosur AS Mercosur Administrative Secretariat ASEM Asia–Europe Meeting AUGM Association of Universities of the Montevideo Group AUH Universal Children’s Allowance BB Blundell–Bond BITs Bilateral Investment Treaties BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CA Comunidades Autónomas CAF Development Bank of Latin America CARICOM and Common Market CATD Network of Attention Centres for Domestic Workers CCMASM Mercosur Coordination Commission of Ministries and Social Authorities CCR Reciprocal Payment and Credit Agreement CCSCS Southern Cone Union Head Offices Coordinating Agency CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union

xv xvi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

CMC Common Market Council CMG Common Market Group CNA Comisión Nacional de Acreditación CoE Council of Europe CONAES Comissão Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior CONAMED Consejo Nacional de Acreditación y Medición de la Calidad Educativa CONEAU Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria CRC-ES Regional Coordinating Committee of Higher Education CRIS Center for International Relations in Health CSO Civil Society Organization DFG German Research Foundation DG SANCO Directorate General for Health and Food Safety in the European Commission DG Trade Directorate General for Trade of the European Commission DIGESNIS General Directorate of the Integrated National Health System (Paraguay) DIPIG Guidelines for incorporating the gender perspective into Mercosur policies DQP Degree Qualifications Profile EC European Commission ECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ECJ European Court of Justice ECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECTS European Credit Transfer System EES European Employment Strategy EHEA European Higher Education Area EIB European Investment Bank EMA European Medicines Agency EP European Parliament EPSJV Escuela Politécnica de Salud Joaquim Venâncio ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund EU European Union FCCP Policy Consultation and Concertation Forum FCES Mercosur Economic and Social Advisory Forum FDI Foreign Direct Investment List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii

FE Fixed Effects FEALAC Forum for East Asia–Latin America Cooperation FEM Education Fund of Mercosur Fiocruz Oswaldo Cruz Foundation FIPSE Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education FLAR Latin American Reserve Fund FO.AR Argentine Fund for Horizontal Cooperation FOCEM Mercosur Structural Convergence Fund FONASA National Health Fund FONPLATA Financial Fund for the Development of the River Plate Basin FTAA Area of the Americas GANEmple High-Level Group on Employment GAPA AIDS Prevention Support Group GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP GMC Group of the Common Market GNP Gross National Product GTAE Working Group of Assessment and Accreditation Specialists HAI Health Action International HDI Human Development Index HE Higher Education HRDC Human Resources Development Canada HSA Hemispheric Social Alliance IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IBSA India, Brazil and South Africa ICSID International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes IDA International Development Association IDB Inter-American Development Bank IESALC/ International Institute for Higher Education in Latin UNESCO America and the Caribbean IIAs International Investment Agreements IIRSA Initiative for the Integration in Regional Infrastructure in South America ILO International Labor Organization xviii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IMEA Instituto Mercosur de Estudios Avanzados IMF International Monetary Fund IMPACT International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce IMS International Monetary System INEFOP National Institute of Employment and Professional Training INEP Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Educativas Interpol International Criminal Police Organization IPPDH Institute of Public Policies on Human Rights of Mercosur ISAGS South American Institute of Health Governance ISDS Investor–State Dispute Settlement ISM Mercosur Social Institute JPC Mercosur Joint Parliamentary Commission KFF Kaiser Family Foundation LLL Lifelong Learning LMP Labour Market Policy MARCA Regional Academic Mobility Program for Accredited Degrees MDGs Millennium Development Goals Mercosur Common Market of the South MEXA Experimental Mechanism of Accreditation MIDES Ministry of Social Development NAA National Accreditation Agency NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement NAMP North American Mobility Program NGO Non-Governmental Organization NHS UK National Health System OAS Organization of American States OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OHS Observatory for Health Systems OIM International Organization for Migration OMC Open Method of Coordination OSH Health and Safety at Work PAHO Pan-American Health Organization PAIIE Intensive Investment in Employment PEAS Strategic Social Action Plan PESs Public Employment Services List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix

PHEA Public Health Executive Agency PICE Program of Economic Integration and Cooperation PMM Mercosur Mobility Program PPP Purchasing Power Parity PROFE Federal Programme of Health (Argentina) QMV Qualified Majority Voting RAHE Regional Area of Higher Education RAMP Regional Academic Mobility Program RANA Meeting of National Accreditation Agencies R&D Research and Development RDBs Regional Development Banks REM Specialized Meeting of Women RIACES Ibero-American Network for Accreditation of Quality in HE RINC Network of National Institutions of Cancer RIO Regional Integration Organization RMAAM Women’s Meeting of Ministers and High Authorities RME Meeting of Ministers of Education of Mercosur RMS Meeting of Health Ministers of Mercosur SARS Severe Respiratory Acute Syndrome SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SEM Mercosur’s Education Sector SEP Secretariat of Public Education SERNAM National Service for Women SESU Secretaría de Educación Superior SGTs Thematic Working Groups SICA Central American Integration System SINAES Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Superior SISCA Summit of the Americas Follow-up System SIS-Fronteira Brazil Integrated System of Health in the Borders SML Payment System in Local Currency SNIS Integrated National Health System SNS National Health System (Paraguay) SRDBs Sub-Regional Development Banks SUS Unified Health System (Brazil) TC Mercosur Trade Commission TCA-41 Technical Cooperation Agreement 41 TEU Maastricht Treaty on European Union TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TNC Transnational corporation xx List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ToA Treaty of Amsterdam TTIP Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership UAC Unasur Arbitration Centre UASB Simón Bolívar Andean University UBA University of Buenos Aires UDAPE Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas UdeLa Universidad de la República UN United Nations UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Unasur Union of South American Nations UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNILA University of Latin American Integration US United States WB World Bank WHA World Health Assembly WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization