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Download PDF (175.1 Glossary .Afw: Forgiveness‘ عفو .Ahd: Covenant‘ عهد ,Ahkam: The plural of Hukum, which means rules أحكام provisions and laws. .Amal: Work, service‘ عمل .Amanah: Trust أمانة .Amm: General‘ عام Ansar: The helpers, the people of Madinah who welcomed أنصار the Holy Prophet (saw) and his companions who migrated from Makkah and other places to the city of Madinah. .Aqd: Contract‘ عقد .Aqilah: The paternal relatives who pay the blood money‘ عاقلة The doctrine of al-’Aqilah had been practiced among the ancient Arab tribes, in which it was an implied mutual agreement among the tribes that, if anyone is killed unintentionally by a person of a different tribe, the killer’s paternal relatives used to take the responsibility to make a mutual contribution for the purpose of paying blood money on behalf of the killer, to the victim’s relatives. This doctrine later was recognized by the Holy Prophet (saw) in one of his judgments against a woman from the tribe of Huzail. This is a foundation doctrine on which today’s Islamic insurance practices have been based and developed. .Asl: Origin أصل .Ayat: A verse of the Holy Qur’an آية Badr: A place near to the coast, about 95 miles to the بدر south of Madinah, where in the second year of the Hijrah calendar the first battle took place between the Muslims and the non-believers. 368 Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 368 26/09/2019 16:12 Glossary 369 .Baitul mal: Treasury بيت المال .Baligh: Person who has attained the age of puberty بالغ .Bani: The tribe or clan بني .Batil: Void, falsehood, nullity باطل .Bay: Sale بيع .Bayyinah: Evidence, proof بينة .Da’wah: Claim دعوة .Dalalah: Astray ضﻻلة .Dalil: Authority دليل .Daun: Disease داء .Dawa’: Medicine دواء .Dayn: Debt, liability دين ,Dhaman: Liability for making up any loss, responsibility ضمان guarantee, warranty, surety. .Dharurah: Necessity ضرورة ,Dhawu al-Arham: Relations connected through females ذوي اﻷرحام a term used in law of inheritance for a specific group or person for the right in inherited property. Dhawu al-Faraid: Referring to a specific person whose ذوي الفروض shares in inheritance have been determined in the Holy Qur’an. .Dhimmah: Responsibility ذمة Dhimmi: A non-Muslim living under the protection of a ذمي Muslim ruler. .Din: Religion دين .(Dinar: Islamic currency (gold دينار .(Dirham: Islamic currency (silver درهم .Diwan: The early Muslim finance department ديوان Diyah: Blood wit, blood money, a monetary compensation دية against unjustified murder. Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 369 26/09/2019 16:12 370 Encyclopedia of Islamic insurance, Takaful and Retakaful .Fadl: Excess, additional, surplus فضل .Faidah: Additional فائدة .Fallah: Success, victory, achievement فﻻح .Fals: Currency فلس .Faqir: Poor, destitute, needy فقير .Faqr: Poverty فقر Fara: The individual case of the law as distinguished from فرع the original sources. .Faraid: Inheritance فرائض .Fidyah: Compensation فدية Ghair Mamluk: Unowned thing in which there is no title of غير مملوك ownership, a thing that belongs to no one. .Ghani: Wealthy غني .Ghanimah: Things appropriated without difficulty غنية .Gharam: Damage, loss غرم Gharar: Uncertainty. A transaction under Islamic Law غرر should be held invalid if it involves the element of Gharar. .Gharim: Insolvent, principal debtor, bankrupt غارم Hablul habl: A kind of uncertain sale practiced during the حبل الحبل pre-Islamic era of ignorance. .(Hadith: The tradition of the Holy Prophet (saw حديث .Hajj: Obligatory pilgrimage حج .Halal: Lawful, valid حﻻل .Haq: Right حق .Haram: Unlawful حرام .Hawalah: Transference, assignment حوالة .Hibah: Gift هبة .Hijrah: Migration هجرة .Hisbah: The institution of ombudsman حسبه Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 370 26/09/2019 16:12 Glossary 371 Hudud: Plural of had, which means fixed punishment حدوة contained in the Divine sanction for some specific offences. .Hujjah: Proof, evidence حجة .Hukum: Rule, injunction, sanction, order, decree حكم .Huzail: Name of a tribe in the ancient Arab era هزيل .Ilm: Knowledge‘ علم .Iwad: Consideration‘ عوض .Jaez: Lawful جائز .Jahannam: Hell جهنم .Janin: Fetus جنين .(Jihad: Fighting in the cause of Allah (swt جهاد Jizyah: A kind of tax imposed on non-Muslims living in an جزية Islamic state. .Jumhur: Majority of the Islamic jurist جمهور .Junun: Insanity جنون .Kaffarah: Compensation, explanation كفارة .Kafir: Unbeliever كافر .Katib: Clerk كاتب .Khairat: Donation خيرات .Khamr: Liquor خمر .Kharaj: Land tax خراج .Khiyar: Option خيار ,Khulafa ar-Rashedun: The rightly guided four companions خلفاء الراشدون namely: Sayyidina Abu Bakar (RA), Umar (RA), Uthman (RA) and Ali (RA). Khutbah: Religious speech especially before the Jumaah خطبة prayer and the prayer of two Eid festivals. .Kifalah: Suretyship, bail, guarantee كفالة .Lajnah: Committee, Council لجنة .Lazim: Obligation, necessary, fully binding ﻻزم Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 371 26/09/2019 16:12 372 Encyclopedia of Islamic insurance, Takaful and Retakaful Li’an: Oath which is taken by both the wife and the لعان husband when the latter accuses his wife of committing unlawful sexual activity and she denies it. Maaqil: Mutual insurance societies of pre-Islamic Arabia معاقل constituted to collect a common mutual fund known as al-Kanz to insure against loss or damage. .Madhab: School of jurisprudence مذهب .Mahrum: Deprived محروم .Maisir: Gambling ميسر .Majnun: Insane, unsound mind مجنون .Makhluq: Creature مخلوق .Makruh: Reprehensible, abominable and disapproved مكروه .Mal: Wealth, property; thing مال .Mandub: Recommended مندوب .Maqasid: Purpose مقاصد .Mard: Illness مرض .Mard al-Maut: Death sickness, bed-ridden مرض الموت .Marid: Ill مريض .Masadir: Sources مصادر .Masalih al-Mursalah: The doctrine of public interest مصالح المرسلة Maslahah: Utility or benefit, which necessitate protection of مصلحة faith, life, progeny, property and nationality. .Maut: Death, demise موت .Milk: Ownership ملك .Mirath: Inheritance ميراث .Miskin: Destitute, needy مسكين .Mithl: Similar, substitute, fungible مثل .Mu’amalah: Commercial transaction معاملة .Mubaah: Permissible مباح .Mudarah: Harm, injury مضارة Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 372 26/09/2019 16:12 Glossary 373 Mudharabah: Co-partnership where at least two parties مضاربة are involved in a commercial transaction, in which one party provides capital, while the other offers skill in carrying out the business successfully in view of sharing the subsequent profits or loss accordingly. This is a financing technique adopted by all the Islamic financial institutions and in commercial activities in the contemporary world as opposed to the Riba (interest)-based financing technique. .Munfa’ah: Advantage, yield منفعة .Mushaqqah: Hardship مشقة .Musharakah: Partnership مشاركة .Mushrik: Polytheist مشرك .Nafkah: Maintenance نفقة .Nafs: Self, life نفس Najsh: Offering a high price for something without having نجش the intention of buying it, but just to cheat somebody else who really wants to buy it. Such a person may agree with the seller to offer a higher price before the buyer cheats them, in which case both this man and the seller are sinful. The seller may falsely tell the buyer that he (i.e. the seller) has previously bought the goods at a certain price, which is in reality higher than the actual price. (Sahih al-Bukhari, 1986, Vol. III, at p. x). .Naqd: Money, coin نقد .Nas: Text, definitive implication of the text نص .Nasab: Relative, descendant نسب .Nasib: Luck نصيب .Nasl: Lineage, progeny نسل .Nikah: Marriage نكاح .Niyat: Intention نية .Nizam: Discipline نظام .Qabul: Acceptance قبول .(Qada’: Judgment(s), judiciary(s قضاء Mohd M. Billah, Ezzedine GhlamAllah and Christos Alexakis - 9781788115834 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 09/30/2021 12:00:29PM via free access BILLAH PRINT.indd 373 26/09/2019 16:12 374 Encyclopedia of Islamic insurance, Takaful and Retakaful .Qadr: Fate, predestination قدر .Qanun: Law, regulation, principles, rule قانون .Qard: Loan قرض .Qard al-Hasanah: A gracious loan قرض الحسنة .Qarib: Recent قريب .Qarn: Century قرن .Qat’i: Definite قطعي .Qatl: Homicide قتل .Qaul: Expression, opinion, view, speech قول .Qawaid ul-Fiqhyyah: Juristic rule قواعد الفقهية .Qazf: False accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse قزف Qiblah: The direction in which Muslims turn their faces in قبلة prayer. .Qisas: Retaliation قصاص .Qiyas: Analogy, legal reasoning قياس Qur’an: The Holy Book revealed by Allah (swt) through the قرآن Angel Gabriel (AS) to the last Prophet Muhammad (saw) as a complete system for mankind. Quraish: Most respectable tribe among the ancient Arab قريش tribes, in which the Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) was born. Rabbul Mal: The capital provider in a profit and loss رب المال sharing financing technique. (Al-Mudharabah). .Raka’ah: A unit of prayer ركعة .Rasul: Messenger رسول Riba: Usury, interest that is unlawful in the Islamic ربا Shari’ah. It is therefore unjustified or uncompensated excess in the exchange of counter values in the transaction
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